二甲基—1,6—辛二烯的环化水合反应研究

３，７－二甲基－１，６－辛二烯（１）在固体酸（分子筛，离子膜和离子交换树脂）作用下与甲酸发生环化水合反应，生成１－（３，３－二甲基环己基）乙醇甲酸酯（４ａ）和３，７，７－三甲基环庚醇甲酸酯（５ａ）的混合物，经皂化反应得到相应的醇（４ｂ和５ｂ）。５，７－二甲基－１，６－辛二烯（２）在同样条件下发生类似的反应，生成３，３，５－三甲基环庚醇甲酸酯（６ａ）经皂化生成３，３，５－三甲基环庚醇（６ｂ）。     

DRS—1高分散松香胶分散剂的合成及应用研究

合成了碘基琥珀酸ＡＥＯ－９单酯二钠盐,表征了其结构和性质,并将其用作松香分散剂,在中、低转速搅拌和戒严用硬水转相,制备了固含量高「（４５±２）％」、粒度小（０．１－０．５μｍ≥９０％）、稳定性好的松香分散胶。     

α—蒎烯合成杀虫增效剂的研究

松节油的主要成分α－蒎烯经异构同时与马来酸酐发生Ｄｉｅｌｓ－Ａｌｄｅｒ反应，生成１－异丙基－４－甲基二环「２，２，２」－５－辛烯－２，３－二羧酸酐。研究影响反应的主要因素：加料顺序，催化剂和助催化剂用量，原料配比，反应时间和反应温度等，得出比较适宜的反应条件。     

冰片基烃烷基醚的合成与酯化

莰烯在硫酸催化下与１，４－丁炔二醇，乙二醇，１，２－丙二醇，１，３－丙二醇反应，分别制得４－冰片氧基－２－丁炔－１－醇，２－冰片氧基乙醇，１－冰片氧基－２－丙醇，３－冰片氧基－１－丙醇，产率分别为５２．７％，５９．７％，４２．６％和４２．０％。上述产物用乙酸酐酯化后得到相应的乙酸酯，其产率分别为８１．３％，７８．９％，７４．８％和７３．６％。所制备的化合物均进行了ＭＳ、ＩＲ、＾１Ｈ ＮＭＲ分析和评     

四季海棠的组织培养

１植物名称：四季海棠（Begoniafibrous）。２材料类别：刚展平的嫩叶。３培养条件培养基：（单位：mg／L）（１）MS＋BA３＋２．４－D１，（２）MS＋BA２＋NAA０．２，（３）MS＋BA１＋NAA０．５，（４）MS＋BA１＋NAA０．１，（５）MS＋BA１＋２．４－D０．０５，（６）MS＋BA２＋２．４－D０．０５，（７）MS＋BA０．４＋NAA０．１，（８）１／２MS＋NAA０．５，（９）１／２MS＋BA０．０１。其中蔗糖浓度除培养（８）为２％，其余均为３％，琼脂为０．８％～１．０％，pH值为５．７～５．８，培养温度为２０±４…     

杉木绿冠提取物化学组成的研究

杉木占中国商品材的２０％～２５％，它的树冠占全生物量的１７％，至今未得到合理的有效的利用。本文全面研究了杉木［Ｃｕｎｎｉｎｇｈａｍｉａｌａｎｃｅｏｌａｔａ（Ｌａｍｂ．）Ｈｏｏｋ］绿冠石油醚提取物的化学组成，其总得率为３．５％～６．０％。提取物中：除绿叶蜡外，游离酸占１０％，中性物质占９０％。在游离酸中，２０％是高级脂肪酸，８０％是二萜烯酸，其主要成分是４－表－反式－可姆酸（４－ｅｐｉ－ｔｒａｎｓ－ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｃｉｄ）又暂名杉叶酸。在中性物质中，有烃类、酯类、醇类、醛类和甾醇类等。酯类占中性物质的６７．３％，其中，聚戊烯醇乙酸酯占７０％。从中分离出来的聚戊烯醇，是含１５～２３个异戊烯基单元的伯醇化合物。其主要组分是聚戊烯醇－２１，占聚戊烯醇总量的２５％；聚戊烯醇－１８占１３％。醇类占中性物质的１０．３％，它的主要组分是４－表－反式－可姆醇，又暂名杉叶醇。甾醇类占１３．３％，主要是β－谷甾醇。其它是可姆醛、植物醇、色素等。     

九嶷香杉精油的化学成分

采用气相色谱－质谱－计算机（ＧＣ／ＭＳＤ）联用技术．首次研究了九嶷香杉精油的化学成分，鉴定出３８种化合物．主要成分为柏木脑（ｃｅｄｒｏｌ）２４．８％，α－蒎烯（α－ｐｉｎｅｎｅ）１７．５％，柏木烯（α－ｃｅｄｒｅｎｅ）１３．２５％，γ－荜澄茄烯（γ－ｃｅｄｉｎｅｎｅ）７．５％，柠檬烯（ｌｉｍｏｎｅｎｅ）３．５５％，榄香烯（ｅｌｅｍｅｎｅ）３．２％．其次是α－檀香烯（α－ｓａｎｔａｌｅｎｅ），β－檀香醇（β－ｓａｎｔｎｌｏｌ），月桂烯酸（ｍｙｒｃｅｎｏｌ），１．８－桉叶素（１．８－ｃｉｎｅｏｌｅ）等化合物．此外，本文还报道了在杉木精油中首次发现的２１种化合物．     

异冰片基氧丙酮及4－异冰片基氧－2－丁酮的合成

将莰烯分别与１，２－丙二醇及１，３－丁二醇加成所得产物１－［（１，７，７－三甲基双环［２，２，１］庚－２－基）氧］２－丙醇及４－［（１，７，７－三甲基双环［２，２，１］庚－２－基）氧］－２－丁醇，氧化得到两只新型的可用作香料的萜醚酮，１－［（１，７，７－三甲基双环［２，２，１］庚－２－基）氧］丙酮，与４－［（１，７，７－三甲基双环［２，２，１］庚－２－基）氧］－２－丁酮。     

异冰片基氧丙酮及4—异冰片基氧—2—丁酮的合成

将莰烯分别与１，２－丙二醇及１，３－丁二醇加成所得产物１－［（１，７，７－三甲基双环［２，２，１］庚－２－基）氧］２－丙醇及４－［（１，７，７－三甲基双环［２，２，１］庚－２－基）氧］－２－丁醇，氧化得到两只新型的可用作香料的萜醚酮，１－［（１，７，７－三甲基双环［２，２，１］庚－２－基）氧］丙酮，与４－［（１，７，７－三甲基双环［２，２，１］庚－２－基）氧］－２－丁酮。     

贵州剑麻品比试验和丰产栽培技术研究

采用完全随机排列的方法并对９个剑麻品种的生物量，纤维率，抗寒性等综合指标进行分析评定，同时以Ｈ．１１６４８为主要试验对象验证生产栽培技术。结果表明（１）Ｈ．１１６４８生长表现最佳，其叶宽较其它参试品种高０．４－１．７ｃｍ，纤维率４．６５％较其它品种高１．９３％－３．４８％，仅比东７４低０．１５％。（２）栽植剑麻合理的整地方式为宽窄行，大行距２．０－３．５ｍ，小行距１．０－２．０ｍ，适宜密度为４５５     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.