Production of Transgenic Animals Using Spermatogonial Stem Cells

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are a type of adult stem cell found in male mammals. These cells have the capacity for self renewal and are capable of differentiating in the niche of testis. They are also the only adult stem cells in a normal postnatal body that undergo self-renewal throughout life, transferring genetic information to the offspring. Since a technique for transplanting SSCs was first described by Brinster and his colleagues in 1994, more and more researchers have become interested in exploring the possibility of utilizing adult SSCs to generate transgenic animals. In this minireview, we attempt to summarize the current research progress in the area of spermatogonial stem cells including the source, types and differentiation of the SSCs, and the application on transgenic animals, with a particular focus on the strategy of SSCs delivery including seminiferous tubule injection and spermatogonial stem cell transplantation.     

A plant peptide encoded by CLV3 identified by in situ MALDI-TOF MS analysis

The Arabidopsis CLAVATA3 (CLV3) gene encodes a stem cell-specific protein presumed to be a precursor of a secreted peptide hormone. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) applied to in situ Arabidopsis tissues determined the structure of a modified 12-amino acid peptide (MCLV3), which was derived from a conserved motif in the CLV3 sequence. Synthetic MCLV3 induced shoot and root meristem consumption as cells differentiated into other organs, displaying the typical phenotype of transgenic plants overexpressing CLV3. These results suggest that the functional peptide of CLV3 is MCLV3.     

Rescue of cardiac defects in id knockout embryos by injection of embryonic stem cells

We report that Id knockout mouse embryos display multiple cardiac defects, but mid-gestation lethality is rescued by the injection of 15 wild-type embryonic stem (ES) cells into mutant blastocysts. Myocardial markers altered in Id mutant cells are restored to normal throughout the chimeric myocardium. Intraperitoneal injection of ES cells into female mice before conception also partially rescues the cardiac phenotype with no incorporation of ES cells. Insulin-like growth factor 1, a long-range secreted factor, in combination with WNT5a, a locally secreted factor, likely account for complete reversion of the cardiac phenotype. Thus, ES cells have the potential to reverse congenital defects through Id-dependent local and long-range effects in a mammalian embryo.     

不同接种方式下番茄溃疡病病原菌的致病效果比较

番茄溃疡病(Bacterial canker of tomato)是目前国内外番茄生产上最严重的细菌病害之一。为建立准确有效的人工接种鉴定体系,本研究采用5种不同的人工接种方式(剪顶法、喷雾法、复叶柄注射法、茎顶端注射法和茎基部注射法)对番茄植株进行接种,比较和分析了接种后各群体植株起始发病时间、平均发病率、病情指数和平均死株率等指标。结果表明:剪顶法和茎部注射法接种病原菌致病效果最好,发病率达到100.0%,病情指数>75.0,但是剪顶法接种后植株死亡率很高,接种40 d时死亡率高达96.7%,不利于后续的遗传分析及留种;进一步分析发现茎基部注射接种时病原菌在植株体内传播速度更快;用5份抗感性不同的番茄材料及2个遗传分离群体共计742株番茄进行茎基部注射接种,结果表明该法接种后可以准确区分番茄材料的抗感性。综上所述,本研究结果表明茎基部注射法接种适用于番茄材料抗溃疡病评价及遗传分析,为抗溃疡病番茄材料的筛选及抗性品种的培育提供了有力支撑。     

注干农药防治光肩星天牛的试验研究

对行道树、防风林杨树采用注干农药方法防治光肩星天牛成虫、幼虫的试验研究结果表明：以长效内吸注干乳油效果最好，具有传导快，杀虫效果好，残效期长的特点。长效内吸注干乳油防治结果：行道树罩笼接虫，成虫死亡率达９２．９％，室内饲喂注于后的枝条，成虫死亡率达９９．９％，大面积防风林成虫死亡率达９４．７％，总体被害率４．４％，幼虫１～２龄死亡率达８９．８％。对比了注干农药和农药涂干的效果，防治１～２龄幼虫注干防效比涂干防效高１８．６％。注于农药方法防治光肩星天牛可提高防治效果，降低防治成本，减少对环境的污染，并可兼防其它食叶性和刺吸性害虫。     

Arabidopsis CLV3 peptide directly binds CLV1 ectodomain

CLV1, which encodes a leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase, and CLV3, which encodes a secreted peptide, function in the same genetic pathway to maintain stem cell populations in Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem. Here, we show biochemical evidence, by ligand binding assay and photoaffinity labeling, that the CLV3 peptide directly binds the CLV1 ectodomain with a dissociation constant of 17.5 nM. The CLV1 ectodomain also interacts with the structurally related CLE peptides, with distinct affinities depending on the specific amino acid sequence. Our results provide direct evidence that CLV3 and CLV1 function as a ligand-receptor pair involved in stem cell maintenance.     

外源抗菌肽在转基因鱼腥草中的表达及抗茎腐病研究（摘要）

[目的]鉴定转基因鱼腥草中外源抗菌肽的表达,分析抗茎腐病的能力。[方法]通过SDS-PAG电泳和Western blot方法检测转基因鱼腥草植株中外源抗菌肽的表达,接种不同浓度的立枯丝核菌孢子,比较转基因植株与非转基因植株的染病情况。[结果]外源抗菌肽能在转基因鱼腥草中表达;立枯丝核菌的最佳侵染孢子浓度为3×105/mL,观察时间以3d为宜,转基因鱼腥草较非转基因鱼腥草的抗茎腐病能力增强。[结论]外源抗菌肽的表达能增强转基因鱼腥草植株的抗茎腐病能力。     

杨树湿心材病致病细菌的分离、鉴定和侵染途径

采用常规的组织分离法从杨树湿心材病发病心材组织中分离到10个优势菌株,将菌株分别回接健康杨树实生苗,通过侵染症状、发病率和发病程度等测定致病性,结果发现2-16号菌株能引起典型的湿心材症状,即心材变色并腐烂。对2-16菌株形态特征、生理生化进行了分析,2-16菌株16SrDNA基因序列与胡萝卜软腐果胶杆菌胡萝卜软腐亚种(Pectobacterium carotovorumsubsp.carotovorum)NBRC 14082菌株报告的序列相似度为99%。采用Mega5.0软件以相近序列构建的进化树中,2-16菌株和NBRC 14082菌株聚在同一进化枝上。鉴定2-16号致病菌为胡萝卜软腐果胶杆菌胡萝卜软腐亚种。以温室栽培的当年生中石7杨树实生苗为接种材料,将2-16号致病菌分别通过4种方式进行侵染接种,结果表明:茎刻伤和茎注射2-16致病菌株均能引起杨树植株发病,茎注射法发病率、病斑扩散长度和发病指数均高于茎刻伤法,而叶接和灌根接种2-16致病菌株均不能使杨树感病,表明茎部伤口感染是该致病菌侵染杨树的主要途径。     

广西巴马小型猪GHRH成熟肽真核表达质粒对小鼠生长效应的影响

【目的】探讨广西巴马小型猪促生长激素释放激素（GHRH）成熟肽真核表达质粒对小鼠生长效应的影响,为进一步研究广西巴马小型猪GHRH成熟肽的促生长作用及GHRH基因疫苗的高效制备与安全使用提供参考依据。【方法】利用基因重组技术将广西巴马小型猪GHRH成熟肽序列与p EGFP-N1质粒连接构建重组真核表达质粒,然后按0.5μg/g的剂量肌肉注射经25%蔗糖溶液预处理的小鼠,观察记录小鼠体重变化情况,并分别提取重组质粒注射组小鼠的心脏、肝脏、肾脏及注射部位肌肉DNA,再以PCR检测是否存在基因质粒残留。【结果】以构建的p EGFP-GHRH重组质粒注射小鼠后,其外源GHRH成熟肽DNA可在肌肉中获得表达,但并未整合入小鼠基因组中。虽然重组质粒注射组小鼠的末重与空质粒注射组小鼠的差异不显著（P〉0.05）,但在注射后的10-25 d,重组质粒注射组小鼠体重均显著高于空质粒注射组（P〈0.05）。在相对日增重率方面,注射后的前15 d内,重组质粒注射组小鼠的相对日增重率均高于空质粒注射组。【结论】构建的广西巴马小型猪p EGFP-GHRH重组质粒能在一定时间内促进小鼠生长,即GHRH种属差异性小,在动物中有较高的保守性。     

黄连木种子小蜂防治技术研究

[目的]为防治黄连木种子小蜂筛选出方便、高效的方法。[方法]以36％啶虫脒、10％吡虫啉和48％乐斯本为供试药剂,分别采用灌根法、注干法和喷雾法施药,通过比较其防治效果筛选出黄连木种子小蜂的最佳防治方法。[结果]在3种施药方法中,注干法的防治效果最佳。其平均虫果率为17．47％;喷雾法的防治效果次之,其平均虫果率为33．24％;灌根法的防治效果最差,其平均虫果率为41．44％。注干法的平均虫果率极显著低于其他方法及对照。当所有供试药剂都采用注干法施用时,10％吡虫啉的防治效果最佳,其平均虫果率为6．70％;36％啶虫眯的防治效果次之,其平均虫果率为19．00％;48％乐斯本的防治效果最差,其平均虫果率为26．70％;3种药剂处理的平均虫果率均极显著低于对照。[结论]黄连木种子小蜂的最佳化学防治措施是注干法施用10％吡虫啉。     

Transplantation of fetal hematopoietic stem cells in utero: the creation of hematopoietic chimeras

Transplantation of normal, immature, fetal hematopoietic cells into a preimmune fetal recipient with a congenital hemoglobinopathy may allow partial reconstitution of normal hemoglobin production without the complications associated with postnatal bone marrow transplantation (immunosuppression and the occurrence of graft versus host disease). In order to test this hypothesis the naturally occurring polymorphism at the beta-hemoglobin locus of the sheep was used as a marker for engraftment and hematopoietic chimerism. Intraperitoneal injection of allogeneic fetal stem cells into normal fetal lambs resulted in hematopoietic chimerism in three of four surviving recipients. This chimerism has been sustained for 6 months after birth and 9 months after engraftment, without evidence of graft versus host disease, and without the use of immunosuppressive therapy.     

A stem cell molecular signature

Mechanisms regulating self-renewal and cell fate decisions in mammalian stem cells are poorly understood. We determined global gene expression profiles for mouse and human hematopoietic stem cells and other stages of the hematopoietic hierarchy. Murine and human hematopoietic stem cells share a number of expressed gene products, which define key conserved regulatory pathways in this developmental system. Moreover, in the mouse, a portion of the genetic program of hematopoietic stem cells is shared with embryonic and neural stem cells. This overlapping set of gene products represents a molecular signature of stem cells.     

Endothelial cells stimulate self-renewal and expand neurogenesis of neural stem cells

Neural stem cells are reported to lie in a vascular niche, but there is no direct evidence for a functional relationship between the stem cells and blood vessel component cells. We show that endothelial cells but not vascular smooth muscle cells release soluble factors that stimulate the self-renewal of neural stem cells, inhibit their differentiation, and enhance their neuron production. Both embryonic and adult neural stem cells respond, allowing extensive production of both projection neuron and interneuron types in vitro. Endothelial coculture stimulates neuroepithelial cell contact, activating Notch and Hes 1 to promote self-renewal. These findings identify endothelial cells as a critical component of the neural stem cell niche.     

刺山柑茎中化学成分的初步研究

采用植物化学成分系统预试法和圆形滤纸预试法对新疆刺山柑茎的化学成分进行了初步研究。结果表明：刺山柑茎中含有氨基酸、多肽、蛋白质、生物碱、还原糖、多糖和苷、酚类化合物、鞣度有机酸和挥发油等多种物质。     

小鼠睾丸支持细胞的分离培养与生物学研究

[目的]分离得到高纯度的小鼠睾丸支持细胞(Sertoli cell),用以研究它对精原干细胞(SSCs)生长的影响。[方法]取鼠龄3~7 d的雄性ICR小鼠睾丸,采用胶原酶、透明质酸酶、胰蛋白酶和DNA酶消化分离Sertoli细胞及SSCs,经多次差异离心贴壁及低渗处理法进行纯化,用Sertoli细胞作饲养层观察SSCs的生长情况。[结果]Sertoli细胞纯度达90%,且以Sertoli细胞作饲养层培养SSCs,与对照相比,能明显促进SSCs的增殖。[结论]四酶消化低渗处理法可获得高纯度的Sertoli细胞,且Sertoli细胞能明显促进SSCs的增殖。     

多能干细胞来源的肝细胞诱导分化及其应用研究进展

胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cells,ESCs)和诱导多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells,iPSCs)是一类具有多能性和自我更新能力的多能干细胞,这些细胞具有无限增殖能力,并有潜能分化为机体三胚层所有类型的细胞。多能干细胞来源的肝细胞能够作为肝细胞的替代物应用于体外药物筛选和肝脏疾病的治疗。文章对多能干细胞向肝细胞的诱导研究、多能性干细胞来源肝细胞的鉴定方案研究及其在药物筛选和疾病治疗方面的研究进行了综述分析,并对未来的研究方向进行了总结与展望。     

精原干细胞体外培养体系的建立

精原干细胞(spermatogonial stem cells,SSCs)是雄性哺乳动物精子发生及具有生育能力的保障。精原干细胞的体外培养不仅为精子发生的研究提供材料,还有助于开发新的家畜保种方法和动物遗传修饰。为了探索猪精原干细胞体外培养体系的建立方法,本研究采用胶原酶Ⅳ-胰酶两步酶法对3~7日龄大白仔猪睾丸进行消化得到单细胞悬液,利用不同时间程序的差速贴壁对精原干细胞进行纯化,选择大白仔猪睾丸支持细胞作为饲养层,添加不同细胞因子研究精原干细胞的增殖情况以期得到最佳的培养体系。结果显示,通过差速贴壁得到的UCHL-1阳性生殖细胞比例最高为18.59%±0.94%;不同细胞因子组合添加试验发现精原干细胞添加20 ng·mL^-1 GDNF、10 ng·mL^-1 IGF和20 ng·mL^-1 bFGF的增殖效果最佳;以支持细胞作为饲养层、在DMEM/F12中添加1%FBS以及上述细胞因子组合对精原干细胞进行培养15 d后可见大量的精原干细胞集落,通过免疫荧光、AKP染色、荧光定量PCR等试验证明精原干细胞进行了大量增殖。本研究初步建立了猪精原干细胞的体外培养体系,可通过体外培养大量增殖精原干细胞,为后续精原干细胞的研究奠定基础。     

精原干细胞体外分离培养的研究进展

为探索提高精原干细胞分离和体外培养效率的技术方法,以建立长期稳定的动物精原干细胞培养体系,对动物精原干细胞的分离纯化和体外培养的研究进展进行综述。以"Spermatogonial stem cell,Isolation,Culture,Enrichment,in vitro"和"精原干细胞、分离、培养和体外扩增"为检索词,查阅精原干细胞相关文献,并进行归纳整理。精原干细胞分离主要有机械分离法和酶消化法,纯化精原干细胞的方法有差速贴壁法、密度梯度离心法、免疫磁珠法、流式细胞法等,目前大动物精原干细胞的富集常使用酶消化法、差速贴壁法和Percoll梯度离心法相结合。精原干细胞体外培养需模拟体内生境,通常在基础培养基中添加血清、饲养层细胞和各类生长因子等,培养条件会影响精原干细胞培养的效果。小鼠精原干细胞已建立较完善的培养体系,而人和多数大动物还缺乏完善的精原干细胞体外培养体系。     

胚胎干细胞诱导分化研究进展

哺乳动物胚胎干细胞一般可从胚胎囊胚内细胞团分离得到 ,具有在体外保持不分化的无限增殖能力 ,在合适的培养条件下 ,胚胎干细胞可定向诱导分化形成多种细胞类型。人们对胚胎干细胞进行体外培养与定向分化可以得到大量同源细胞 ,以应用于患疾病的细胞或器官移植治疗等研究。文章概述了胚胎干细胞增殖与分化的信号调节机制、诱导分化方法 ,国内外研究概况及展望 4个方面的内容