Mechanistic basis of resistance to PCBs in Atlantic tomcod from the Hudson River

The mechanistic basis of resistance of vertebrate populations to contaminants, including Atlantic tomcod from the Hudson River (HR) to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), is unknown. HR tomcod exhibited variants in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 (AHR2) that were nearly absent elsewhere. In ligand-binding assays, AHR2-1 protein (common in the HR) was impaired as compared to widespread AHR2-2 in binding TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) and in driving expression in reporter gene assays in AHR-deficient cells treated with TCDD or PCB126. We identified a six-base deletion in AHR2 as the basis of resistance and suggest that the HR population has undergone rapid evolution, probably due to contaminant exposure. This mechanistic basis of resistance in a vertebrate population provides evidence of evolutionary change due to selective pressure at a single locus.     

漏斗式全沙排沙技术在陕西东雷抽黄灌区泥沙治理的成功实践

介绍了黄河第一座排沙漏斗工程的成功运行经验，并对其其原型观测结果进行了分析：对粒径大于0．1，0．05，0．025mm泥沙的平均截沙率分别达到96．58％，81．37％和78．71％，而平均排沙耗水量为7．23％。这一结果充分说明排沙漏斗的截沙率和排沙耗水量等重要指标都远优于过去黄河上普遍采用的条渠或者复合型厢形沉沙池等排沙设施。同时也说明排沙漏斗能有效地排除推移质泥沙，对悬移质泥沙的排除亦非常有效，尤其是为黄河泥沙的治理开辟了一条新途径。     

Simulating Agricultural Conversion to Residential use in the Hudson River Valley: Scenario Analyses and Case Studies

Land use changes threaten agricultural land. If agricultural land is going to be preserved, the social and economic causes of conversion must be understood. However, analyzing the causes of agricultural conversion is complex because trends need to be documented before analyzing the causes. One of the leading uses of agricultural land is for residential purposes. This paper projects residential development in a Hudson River Valley watershed within Dutchess County in New York State using an integrated modeling framework consisting of an econometric model, a geographic information system (GIS), and Monte Carlo simulation. The econometric model is used to project residential development, providing parcel-specific probabilities of residential development. The GIS is employed to extract socio-economic and county-level tax parcel data to be used in conjunction with bio-geophysical attributes, such as slope, soil, and location, to calculate and project growth trends on a residential level for undeveloped land parcels. Monte Carlo simulation is used to distribute these projections into the GIS to display outcomes of scenario analyses to provide policy-makers a demonstration of how policies would likely affect the agricultural landscape of the watershed. John M. Polimeni is an Assistant Professor of Economics in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences at the Albany College of Pharmacy in Albany, New York. Dr. Polimeni received a PhD in Ecological Economics and a BS in Mathematics at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. His professional interests include: quantitative economics, spatial and regional economics, land use change, economic development, and graduate education in Ecological Economics. He is currently working on linking ecological economics with the laws of thermodynamics and neuroeconomics into one unified model.     

Polychlorinated biphenyl dechlorination in aquatic sediments

The polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) residues in the aquatic sediments from six PCB spill sites showed changes in PCB isomer and homolog (congener) distribution that indicated the occurrence of reductive dechlorination. The PCB dechlorinations exhibited several distinct congener selection patterns that indicated mediation by several different localized populations of anaerobic microorganisms. The higher (more heavily chlorinated) PCB congeners that were preferentially attacked by the observed dechlorination processes included all those that are either pharmacologically active or persistent in higher animals. All the lower (less heavily chlorinated) PCB congeners formed by the dechlorinations were species that are known to be oxidatively biodegradable by the bacteria of aerobic environments.     

黄河水沙调控研究综述

从水沙调控的理论研究进展、调控模型及算法研究进展、已取得的治沙成果等方面对黄河干流水沙调控进行了总结性梳理,围绕黄河中下游取得的调水调沙成果,论述了黄河水沙调控目前存在的问题及对策,构建了黄河全流域水沙联合调控体系,旨在补充和完善黄河干流水沙调控理论,并为黄河全流域的水沙联合调控体系的最终建立提供参考。     

长江口悬浮泥沙的MODIS影像遥感监测研究

通过对遥感监测泥沙原理和MODIS传感器特征的分析,应用不同时间的MODIS影像进行长江口及其附近海域的悬浮泥沙监测。结果表明:(1)长江口及其附近海域悬浮泥沙含量较高,其中杭州湾悬浮泥沙浓度高于长江口;(2)长江口及其附近海域水体中的泥沙由再悬浮形成,且冬季泥沙浓度和范围均大于春季;(3)入海径流与海洋动力是影响河口沿岸及近海水域水体悬浮泥沙含量的主要因素,其中海洋动力的潮流和波浪是主导控制因素。     

Knoll and Sediment Drift near Hudson Canyon

A parallel-bedded accumulation of sediments forms a low ridge on the upcurrent side of a partially moated knoll. These sediments were deposited beneath a southwestward-flowing current where it is locally decelerated by the obstructing knoll.     

三峡库区澎溪河水体和沉积物中磷的形态分布

对三峡库区支流澎溪河渠马、高阳、黄石和双江桥4个断面水体中总磷、溶解态磷和活性磷及沉积物样品中的总磷和其他4种形态磷进行测定分析。结果表明,澎溪河水体总磷、溶解态磷、活性磷质量浓度分别为0.066~0.129、0.033~0.118、0.013~0.094 mg/L。3种形态磷的分布和相对含量都存在显著的时空差异,溶解态磷和活性磷的浓度与水体中叶绿素a的含量存在一定的负相关。澎溪河沉积物中总磷含量为0.6~1.0mg/g,其值与长江干流万州段沉积物中总磷含量相近,小于澎溪河消落带和岸边土壤中总磷含量。双江桥断面沉积物样品中总磷含量高于其他3个断面。SMT(标准测量和测试)法逐级提取数据表明,澎溪河沉积物中磷的主要赋存状态为无机磷,磷灰石态磷次之,有机磷和非磷灰石磷所占比例较低。澎溪河上游渠马、高阳断面沉积物中非磷灰石磷占总磷的比例高于下游双江桥断面的比例。     

嘉陵江上游矿区河谷沉积物中重金属污染危害评价

【目的】研究嘉陵江上游矿区河谷沉积物中重金属污染危害程度,为土壤重金属修复治理提供科学依据。【方法】在嘉陵江上游矿区河道的源头、上游、中游、下游分别采集河道表层沉积物样品,并用火焰原子吸收法和原子荧光光谱法测定沉积物中重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Cr、Ni、As含量。用污染负荷指数法和潜在生态危害指数法,评价嘉陵江上游矿区河谷重金属污染危害程度,探讨重金属含量与pH、有机质的相关性。【结果】从整体上看,研究区内重金属Pb、Zn、Cu含量变化明显,Cd、Ni、As、Cr含量变化较小。污染负荷指数法评价结果表明,河道源头未受到重金属污染,上游重金属污染达中等级别,中、下游重金属污染达强污染;单项重金属污染贡献排序为PbCdNiAsCuZnCr;采样区重金属污染程度大小排序为中游下游上游源头。重金属单项潜在生态危害程度排序为CdAsPbNiCrZnCu;综合潜在生态危害指数值(RI)为33.38~131.03;源头所受生态危害轻微,上、中、下游重金属的生态危害均达中等水平。相关性分析表明,pH值与沉积物中重金属Pb、Cu、As含量呈极显著相关。有机质的变化显著影响沉积物中重金属Zn和pH值的改变。此外,当有机质增高时显著影响重金属Pb、Cu、Cr、Ni在沉积物中的积累。【结论】嘉陵江上游矿区河道地段的重金属污染已对环境造成了污染与危害,并且会危害到下游居民生活,生态环境亟需修复治理。     

Late Glacial and Postglacial Hudson Bay Sea Episode

Geological investigations, archeological studies, and radiocarbon dates indicate a similarity of events around Hudson Bay, commencing at the time Hudson Bay Basin was freed of glacier ice. The sea that then spread around Hudson Bay 7000 to 8000 years ago is here named "Tyrrell Sea." The subsequent rate of land emergence decreased exponentially.     

地理环境要素与渭河流域水沙关系的定量研究

【目的】定量评价影响渭河流域产水、产沙的地理环境要素因子,为渭河流域产水、产沙格局划分及流域生态环境建设提供理论依据。【方法】分析渭河流域主要支流产水、产沙对年降雨量(P)、植被净初级生产力(NPP)、泥沙中数直径(D50)等地带性因子之间的响应机制。【结果】流域产水、产沙模数与以上3种因子之间均存在明显的非线性关系。采用回归分析得到了流域产水、产沙与地带性因子之间的多元回归模型。【结论】建立了渭河流域产水、产沙与地理环境要素之间的多项式回归模型。     

厌氧颗粒污泥还原脱氯与降解五氯酚（PCP）的研究

在分批培养条件下研究了颗粒污泥降解五氯酚(PCP)的过程特性。结果发现PCP可序列还原脱氯形成2,4,6-TCP，2,4-DCP，4-CP或苯酚，其过程可用Monod方程来拟合,通过分析降解产物，指出了PCP厌氧脱氯降解的历程。外加碳源如丁酸和葡萄糖可有效地刺激PCP的厌氧脱氯降解，丁酸诱导颗粒污泥产生新的脱氯活性，降解过程遵循一级反应动力学，降解速度常数随外加碳源浓度的增加而增大     

遏制潼关高程抬升及渭河下游淤积发展之对策

对潼关断面与渭河下游特殊地理位置及潼关断面高程抬升与渭河下游淤积发展的关系进行分析后认为,潼关断面高程的上升是导致渭河下游淤积发展及萎缩的内在根源,解决潼关高程上升问题是解决渭河下游泥沙淤积发展的前提和条件;并从历年潼关站1000m3/s流量的水位变化情况和控制运用期的汛期冲刷实测资料,以及2003年非汛期的原型试验和汛期的畅泄排沙试验实测资料,论证分析了降低潼关高程的可行性;进一步分析论述了治理和解决潼关断面抬升问题的方法和措施,其中包括加强潼关上游水保措施和泥沙拦蓄工程,降低汛期和非汛期水库运用水位,对潼关以下河段裁弯整治并辅以机械挖淤与疏浚等措施。