平阴玫瑰花粉亚显微形态及品种分类研究

 对平阴玫瑰24个品种的花粉亚显微形态进行了扫描电镜观察研究, 并进行了主成分分析和聚类分析。结果表明, 在花粉亚显微形态特征方面, 各品种之间既有共性, 也存在明显差别, 特别是外壁纹饰的不同可作为玫瑰品种鉴别的重要依据。聚类分析将平阴玫瑰花粉分为两大类, 即玫瑰系和蔷薇系, 与传统形态分类结论基本一致, 但也存在一定的差异。     

玫瑰自然杂交后代数量分类及SCoT标记研究

利用数量分类和SCoT分子标记两种方法对40个玫瑰自然杂交后代进行分类、遗传多样性研究。数量分类将40个玫瑰自然杂交后代分为5类：第一类包括Z1、Z15等20个样品,主要特征为花色粉色至深粉,重瓣花,花萼不反卷,花梗刺着生均匀;第二类包括Z10、Z17等6个样品,主要特征为花色紫红,单瓣花,花萼反卷,花梗刺分布均匀;第三类包括Z12、Z38等12个样品,主要特征为花色浅粉至粉,重瓣花,花萼不反卷,花梗刺着生位置多为中下部;Z11和Z34分别为第四类和第五类,主要区别特征为花色,分别为浅黄和白色。SCoT分子标记筛选出的20条引物共扩增出426条带,多态性条带379条,多态性比例为88.97%。选用UPMGA法对供试样本进行聚类分析,聚类结果将40个玫瑰自然杂交后代分为5类,与数量分类结果基本一致。数量分类和SCoT分子标记方法对本项研究适宜可行,40个玫瑰自然杂交后代遗传多样性表现丰富,亲本来源的多样性使得玫瑰的分类体系与之前研究结果相比增加了2个类系。本研究为科学利用玫瑰自然杂交后代和培育玫瑰新品种提供理论依据。     

玫瑰、月季、蔷薇等蔷薇属植物RAPD分析

 对蔷薇属的玫瑰、月季、蔷薇3 个种的15 个品种进行RAPD 分析, 16 个引物对受试品种PCR扩增共获得202 条谱带, 其中123 条(60. 9 %) 表现多态性。利用UPGAMA 法构建分子系统进化树, 以相似性系数0. 5 为阈值, 玫瑰与月季为一个聚类组, 蔷薇为另一个聚类组; 以相似性系数0. 6 为阈值, 4个蔷薇品种分为4 个不同的聚类组, 5 个月季品种为一个聚类组, 5 个玫瑰品种为一个聚类组, 平阴紫枝玫瑰单独为一个聚类组, 表明玫瑰与月季的亲缘关系较近, 两者与蔷薇的亲缘关系较远。     

平阴玫瑰组培苗多酚含量及多酚氧化酶活性与其生根的关系

对平阴玫瑰(Rosa rugosa) 多酚含量及多酚氧化酶( Polyphenol oxidase, PPO) 活性与组培苗生根的关系进行了研究, 对多酚含量、PPO活性与生根指数进行了相关性分析。结果表明: 平阴玫瑰不同品种间的多酚含量、PPO活性及生根指数存在极显著差异。多酚含量与生根指数显著负相关, PPO活性与生根指数极显著负相关。对不同pH条件下‘紫枝玫瑰’组培苗的PPO活性和生根指数的研究表明, ‘紫枝玫瑰’组培苗的PPO活性及生根指数与pH均有密切联系, pH为6.5时PPO活性最高, 而生根指数最低, pH 5.5最适宜生根。     

中国玫瑰品种资源花粉形态的观察与比较

应用扫描电镜对我国37个玫瑰品种的花粉形状、大小、外壁纹饰等作了比较研究。结果表明:玫瑰花粉粒为长球形至超长球形,具三孔沟;根据穿孔的数量和形状以及条纹的有无,可以将玫瑰花粉外壁纹饰分为穴状、条纹-穴状、条纹-网状3个类型;玫瑰品种间花粉形态类似,但外壁纹饰、穿孔形态和数量等有较明显差异,可以作为区分品种的辅助依据。     

中国华北和东北地区杓兰属植物的数量分类研究

 在对华北和东北地区杓兰属（Cypripedium L.）植物种质资源调查基础上,应用数量分类学 中的Q 型聚类分析法对38 份杓兰代表样本进行分类研究,并对20 个形态性状进行R 型聚类分析和主成 分分析。Q 型聚类分析将这38 份样品在Lq1 = 0.25 水平分为山西杓兰群和其他杓兰群两个类群,在Lq2 = 0.155 水平将其他杓兰群分为3 个亚群,结果显示大花杓兰（C. macranthos Sw.）与山西杓兰（C. shanxience S. C. Chen）亲缘关系最远,中间过度类型多为大花杓兰与黄囊杓兰（C. calceolus L.）之间的天然杂交后 代。R 型聚类分析树系图显示各性状分布较为分散,相互独立。主成分分析表明20 个性状特征综合成的 9 个主成分中前5 个主成分的累积贡献率高达80.81%,结合其与性状间的相关性,筛选出影响力大的13 个重要性状。     

平阴玫瑰花粉生活力及其贮藏条件的研究

 对22个平阴玫瑰品种的花粉进行了生活力测定及贮藏性能研究。结果表明, 不同玫瑰品种以及在不同贮藏条件下的花粉生活力和耐贮藏能力不同。采收当日‘紫枝玫瑰’的花粉萌发率最高(90.0% ) , ‘朱紫双辉’花粉萌发率最低(9.5% ) ; 花粉适宜贮藏条件为干燥、低温环境。花粉生活力随着贮藏时间的延长而下降, 5月份室内自然温湿度条件下贮藏的花粉生活力下降较快, 30 d后绝大多数品种花粉活力降为零; 冻藏( - 4～- 6 ℃) 的花粉生活力下降较慢, 60 d后仍然保持较高的萌发率, 一年后多数品种仍有一定的生活力。     

奇特变异的白玫瑰——「玉龙映霞」

山东平阴县是中国著名的玫瑰之乡,栽培玫瑰已有1300多年的历史。平阴玫瑰以其品质优良、香气纯正、产量高而备受广大花农青睐。平阴玫瑰研究所的科研人员经过多年的潜心研究成功地培育出园林绿化及生产兼用型的紫枝玫瑰。     

玫瑰鲜花抑菌能力的品种差异及动态变化研究

研究了"紫芙蓉"、"赛西子"、"西子"、"紫枝玫瑰"、"朱龙游空"5个玫瑰品种的鲜花瓣挥发物对空气中细菌、真菌的抑制作用。结果表明:5个玫瑰品种对细菌、真菌存在不同程度的抑制作用,总抑菌率在品种之间存在极显著性差异(F=8.615,P=0.0001),在初花期、盛花期和末花期之间也存在极显著性差异(F=5.871,P=0.0071)。在5个品种中,"紫枝玫瑰"抑菌效果较好,且在3个开花时期表现较稳定;所测定的5个玫瑰品种的细菌抑菌率存在极显著差异(F=13.405,P=0.0001),其中"紫枝玫瑰"、"西子"、"紫芙蓉"在3个开花时期对细菌均有较好的抑菌效果,且3个开花时期间差异极显著(F=6.512,P=0.0045);但各品种间真菌抑菌率差异不显著,且3个开花时期间差异也不显著;在盛花期"紫枝玫瑰"、"朱龙游空"、"紫芙蓉"对细菌抑制效果最好,"紫枝玫瑰"、"赛西子"则对真菌有最好的抑制作用。     

三角梅复色品种的数量分类研究

三角梅Bougainvillea spp.品种数量繁多,仅根据经典形态学分类方法进行分类难度很大。本文以23个形态学性状为依据,采用数量分类的方法对13个复色三角梅品种进行了分类研究。聚类研究结果表明,13个复色三角梅品种被分为3类:第Ⅰ类包含3个品种;第Ⅱ类包含4个品种;第Ⅲ类包含6个品种。本文同时分析各类的特征和相互之间异同。     

Analysis of genetic diversity among Indian short-day onion (Allium cepa L.) cultivars using RAPD markers.

Summary

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to estimate genetic diversity among 24 cultivars of short-day onions. Total genomic DNA was extracted and subjected to RAPD analysis using 90 arbitrary 10-mer primers. Of these, 15 primers were selected which yielded 137 bands, 91.24% of which were polymorphic. None of the primers produced a unique banding pattern for each cultivar. RAPD data were used to calculate a Squared-Euclidian Distance matrix which revealed a minimum genetic distance between cultivars ‘AFLR-722’ and ‘PBR-140’, and a maximum genetic distance between cultivars ‘PBR-139’ and ‘A.Kalyan’, and ‘MS-48’ and ‘A.Kalyan’. Based on the distance matrix, cluster analysis was done using a minimum variance algorithm.The dendrogram thus generated, based on Ward’s method, grouped the 24 onion cultivars into two major clusters. The first cluster consisted of cultivars from the northern region, and the second of cultivars from the southern region of India. The present study shows that there is high diversity among the onion cultivars selected and indicates the potential of RAPD markers for identification and maintenance of onion germplasm for crop improvement purposes.     

Study of Genetic Diversity of Pear Genotypes and Cultivars (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pyrus communis</Emphasis> L.) Using Inter<Emphasis Type="Italic">-</Emphasis>Simple Sequence Repeat Markers (ISSR)

ISSR molecular marker was used to investigate genetic diversity of ‘Dare Gazi’ genotypes of Mashhad Esteghlal orchard and its relationship with other commercial and native cultivars of pear. Among ‘Dare Gazi’ genotypes of Mashhad Esteghlal orchard 23 genotypes were selected base on difference in tree vigor, leaf color, shape and color of fruit and also 33 other commercial and native pear cultivars from Esteghlal orchard and other Mashhad commercial orchards were studied. A total number of 230 DNA fragments were obtained using 11 primers of which 225 were polymorphic. On average, each primer produced 20.9 bands. Dice similarity coefficient ranged from 0.27 (between ‘Dom Kaj’ and Asian pear) to 1 (between ‘Dare Gazi’ 1 and 2 genotypes). Sample cluster dendrogram indicated that 56 genotypes were divided into 12 distinct clusters. The dendogram generated on the principle of Unweight Pair Wise Method using Arithmetic Average (UPGMA) was constructed by Dice coefficient and the genotypes were grouped into 12 clusters. ‘Dare Gazi’ genotypes did not show 100% similarity due to seed propagation or mutation, as ‘Dare Gazi’ 3 and 18 genotypes had the lowest similarity coefficient (0.64). Asian pears were placed in a separate group from European pears. And ‘Dare Gazi’ genotypes from different orchards were grouped separately, but all of them are called as ‘Dare Gazi’ pear for convenience. ISSR molecular marker can well identify the genetic variability among genotypes and cultivars and found suitable for grouping them.     

香蕉A基因组6个品种的核型分析

 以6个A基因组香蕉（Musa spp.）品种为材料,采用改良的去壁低渗法对其核型特征进行分析。‘天宝蕉’（AAA）核型公式为2n = 3x = 33 = 3M + 27m（3SAT）+ 3sm,属“1A”核型;‘海南贡蕉’（AA）核型公式为2n = 2x = 22 = 2M + 18m（2SAT）+ 2sm,属“2A”核型;‘玫瑰蕉’（AA）、‘贡蕉’（AA）、‘抗枯1号’（AAA）和‘抗枯5号’（AAA）核型公式分别为2n = 2x = 22 = 2M + 16m（SAT）+ 2sm + 2st,2n = 2x = 22 = 4M + 16m（SAT）+ 2sm,2n = 3x = 33 = 6M + 15m（3SAT）+ 12sm和2n = 3x = 33 = 6M + 15m（3SAT）+ 12sm（3SAT）,属“2B”核型。基于核型分析结果,绘制了6个香蕉品种的核型模式图。     

Assessment of genetic variation among thornless blackberries (Rubus spp.) using random amplified polymorphic DNA

Summary

To assess genetic relatedness in thornless blackberry (Rubus spp.), 11 different blackberry cultivars were screened using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The blackberries selected represented four different thornless backgrounds. Genetic similarity was estimated using 140 random primers, and the cluster analysis conducted using the RAPD data grouped the cultivars into three distinct clades. Ninety-eight primers produced 113 cultivar-specific RAPD fragments capable of identifying each cultivar. In addition, reproducible polymorphism using two primers was observed within the ‘Evergreen’ (R. laciniatus) clade that consisted of the pure thornless blackberry ‘Everthornless’, the chimeral ‘Thornless Evergreen’, and their thorny progenitor ‘Evergreen’. All three plants are believed to be identical, except for a single mutational event that caused the phenotypic change from thorny to thornless. The R. laciniatus RAPD marker data provide information that may eventually be useful to identify the gene(s) responsible for thornlessness in that species.     

观赏海棠不同叶位色彩特征及特异种质挖掘

采用X-rite色差仪对62份观赏海棠种质的1年生嫁接苗上、中、下叶位的叶片色彩进行测定,研究生长季内不同叶位的叶片色彩动态变化规律,建立了观赏海棠叶色评价体系,并在此基础上筛选出优良观叶品种。(1)基于L*、C*、h°构建了不同叶位CIELCH色空间三维动态分布图,发现所有品种上位叶的色彩最为丰富,L*、C*、h°位点最为分散;中位叶的色彩有所淡化,L*、C*呈持续下降趋势,h°呈增大趋势;下位叶的色彩变为深绿,L*、C*位点最低,h°位点最高。(2)基于5月上位叶色彩参数(L*、a*、b*),构建了叶色聚类分析树状图,发现在欧式距离12.5水平上62个海棠品种划分为2大色系类群和5个子色系类群,即绿色系(含深绿色、褐绿色和亮绿色3个子色系)和红色系(含紫红色和红棕色2个子色系)。(3)基于聚类分析结果以及色彩参数分别构建了观赏海棠绿叶种质评价体系和红叶种质评价体系,发现‘迎春雪’、‘金雨滴’和多花海棠叶色亮丽,色彩整齐性较高,是优良的绿叶观赏品种;‘完美紫色’、‘紫宝石’、‘宝贝’、‘红衣主教’具有优异的红叶观赏特性,叶红,色彩整齐性,稳定,是优良的红叶观赏品种。     

基于灰色关联度分析法评价筛选紫斑牡丹切花品种

针对牡丹切花生产的专用目标,基于灰色关联度分析法,选取14个性状构建“标准品种”,对51个紫斑牡丹（Paeonia rockii）品种进行评价并筛选出适宜切花的品种,为牡丹切花生产提供重要的种质资源。结果表明：参试品种分为4类：第Ⅰ类4个品种,关联度为0.7841 ~ 0.8203,为适宜切花的品种,分别是‘京玉红’、‘粉面桃腮’、‘京粉岚’及‘京冠辉红’;第Ⅱ类14个品种,关联度为0.7082 ~ 0.7561,具备良好的切花生产潜力,为较适宜切花的品种;第 Ⅲ 类19个品种,关联度为0.6361 ~ 0.6950,切花生产潜力一般,可作为后备切花品种资源;第 Ⅳ 类14个品种,关联度为0.5771 ~ 0.6291,不适宜作切花。     

Branching habit of 2-year-old pear branches classified on the basis of length and position of 1-year-old laterals

Two-year-old branches of Pyrus communis L. were classified into groups according to the proleptic (from dormant buds) branching habit, indirectly quantifying the degree of apical control. In winter 1998 upright and flat, 2-year-old branches were randomly sampled from trees of seven pear cultivars, i.e., Forelle (on Quince A and BP1 rootstocks), Abaté Fetel, Flamingo, Packham’s Triumph, Golden Russet Bosc, Rosemarie and Beurre D’Anjou on BP1 rootstock. For each branch the length and position of the 1-year-old shoots on the 2-year-old axis was determined. Laterals were classified according to length (<1, 1–5, 5–20 and >20 cm) and position (distal to proximal quadrants on the 2-year-old axis); 16 classes in total. The number of shoots per length class per cm quadrant length for each cultivar was subjected to a cluster analysis, then a canonical and a stepwise discriminant analysis. The cultivars were grouped into four groups from group 1 (‘Flamingo’), which resembles a spurred growth habit with strong apical control, to group 4 (‘Packham’s Triumph’ and ‘Golden Russet Bosc’), which resembles a spreading growth habit and weak apical control. Groups 2 and 3 were intermediate. The gravimorphic influences on the branching habit were investigated.     

黑穗醋栗品种亲缘关系的ISSR分析

 采用ISSR标记技术对39个黑穗醋栗品种的亲缘关系进行分析。结果表明：13条ISSR引物扩增的总带数（A）从3到11条不等,平均扩增出6.77条带,平均多态性带百分比（P）为64.37%。聚类分析显示,在相似性系数为0.8496处将39个黑穗醋栗品种分为5组。第Ⅰ组包含8个起源国家的品种,说明世界各国之间基因交流较为频繁。‘Ben Lomond’和‘Kantata’同其他品种的遗传距离较远,两者又有诸多优良农艺性状,可作为黑穗醋栗的优良育种材料。