国外兽医管理体制现状

我国加入世界贸易组织已近十年,按照承诺我国兽医工作必须遵守《卫生与植物卫生措施实施协定（SPS协议）》、世界动物卫生组织（OIE）的《国际动物卫生法典》、联合国粮农组织（FAO）和世界卫生组织（WHO）的《国际食品法典》等规定。     

我国动物性食品安全存在的问题和解决办法

早在上个世纪70年代,动物性食品安全问题就引起了国际上的广泛重视,并于80年代在世界卫生组织（WHO）和联合国粮农组织（FAO）成立的国际食品法典委员会（CAC）下设立了动物性食品兽药残留法典委员会（CCRVDF）。兽药残留法典委员会负责研究和讨论药物残留的有关问题,制定动物源性食品中药物残留的允许限量标准。     

国际动物卫生法典简介

1概述 《国际动物卫生法典》（下称《法典》）是世界动物卫生组织（OIE）的出版物。它的宗旨是通过详细规定进出口国家兽医当局采取的卫生措施，防止传播动物或人的病原体，确保动物（包括哺乳动物、禽和蜜蜂，及其产品在国际贸易中的卫生安全，并促进国际贸易。《法典》于1968年发行了第1版，并于1971、1976、1982、1986、1992年和1998年发行了第2～8版，1999年后改为每年发行新版，本文所依据的是2002年的第11版的内容，《法典》以3种OIE工作语言（英、法和西班牙语）和俄语发表。     

国际食品法典农药残留委员会第41届年会在京召开

4月20日,国际食品法典农药残留委员会（CCPR）第41届年会在北京召开,这是中国作为国际食品法典农药残留委员会主席国主持召开的第3次会议。     

食品法典——乳和乳制品

第一部分：乳品术语使用通用标准 乳品术语使用通用标准（法典标准206-1999）     

世界动物卫生组织对口蹄疫区域化的要求

口蹄疫（Food and Mouth,FMD）是世界动物卫生组织（World Organisation for Animal Health, OIE）进行区域化研究并应用于国际动物、动物产品贸易最早、最成熟的疫病之一。为了持续推动口蹄疫区域化的国际认可进程,在不同年度的OIE《陆生动物卫生法典》（以下简称《法典》）版本中,都在不断丰富和完善有关动物疫病区域化的定义、一般要求、实施和应用以及口蹄疫区域化认可标准等方面的内容。本文以2013版《法典》为主要依据,全面梳理OIE对FMD区域化的一般要求、认可程序和认可标准,希望对我国动物疫病区域化建设以及我国对国外动物疫病区域化认可体系建设有一定的借鉴作用。     

2021年版OIE《陆生动物卫生法典》制修订概述及趋势

世界动物卫生组织（OIE）作为政府间国际组织,其制定的《陆生动物卫生法典》不仅是各国/地区开展动物疫病防控工作应遵循的国际标准,也是世界贸易组织（WTO）指定的动物及动物产品国际贸易必须遵循的准则。《陆生动物卫生法典》的改动直接影响动物及其产品国际贸易执行,其制修订导向决定动物及其产品国际贸易发展趋势。通过跟踪、参与2021年版《陆生动物卫生法典》制修订工作,梳理了无疫区、禽流感、动物福利等国际标准制修订概况、影响和趋势,以期促进行业了解熟悉动物相关国际贸易规则,加强兽医国际合作。     

OIE法典：NAI的监测与防控策略

一、什么墨NAI？对于NAI，世界动物卫生组织OIE法典定义如下：NAI是必须报告的禽流感（notifiableavianinfluenza，NAI），指由H5和H7亚型A型流感病毒或由静脉接种致病指数（IVPI）大于1．2（或至少75％死亡）的任何A型流感病毒引起的家禽感染。     

饲料乳清粉标准对我国乳业和畜牧业发展的促进作用

我们参考了美国饲料管理官方协会（AAF-CO）、美国食品化学药典（FCC）、CAC法典标准以及进出口乳清粉检验规程、脱盐乳清粉、乳清粉卫生标准、进口乳清粉产品标准等技术标准和资料，并在市场抽样检验、结果分析的基础上制定了饲料乳清粉的行业标准，     

猪口蹄疫疫苗的研究现状及使用效果

口蹄疫（FMD）是由口蹄疫病毒（FMDV）引起的偶蹄动物急性、热性、高度接触性传染病,是危害畜牧业最严重的传染病之一,也是造成家畜及其产品国际贸易受阻的重要疾病,被国际兽医局（OIE）和联合国粮农组织（FAO）在国际动物卫生法典中列为18种A类传染病之一,近年又被列为重大跨国动物疫病的全球消灭计划及生物武器安全公约组织...     

世界动物卫生组织抗生素耐药性控制策略研究

世界动物卫生组织(OIE)是动物卫生领域的权威国际组织。通过研究OIE相关标准和策略,为我国进一步加强兽用抗生素管理,更好地防治抗生素耐药性风险提供参考意见。     

疯牛病的安全风险评估和监控技术研究动态

为了确保全球畜产品安全处于较高水平,世界动物卫生组织建议所有成员国,将安全风险评价机制引入疯牛病等动物烈性疾病的安全监控管理体系。文中将重点介绍疯牛病安全风险评估和监控技术方面的最新科研成果,具体包括疯牛病安全风险因子识别以及释放风险、暴露风险、后果风险评估等技术的发展动态。     

对我国申请成立OIE协作中心工作的思考

世界动物卫生组织（OIE）协作中心是OIE技术体系的重要组成部分。文章对OIE及其协作中心的服务领域、职责、申请程序等方面进行了介绍,论述了我国成立OIE协作中心的积极意义,并针对申请OIE协作中心的相关问题提出了建议。     

OIE抗菌药耐药性国际标准

兽用抗菌药耐药性已经成为一个全球普遍关注的公共健康问题,各国际组织都积极采取相应的措施控制耐药性的产生和蔓延。介绍了国际组织世界动物卫生组织OIE制定的五个国际标准,包括协调抗菌药耐药性监督和检测程序指南、畜牧业抗菌药消耗量监测指南、兽用抗菌药慎用指南、抗菌药敏感性检测的实验室方法指南、动物源抗菌药耐药性对公共健康潜在影响的风险分析方法指南,以期为我国政策制定者和决策者参照国际标准制定出符合我国国情的耐药性相关指南。     

Role of the international organisation for animal health (Office International des Epizooties: OIE) in the control of foot and mouth disease

The author describes activities conducted by the International Organisation for Animal Health (OIE: Office International des Epizooties) to control foot and mouth disease (FMD) world-wide. These activities fall within the framework of the principal missions of the OIE.

The first of these missions is the collection and dissemination of epidemiological information and of scientific knowledge on animal diseases, the socio-economic or disease implications of which can be particularly serious. The implementation of the measures required to control the disease and to protect countries threatened by FMD depends on the quality and rapidity of the transmission of this information.

The co-ordination of studies, research and control programmes against FMD is equally important for the OIE. This work is based, in particular, on work conducted by the OIE foot and mouth disease and other epizootics Commission. OIE Member Countries not only have access to the most recent data on the diagnosis, surveillance and control of FMD but also have recourse to the official recognition procedure for disease-free status provided by this Commission.

Finally, through the standardisation of health recommendations, diagnostic tests, manufacture protocols and the control of biological products, made available by the OIE International Animal Health Code Commission in regard to the former and by the OIE Standards Commission in regard to the latter, the OIE provides the reference for international trade in animals and animal products, and is recognised in this role by the World Trade Organization.

Résumé

L'auteur décrit les actions conduites par l'Office international des épizootie (OIE) pour lutter contre la fièvre aphteuse dans le monde entire. Ces actions figurent parmi les principales missions de l'OIE.

La première de ces missions est la collecte et la diffusion d'informations épidémiologiques ainsi que des connaissances scientifiques sur les maladies animales qui peuvent avoir des répercussions socio-économiques particulièrement importantes. L'amélioration des mesures nécessaires pour lutter contre la maladie et pour protéger les pays menacés par la fièvre aphteuse dépend de la qualité et de la rapidité de transmission de ces informations.

La coordination d’études, de recherches et de programmes de lutte contre la fièvre aphteuse est également importante pour I'OIE. Ce travail repose en particulier sur celui de la Commission de I'O.I.E sur la fièvre aphteuse et les autres épizooties. Non seulement les Pays Membres de l'OIE ont accès aux données les plus récentes sur le diagnostic, la surveillance et la lutte contre la fièvre aphteuse, mais ils bénéficient aussi de la procédure de reconnaissance officielle du statut de zone indemne gérée par cette Commission.

Enfin, à travers la standardisation des recommendations sanitaires, des tests de diagnostic, des protocoles de fabrication et du contrôle des produits biologiques réalisée par la Commission OIE du Code zoosanitaire et par la Commission OIE des normes, l'OIE constitue la référence pour le commerce international des animaux et des produits animaux, et il est reconnu dans ce rôle par I'OMC.     

A global livestock production and health atlas (GLiPHA) for interactive presentation,integration and analysis of livestock data

An interactive electronic atlas has been developed with the purpose of providing a scaleable overview of spatial and temporal variation in animal production and health-related information for decision and policy makers in national and international institutions. The information contained in the atlas is currently managed and presented using the Key Indicators Mapping System (KIMS), and will also be integrated using the Key Indicators Database System (KIDS). Both systems were developed by the World Agricultural Information Centre of the FAO (FAO-WAICENT), the former as a stand-alone application and the latter for access via the Internet. Components of the atlas include vector maps, livestock disease and production databases, rules for country-level disease risk classification and 'disease cards' containing basic background information on diseases included in the atlas. The disease data is currently based primarily on Office International des Epizooties (OIE) disease reports, and the livestock production data on the FAO-WAICENT database. The atlas is highly interactive and allows visual presentation of information using maps, tables and charts. It also contains links to relevant resource information on the Internet. Diseases covered in the animal health layer include most OIE List A diseases and a subset of OIE List B diseases. Extensive analyses have been conducted to develop a set of qualitative and semi-quantitative criteria that allow improved disease status classifications based on 5-years cumulative OIE disease reports, and official disease control declarations. Classification rules were determined depending on the epidemiological features of each disease and considering spatial heterogeneity of disease presence in local regions.     

Comparative evaluation of novel African swine fever virus (ASF) antibody detection techniques derived from specific ASF viral genotypes with the OIE internationally prescribed serological tests

The presence of antibodies against African swine fever (ASF), a complex fatal notifiable OIE disease of swine, is always indicative of previous infection, since there is no vaccine that is currently used in the field. The early appearance and subsequent long-term persistence of antibodies combined with cost-effectiveness make antibody detection techniques essential in control programmes. Recent reports appear to indicate that the serological tests recommended by the OIE for ASF monitoring are much less effective in East and Southern Africa where viral genetic and antigenic diversity is the greatest. We report herein an extensive analysis including more than 1000 field and experimental infection sera, in which the OIE recommended tests are compared with antigen-specific ELISAs and immuno-peroxidase staining of cells (IPT). The antibody detection results generated using new antigen-specific tests, developed in this study, which are based on production of antigen fractions generated by infection and virus purification from COS-1 cells, showed strong concordance with the OIE tests. We therefore conclude that the lack of success is not attributable to antigenic polymorphism and may be related to the specific characteristics of the local breeds African pigs.     

重组N蛋白抗原检测PPRV抗体ELISA的研究——试剂盒阴阳性临界值的测定及其与OIE参考实验室试剂盒的比较

对临床上采集的244份不同背景的羊血清样本,用纯化的重组N蛋白为包被抗原建立的检测小反刍兽疫病毒(PPRV)抗体的间接ELISA进行检测,运用统计学方法摸清了检测结果的分布规律,并同时用OIE参考实验室抗体检测试剂盒进行检测,结果表明,两种检测方法的符合率为91.73%。利用TG-ROC软件分析了ELISA抗体检测临界值,该试剂盒与国外试剂盒相比,其相对特异性和敏感性分别为98.6%和85.4%。     

动物应用抗菌药的风险及防制对策

食品动物因大量应用抗菌药物产生耐药菌株，对动物和人类健康及生态环境造成危害，为此欧盟对多种促生长抗菌药颁布了禁令，导致了动物治疗用抗菌药的急剧增加及畜牧业经济效益的降低。本文就此展开讨论，强调必须开发新型抗菌药物，合理应用抗菌药，加强抗菌药药效学及药动学研究，健全食源性病原菌耐药性监测系统等。     

The molecular diagnosis of porcine viral diseases: a review

The worldwide occurrence and re-occurrence of transboundary diseases like foot-and-mouth disease or classical swine fever indicates that there is a high need for the development of powerful, robust and high-capacity new diagnostic methods, which are able to detect the causative agents before they could spread to large populations and cause tremendous losses. This article reports the experiences of a research group on the development of molecular methods for the improved diagnosis of a range of porcine viral diseases, including diseases on List A of the Office International des Epizooties (OIE). Nucleic acid hybridisation and various polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays have been applied for routine diagnosis of a large range of viral diseases. During the last one-and-a-half decade more than 40 nested PCR assays have been developed to detect a variety of DNA and RNA viruses. False positive and negative results are avoided by the use of special tools, practices and internal controls of amplification (mimics). Recently, real-time PCR methods (TaqMan, molecular beacons, Primer-Probe Energy Transfer system) have been developed for the diagnosis of a wide range of diseases, such as foot-and-mouth disease, swine vesicular disease and vesicular stomatitis. Multiplex PCR packages have been developed for the simultaneous detection of eight important viruses of swine. By introducing nucleic acid extraction and pipetting robotics, together with the multi-channel real-time PCR machines, the diagnostic procedures have become rapid, robust and automated. In order to standardise the real-time PCR assays, the rules of OIE are considered. By following the five steps of OIE standardisation and validation, the new diagnostic procedures are nationally and internationally standardised and harmonised. The rapid, powerful and internationally standardised molecular diagnosis contributes to the reduction of losses caused by the transboundary viral diseases in swine populations.