浅谈我省地方畜禽品种资源保护及开发利用

近年来,我省先后从国内外引进了20多个鸡种,10多个牛种、羊种和猪种等,因其高效而占领了我省市场.同时存在着盲目引种,品种多乱、杂等问题.伴随着少数高产畜禽品种的普及推广,使各地固有的许多品种资源迅速减少或消失.因此,针对陕西畜禽品种资源的现状问题,并结合近年来畜牧业生产中的实际状况,特就如何搞好地方畜禽品种资源的保护及开发利用提出建议与对策.     

山东省地方畜禽品种保护开发利用现状及设想

１　地方畜禽品种保存现状我省畜牧业历史悠久，地理分区复杂多样，气候温暖湿润，饲料资源丰富，由史以来，受生物—地理—气候的作用和人工选育的影响，形成了极丰富的畜禽品种和品系。在７０年代末和８０年代初开展的全国性畜禽品种资源普查的基础上，１９９８年我们又组织了全省范围内的调查统计，基本上查清了我省畜禽品种资源数量、质量和分布。全省现存地方畜禽品种３０个，其中牛３个（鲁西黄牛、蒙山牛、渤海黑牛），马１个（渤海马），驴１个（德州驴），绵羊４个（洼地绵羊、小尾寒羊、大尾寒羊、泗水袭皮羊），山羊４个（沂蒙黑…     

畜禽地方品种资源保护及其利用

畜禽品种是畜牧业生产的基础和保障。世界上40多个畜禽种类有大约4 500个畜禽品种,它们是人类社会不可缺少的重要资源。丰富多样的畜禽地方品种资源在衣食住行各方面满足着人类的需要,但随着农牧业生产良种化程度的不断提高,生产品种的单一化及其遗传多样性的趋同化趋势日益明显,已经对农牧业生产以及人类生产系统的可持续发展构成了严重威胁。畜禽品种资源是指畜禽本身及其所有的体细胞或生殖细胞系,包括畜禽的所有种、品种和品系,尤其是那些对人类的现在或将来的农业生产具有经济、科学和文化意义的所有畜禽种、品种和品系。随着生物技术…     

制定江苏省“种畜管理办法”势在必行

<正> 随着畜牧业的发展,种畜禽在畜牧业中的作用与地位日显重要,但目前在种畜品种资源保护、畜禽品种改良、种畜的生产经营等方面存在着一些问题,直接影响和制约着畜牧业的进一步发展.主要表现在以下几个方面:1 种畜资源亟待保护我省具有丰富的畜禽品种资源,收入《江苏省家畜家禽品种志》的畜禽品种有33个,其中太湖猪、湖羊、大湖鹅、狼山鸡,高邮鸭、海子水牛等品种名     

江苏省畜禽地方品种资源的保护与开发刍议

地方畜禽品种具有独特的经济性状 ,但也存在着生产性能较低的缺点。随着市场经济的发展 ,地方品种保种工作面临着严峻的考验。本文对我省地方品种资源保种工作存在的问题、地方品种开发潜力及保种开发模式等进行了讨论 ,并提出了一些看法     

我省有9个畜禽品种列入国家级畜禽遗传资源保护名录

最近，农业部发布第662号公告，确定138个畜禽品种为国家级畜禽遗传资源保护品种，我省大花白猪等9个畜禽地方品种名列其中。 1大花白猪或称为广东大耳黑白花猪，由分布于我省境内各地的大花乌猪、金利猪、梅花猪、梁村猪、四保猪和坭陂猪合并，于1983年通称为大花白猪，可分成三大品系，即粤北品系、粤中品系和粤东品系。大花白猪适应高温多湿的环境，早熟易肥，沉积脂肪能力强；母猪繁殖率高，哺乳性能好，利用年限长；耐粗饲，肉味鲜美，是我国优良的地方猪种之一。目前大花白猪的保种场设立在广东省板岭原种猪场。     

玉山黑猪原种入选国家保护品种

日前，历史悠久的玉山黑猪原种被列入第1批国家级畜禽遗传资源保护地方优质品种，担负玉山黑猪原种培育保护的玉山黑猪原种场也同时晋升为第1批国家级畜禽遗传资源保护种场。据悉，此次共有34个优质地方猪品种列入了国家级保护，玉山黑猪是我省唯一列入保护的地方优质品种。     

浙江省民营企业对地方畜禽品种的保护和开发

浙江省是地方畜禽品种资源比较丰富的省，全省有国家级保护品种6个，省级保护品种20多个。改革开放20多年来，由于国外品种冲击和当地保种意识不强，导致部分畜禽品种消亡绝种，其中有龙游乌猪、虹桥猪、萧山鸡等品种，给畜牧业带来了不可估量的损失。     

我国地方畜禽品种分类方法探析

我国地方畜禽品种分类方法探析刘荣宗（湖南农业大学动物科学技术学院长沙４１０１２８）１．导言我国地方畜禽品种资源丰富多采，为当今世界各国所瞩目。据不完全统计，各类家畜的地方品种或类群约有２００多种。其中，猪即有１００多个地方类群，已基本调查清楚并列入了...     

关于中国地方畜禽品种的评价与保护的若干思考

中国畜禽地方品种资源十分丰富，对它们进行有效保护和合理开发利用，既是发展优质、高产高效畜牧业的基础和保障，又是实现畜牧业可持续发展、满足人们对畜产品消费多元化和保持生物多样性的需要。作者对支撑地方畜禽品种生存和发展的条件，地方畜禽品种资源的评估及地方畜禽品种的保护理论与方法等问题作了全面的论述。     

浅谈枞阳黑猪生存危机与可持续发展

枞阳黑猪系江海型猪,是枞阳县独有的一个地方资源品种,具有肉质好、繁殖率高、耐粗饲、抗病力强等优良特性.2009年入选安徽省畜禽品种志,被确定为省级畜禽遗传资源保护品种.但近年来,由于外来瘦肉型猪种带来的冲击、保护经费不足和散养户的快速退出等原因,枞阳黑猪遗传资源严重退化,纯种数量急剧下降,保种工作刻不容缓.     

畜禽良种繁育技术及其应用的经济学思考

畜禽良种在畜牧产业发展中发挥核心作用,是区域畜牧业发展的物质基础,也是各国畜牧业科技竞争的焦点。现代畜禽良种繁育技术是由一系列技术组成的技术群,在畜牧业生产中的应用有助于提升优质种畜禽使用效率,加快区域畜禽养殖的良种化进程,提高畜禽生产性能。介绍了主要畜禽良种繁育技术及在我国的应用现状,分析了现代畜禽良种繁育技术对畜禽群体饲草料转化效率及良种选育效率的影响,从经济学视角探讨了现代畜禽良种繁育技术与养殖场投入及产出的关系,以期为我国建立现代畜禽良种繁育体系提供参考。     

芯片技术在畜禽育种中的应用研究进展

中国畜禽品种资源丰富,且有许多优良性状基因,但这些优良性状基因并没有被充分利用,因此,在基因水平上开展遗传资源的开发和利用是畜禽经济性状改良的重要方向。目前,虽然传统系谱选择方法在育种工作中发挥了重要作用,但存在准确率低、育种周期长等缺点。随着分子生物学技术的快速发展,近年来先进的基因组测序和基因分型技术大大促进了畜禽育种方法的革新。从低通量、耗时的限制性片段多态标记（RFLP）到如今高通量、高密度的单核苷酸多态性（SNP）标记,基因检测效率有了大幅度提高。基因芯片技术在分子标记辅助选择和全基因组选择育种研究中逐渐得到广泛应用,成为畜禽育种的新技术手段和新热点。主要介绍了高、低密度SNP芯片技术在畜禽育种中的研究及应用,并简述了其技术优势、存在问题及挑战、应用展望,旨在表明基因芯片技术必将会成为畜禽分子育种工作中一项重要的基础技术,在畜禽种业快速发展过程中起到重要的推动作用,以期为基因芯片技术在畜禽育种中得到进一步应用提供理论参考,推进中国畜禽育种遗传进展,提升中国畜禽种业的科技竞争力。     

陕西省畜禽养殖标准化建设现状与思考

畜禽养殖标准化是建设现代畜牧业和实现高质量发展的基础和先导。加快禽养殖标准化建设,对提升畜禽养殖设施装备水平、加快畜禽良种推广、健全生物安全防护、强化投入品质量控制、加快科技成果转化、提高生产效率和畜禽产品质量、促进养殖提质增效、建设生产高效、管理先进、环境友好、产品绿色的现代畜牧业意义重大。笔者结合近年来陕西省畜禽标准化开展情况,谈一下畜禽标准化建设存在问题及建议。     

香格里拉地区尼西鸡养殖现状及发展对策

尼西鸡是云南特有的家禽品种,因产于香格里拉市尼西乡而得名,当地藏语叫"龙巴下",是云南20个地方家禽品种中典型的肉蛋兼用型品种,也是我国《国家级畜禽资源保护品种名录》中典型的地方家禽品种,是当地藏族经长期驯化饲养、选育而形成的优良品种,具有体型较小、产蛋高、肉质好、耐粗饲、灵活善飞等特点,在高海拔和气候寒冷的自然环境下...     

畜禽种质资源评价

本文在分析畜禽种质资源的战略价值，经济价值，科学价值，历史文化价值的基础上，对国内外畜禽种质资源的危机情况进行了评估，并指出了我国畜禽种质资源危机产生的不良后果，提出了畜禽遗传资源的保护策略和建议。     

Animal genetic resource trade flows: The utilization of newly imported breeds and the gene flow of imported animals in the United States of America

Animal germplasm exchange has recently received attention as a product of the FAO's State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources effort. Some have advocated a need to explore policies and regulations on the exchange of germplasm (e.g., Hiemstra, S.J., Drucker, A., Tvedt, M., Louwaars, N., Oldenbroek, J., Awgichew, K., Kebede, S., Bhat, P., da Silva Mariante, A. 2006. Exchange, use and conservation of animal genetic resources: policies and regulatory options. Centre for Genetic Resources. Wageningen Univ., the Netherlands, pp. 1­43). However, there has been little comprehensive assessment of either the economic or genetic impact of introduced germplasm into national populations. As a result, much of the discussion of gene flows has been based on assumptions and generalizations. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the genetic impact of germplasm imported into the United States during the last 25 to 50 years. The paper considers both new breeds (Meishan pigs, Tuli cattle, and Boer goats) and new animals within existing breeds (Limousin and Jersey cattle). Of the new breeds recently imported only one had an impact on US animal agriculture. Neither the Tuli nor the Meishan has impacted the US livestock industry. It appears that these breeds were initially viewed as attractive because of single traits, but producers did not find it attractive to adopt the new breeds based on these specific traits. In the end, these breeds did not prove competitive in the US under the current set of market conditions. This result would indicate that importation of new genetic resources due to a single trait of interest is not a viable importation strategy. By contrast, the Boer goat exhibited a number of production characteristics which made it desirable to US producers and thereby allowed the breed to become well established. A second portion of the study evaluated the importation and parentage pattern of Limousin cattle as they became established in the U. S. and the gene flow of imported Jersey cattle since the 1950′s. In both cases, the study relied on pedigree analysis. Over the past fifty years, Jersey cattle have been sporadically imported from various countries, but no imported animal has had an overpowering effect on the population. It appears that by the great-grand progeny level, the genes from imported animals are diminishing rather than increasing in the population. In evaluating the predicted transmitting abilities for imported cattle relative to high and moderately ranked domestically bred cattle, there were significant differences between these groups for milk production. This would be sufficient to explain why the impact of the imported cattle diminished. The results of our analysis at both the breed and individual level underscore the speculative nature of germplasm importation — even within breeds where there is a great deal of information available about production characteristics. From this analysis, we conclude that successful importation of new breeds into the US must be based on a large number of production characteristics; importation for a single characteristic (e.g., high prolificacy) while the breed is deficient in other areas does not lead to the breed's adoption. While not fully explored in this work, it appears that initial interest and acceptance from the private sector is crucial for breed acceptance, as the Boer goat demonstrates. Within an existing breed, importation of individual animals still appears to have a relatively high degree of risk and is dependent upon the importer's ability to pick viable candidates. However, once animals are imported their progeny must effectively compete with the domestic population, or else their genetic contribution will rapidly diminish.     

南阳牛分子标记研究进展

分子标记技术的开发利用在家畜育种中起着越来越重要的作用.南阳黄牛是中国地方良种黄牛之一.近些年来,已在DNA水平上对南阳牛进行了大量的研究,涉及到南阳牛的分子群体遗传特征及起源进化、经济性状分子遗传标记及相关功能基因多态性研究等.本文对南阳牛分子标记研究方面的成就作了综述,以便促进南阳牛的保护、利用和发展.使传统育种和分子标记辅助选择相结合,推动了南阳牛的育种进程.     

Identification and characterization of hierarchical structures in dog breeding schemes, a novel method applied to the Norfolk Terrier

Popular sires, a limited population size, and the founder event are widely considered the main reasons for the low genetic diversity observed in many dog breeds. However, these factors have had only a small role in the historic decrease in diversity observed in the Norfolk Terrier breed. We show that the decrease in this breed has been mainly due to large, popular kennels. Dogs from these kennels have, on average, larger genetic contributions to subsequent generations than others. A test for the presence of a popular kennel effect is proposed and applied (P < 0.001). These kennels were found to be the same as nuclei of selection existing in other livestock species. This result revealed a hierarchical structure of dog breeding schemes, with an asymmetric gene flow predominantly from the nuclei toward the main population. Possible reasons for this structure and implications for future population management are discussed. The main reason is probably that the breed type was established by large, popular kennels and that small kennel breeders used their stud dogs to benefit from the achievements of the popular kennels. Many kennels, however, were unable to make their own substantial genetic contributions to the breed.     

A critical review of the value of genetic distance studies in conservation of animal genetic resources

There has been a veritable explosion of projects in recent years aiming to calculate genetic distances between domesticated breeds of animals and the number of such projects is still increasing. The extent of this can be appreciated by a glance at the recent proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Animal Genetics (ISAG 1998). All domesticated species are being targeted, using breeds from both developed and developing countries and projects are now almost exclusively based on microsatellite marker loci. Although the goal in a few cases is to provide insights into the history of animal domestication (see, for example, M ac H ugh et al. 1997; L au et al. 1998), the most common justification for genetic distancing projects is their importance for helping the decision-makers to identify genetically unique breeds so that they may be prioritized for breed conservation purposes (e.g. H all and B radley 1995; M oazami -G uodarzi et al. 1997; C rawford and L ittlejohn 1998). On a world-wide basis there are roughly 3000 breeds and breed varieties of the seven major mammalian species – cattle, pig, sheep, goat, horse, donkey and buffalo (FAO 1995). Of those with population data, 23% are either endangered or critical (FAO 1995). In addition, in the current century it is estimated that at least 600 breeds have been lost (H all and R uane 1993). On the poultry side, the picture is even worse as over half the breeds of the five major species (chicken, domestic duck, muscovy duck, goose and turkey) are thought to be endangered or critical (FAO 1995). At the same time, there is often a lack of even the most rudimentary information on many of these breeds. Basic phenotypic data, including approximate figures for population sizes, are currently available on only 50% of the world’s animal genetic resources (AGR) (H ammond 1998). There is therefore an urgent need to act now to prevent the rapid erosion of AGR. This is especially true for breeds in developing countries, where many will be lost without ever having been adequately characterized or studied (K& ouml ; hler -R ollefson 1997). However, resources (both in terms of available manpower and finances) are limited in this area and appropriate use of these resources is therefore of vital importance. Given the large amount of current activity in the area of genetic distancing of domestic breeds, the aim of this article is to critically examine the value that genetic distance projects have for breed conservation.