Comparative Anatomical Study on Fissura Nasolacrimalis and Nasomaxillaris in Skull of the Korean Native Goat (Capra hircus)

We found specific anatomical structure on the fissura nasolacrimalis and fissura nasomaxillaris of the skull of the Korean native goat. It has quite a wide opening on each side of the os nasale and could be classified into four types according to various patterns of articulations of the neighbouring bones.     

Studies on the Parietal Region of the Cervid Skull

In contrast to the situation in roe deer (Kierdorf and Kierdorf, in press) and other cervid species, an os interparietale was missing in the fallow deer cranium. Absence of this skull element in Dama dama is regarded as an apomorphic character state. The area covered by the interparietals in Capreolus was occupied by the parietals in Dama. This condition (loss of interparietals, enlargement of parietals) is in accord with a trend seen in vertebrate evolution, that is, progressive reduction in the number of skull elements concomitant with enlargement of the remaining bones. Synostosis of the parietals in Dama started a few days post partum and was completed at about 7 to 8 months of age. In males, obliteration of the sutura parietooccipitalis commenced in adult life, whereas in females only closure of the central region of this suture was occasionally observed.     

Studies on the Parietal Region of the Cervid Skull

In the roe deer skull symmetrically arranged ossa interparietalia were found to develop from paired centers of ossification. Obliteration of the sutura interinterparietalis mostly started already late in prenatal life, whereas closure of the interparietal and the interparietoparietal sutures as a rule commenced around the second week post partum. A certain degree of variability with respect to the timing of sutural closure was observed. No synostosis occurred between the os parietale resp. os interparietale and the os supraoccipitale, so that even in old animals the sutura parieto- resp. interparietooccipitalis was always present.     

Angioarchitecture of the Arteries of the Testis of Goat (Capra aegagrus)

The arterioarchitecture of the goat testis was investigated by angiography and by dissection of the injected specimens. Salient features of branching and course of the testicular artery, both outside and inside the testicular parenchyma, has been discussed in relation to vascular adaptations.     

藏羚头骨形态学特点

观察描述成年、雄性藏羚头骨的形态学特点,并与藏羊头骨进行了比较。藏羚头骨呈长四面棱锥形,其颅长、颅宽和颅高分别为２５．５ｃｍ、１１．０ｃｍ和８．５ｃｍ,颅长与颅宽和颅高的比值分别为２．３２和３．０,上下臼齿齿弓的长度分别为５．８和６．０ｃｍ,角长为５８．２ｃｍ,有２２个角环棱。藏羚额骨不发达,颅腔顶壁主要由顶骨构成,有较明显的枕嵴,顶额缝形成了颅顶的最高点,额骨眶突发达。藏羚齿式为：２×（０．０．２．３３．１．２．３）＝２８     

Calcium-Binding Proteins and Neurotransmitters in the Stomach Myenteric Plexus of the Korean Native Goat

The expression of calbindin D-28k (CB), calretinin (CR), substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the stomach myenteric plexus of the Korean native goat stomach was investigated by immunohistochemistry. The results demonstrated the presence of nerve fibers and cell bodies immunoreactive (IR) to CB, CR, SP and CGRP. In tissues of rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum, some distinct neuronal populations could be distinguished according to their morphologic and neuronal chemical properties: Dogiel type I cells which have irregular lamellar dendrites and a single axon, Dogiel type II cells which have large ovoid cell bodies and several long axon-like processes, and small filamentous interneurons. CB-, CR-, SP- and CGRP-IR neurons and fibers were observed in the myenteric plexus of stomach, and varicose nerve fiber immunostained to SP and CGRP also were found in the muscle layer. In myenteric plexus of the stomach, CB- and SP-positive neurons were characterized by Dogiel type II and CR-IR neurons were classified Dogiel type I with lamellar dendrites, and immunoreactivity of CGRP was very weak in the somata. SP- and CGRP-IR nerve fibers formed dense networks within the myenteric ganglia. SP-IR cell bodies and their fibers were found in the myenteric plexus, and the immunoreactivity and number of cell bodies were more than CB-, CR-, and CGRP-IR neurons. These results suggest that SP, CGRP, CB and CR in the myenteric neurons of Korean native goat stomach may have play an important role in the dynamic movement.
(Support contributed by: Korean Research Foundation 2003-015-E00195).     

大足黑山羊胎盘子叶性状和结构及其与繁殖性能的相关性

收集79窝(单羔,n=21,G1;双羔,n=47,G2;三羔,n=11,G3)大足黑山羊正常分娩后胎盘及繁殖性能数据,比较不同产羔类型胎盘子叶承载效率(窝初生重与子叶总面积之比)、子叶密度(子叶个数与胎盘质量之比)、子叶面积和子叶组织学结构、绒毛超显微结构,并且分析子叶性状和结构及其与繁殖性能的相关性。结果表明,大足黑山羊随产羔数增加,胎盘子叶承载效率和子叶总面积极显著增加(P0.01),G1、G2和G3组子叶承载效率分别是(5.70±2.50),(9.23±3.90),(8.15±3.33)g·cm-2,子叶总面积分别为(501.57±124.25),(546.34±197.78),(735.85±194.28)cm2;子叶密度极显著性降低(P0.01),G1、G2和G3组分别是(0.38±0.18),(0.26±0.10),(0.21±0.08)n·g-1,子叶总数无显著性差异(P0.05);由组织学结构观察发现,随着产羔数增加,胎盘子叶内血管数量增多,密度增大,绒毛形状变宽变大,密集程度增加,表面褶皱更丰富。相关性分析表明,产羔数和窝初生重与胎盘质量、子叶总面积、子叶承载效率呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。研究发现山羊胎盘子叶面积与子叶承载效率相互联系;胎盘子叶组织结构及绒毛结构与山羊产羔数有显著性相关。     

青海本地山羊心电图的研究

对 2 9只青海本地山羊标准肢导联 ( , , )、加压单极肢导联 (a VR,a VL,a VF)、单极胸导联 (V1～ V6)、双极胸导联 (一 ) (C1 ,C2 ,C3 )和 A-B导联共 1 6个导联的心电图进行了分析和研究。结果发现 :1平均心电轴显著右偏 ,为 1 4 9.7°± 54.9°(-1°～ 2 68.5°) ;2皆为窦性心律 ,但窦律不齐出现概率高达 89.7% ;3 P波和 T波波向一致性较好的有 , ,a VF,C1和 A-B导联 (正向 )以及 a VR,V3,V4 ,V5,V6 ,C2和 C3导联 (负向 ) ;4在 ,a VF,V3,V4 ,V5,V6 ,C2和 C3导联心电图上 ,QRS综合波以 q R或 R主要波型 ,而在 ,a VL ,V2 ,C1和 A-B导联心电图上以 r S,Qr或 QS为主要波型 ;5各波和间期的时限 (s)为 :P波 (0 .0 53± 0 .0 2 1 ) ;QRS综合波 (0 .0 60± 0 .0 1 7) ;T波 (0 .0 92± 0 .0 3 2 ) ;P-Q间期 (0 .1 2 5± 0 .0 49) ;Q-T间期 (0 .3 1 4±0 .0 58) ;Q-Tc间期 (0 .3 46± 0 .0 64) ;R-R间期(0 .82 2± 0 .1 74)。     

Serosurveillance of viral diseases in Korean native goats (Capra hircus)

A total of 804 goat sera were collected from 144 goat farms in five regions of South Korea during a period between 2005 and 2006 and screened for the antibodies of viral pathogens in ruminants. The individual seropositive rates for each virus were 13.7% (110/804) for bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), 9.5% (76/804) for bovine parainfluenza type-3 virus (PI-3V), 5.5% (44/804) for Akabane virus (AKAV), 13.3% (107/804) for Aino virus (AINV), 2.0% (16/804) for Chuzan virus (CHUV) and 1.0% (8/804) for bovine coronavirus (BCoV). Compared with other areas, Chungcheong Province showed higher seropositive rates of 13.6% for PI-3V, 22.3% for AKAV and 28.2% for AINV. The results indicate that among the six viral diseases, BHV-1 infection is quite prevalent, while BCoV infection is less prevalent on domestic goat farms in Gyeongsang and Jeonla Provinces.     

波嘉杂种山羊的研究与推广问题探讨

近年来,随着农业产业结构的调整,我国的肉用山羊生产得到了迅速的发展,羊肉产量在迅速增加,羊肉消费群体在不断扩大.由于羊肉产量远远不能满足市场需要,我国已成为羊肉净进口国,羊肉供需矛盾呈现出愈演愈烈的趋势.     

波尔山羊MyoG基因的鉴定和序列分析

为了探明山羊MyoG基因的序列结构及其对肌肉的分化调控机制,用PCR产物直接测序的方法获得了波尔山羊MyoG基因2 363 bp长的DNA序列,并对该序列进行了分析.结果表明,波尔山羊MyoG基凶包括3个外显子、2个内含子及部分5'UTR(74 bp)和3'UTR(260 bp)区,编码序列长675 bp,共编码224个氨基酸.结构分析表明,该序列所编码的肽链没有信号肽,第1～138个氨基睃为波尔山羊MyoG基因的bHLH结构域.通过比对分析波尔山羊与已知的GenBank中的人类及其它物种MyoG基因发现,该基因编码区核苷酸以及推测的氨基酸同源性和物种间的亲缘关系相一致,无根系统进化树的聚类结果与这些物种本身的生理特性以及传统分类学中已知的生物分类结果相一致.波尔山羊MyoG基因的鉴定及序列分析为山羊肌肉发育调控的机理以及肉质改良等的研究提供了很好的生物学基础信息.     

Studies on the Parietal Region of the Cervid Skull III. On the Occurrence of an Interparietal in Cervus

The occurrence of an os interparietale was studied in two transparent preparations of fetal red deer (Cervus elaphus) heads and in 14 dried skulls of fetal to early postnatal individuals from four Cervus species (C. elaphus, C. nippon, C. duvauceli and C. eldi). In 14 of the 16 specimens, an interparietal was present as either a paired or single bone. In only a neonate red deer and a 5-week-old sika deer this skull element was missing. We therefore conclude that an os interparietale, developing from paired centres of ossification, is normally present in Cervus species. This clearly distinguishes them from the fallow deer, where an interparietal is missing (Kierdorf and Kierdorf, 1992b). Our findings thus support the view that the fallow deer should be considered a distinct genus Dama instead of being included within Cervus.     

波尔山羊杂交改良本地山羊的效果研究

试验以波尔山羊为父本,杂交改良本地山羊.结果表明,杂种一代全白个体占89.30%,头部带棕黑色斑者占10.70%,两耳下垂者达90.00%以上;初生重比本地山羊提高43.31%,3月龄体重提高67.66%,6月龄体重提高67.97%;从初生～60日龄,日增重提高73.70%,90～180日龄,日增重提高68.57%.杂种一代4月龄性成熟,7～8月龄初配,一次配种受胎率平均为86.0%.     

Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in Korean black goats (Capra hircus aegagrus)

In total, 582 sera from 116 black goat herds were analyzed by a commercially available ELISA kit to monitor the seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Mpt) in Korean black goats (Capra hircus aegagrus). The mean number of goats sampled per herd was 5.11, 4.66, and 5.38 for the northern, central, and southern regions of Korea, respectively. The apparent regional prevalence of Mpt was estimated at 18.2-38.2% and 4.6-15.3% for herds and goats, respectively. The Mpt-positive goats were predominantly detected in the south (n=28), compared to either the northern (n=9) or central (n=11) regions (chi=14.459, P<0.05). Our findings indicate that Mpt is prevalent among the goat population, but regional variation exists.     

山羊小热休克蛋白Hspb10基因cDNA克隆及序列分析

通过RT-PCR和RACE方法克隆了山羊Hspb10基因cDNA序列并进行了序列分析。结果表明:山羊Hspb10 cDNA全长1 056 bp,编码区全长780 bp,共编码259个氨基酸,提交至GenBank数据库中,收录号为JX067553。用Clustal W方法比对不同物种氨基酸序列同源性,山羊Hspb10与牛的同源性最高,核苷酸和氨基酸序列相似性分别为93.4%和96.5%;编码氨基酸序列BLAST比对结果也表明,哺乳动物Hspb10氨基酸序列极为保守,与禽类差异较大。获得山羊Hspb10 cDNA序列,可以为分子水平上研究山羊Hspb10的生物学功能奠定基础。     

Anatomy of the Cranioencephalic Structures of the Goat (Capra hircus L.) by Imaging Techniques: A Computerized Tomographic Study

A topographic study of the cranioencephalic structure was carried out by computerized tomography on Canarian breed adult goats of medium size and weight, with similar cephalic parameters. In this way, transversal, sagittal and horizontal tomographic images were obtained. Identification of the observed anatomic structures represents the basis of this work from which applicable specie data are derived.     

Effects of Retinoids on the In Vitro Development of Capra Hircus Embryos to Blastocysts in Two Different Culture Systems

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of retinol (RT) and retinoic acid (RA) on the in vitro development of pre‐implantation goat embryos cultured in potassium simplex optimized medium or synthetic oviduct fluid or cocultured in oviductal cells monolayer either in potassium simplex optimized medium or synthetic oviduct fluid. A total of 2407 cumulus‐oocyte complexes were aspirated from 2 to 6 mm ovarian follicles from slaughtered animals. Selected cumulus‐oocyte complexes were subjected to in vitro maturation in TCM 199 for 24 h at 39°C in an atmosphere of 5% (v/v) CO₂ in humidified air. In vitro fertilization was performed in modified defined medium. Eighteen hours after in vitro fertilization, cumulus cells were removed and presumptive zygotes were randomly distributed into experimental groups. In Experiment 1, presumptive zygotes were cultured in potassium simplex optimized medium, potassium simplex optimized medium + RT, potassium simplex optimized medium + retinoic acid, synthetic oviduct fluid, synthetic oviduct fluid + RT and synthetic oviduct fluid + RA at 39°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% (v/v) CO₂, 5% (v/v) O₂ and 90% (v/v) N₂. In Experiment 2, presumptive zygotes were cocultured in potassium simplex optimized medium + oviductal cells monolayer, potassium simplex optimized medium + RT + oviductal cells monolayer, potassium simplex optimized medium + RA + oviductal cells monolayer, synthetic oviduct fluid + oviductal cells monolayer, synthetic oviduct fluid + RT + oviductal cells monolayer and synthetic oviduct fluid + RA + oviductal cells monolayer in an atmosphere of 5% (v/v) CO₂ in humidified air. In both experiments, media were partially changed on day 2 after in vitro fertilization and unfertilized oocytes were excluded from the experiment. Embryos were cultured or cocultured for 8 days. In Experiment 1, there was no effect of RT or RA supplementation on the proportion of oocytes that reached the morula or blastocyst stages. By contrast, Experiment 2 demonstrated that the addition of 0.28 μg/ml RT and 0.5 μm RA to the embryo culture media stimulated (p < 0.05) development to the morula and blastocyst stages under the coculture conditions tested. In conclusion, retinoids play an important role in pre‐implantation development of goat embryos and can be used to enhance in vitro embryo production.     

Cloning and Expression of CMKLR1 Gene and Its Correlation with Intramuscular Fat in Goat (Capra hirus)

In order to enrich basic date in goat (Capra hirus) CMKLR1 gene and investigate the correlation between CMKLR1 gene expression and intramuscular fat (IMF) content in muscles, the CMKLR1 gene was cloned from the goat of subcutaneous adipose tissue by RT-PCR, characterized by bioinformatics methods. The expression profiles of CMKLR1 gene of goat in various tissues were constructed liver was benchmark, the GAPDH (GenBank accession No.: AJ431207.1) as a reference gene.Then, the correlation between CMKLR1 mRNA expression and IMF content in muscles was analyzed. The results showed that the CMKLR1 gene CDS of goat (GenBank accession No.: KT165374) was 1 089 bp. Real-time PCR indicated that CMKLR1 was widely expressed in various tissues, including heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, adipose, longissimus dorsi, biceps femoris and triceps brachii, and was the highest in lung (P< 0.05). Similar expression variation trend of CMKLR1 was observed between the muscles from 1 to 3 and 24 months old goat, and was the highest in biceps femoris. Reversely, in 8 to 10 months old CMKLR1 was the highest in triceps brachii. The IMF of longissimus dorsi from 24 months old was the highest. Correlation analysis demonstrated that different correlations were observed between expression of CMKLR1 mRNA and IMF content in longissimus dorsi, biceps femoris, and triceps brachii in goat. The CMKLR1 gene did not participate in the deposition of IMF in goats. The research built the theoretical basis for further studies about the CMKLR1 gene.     

山羊CMKLR1基因的克隆、表达及其与肌内脂肪的相关性研究

试验旨在克隆山羊CMKLR1基因序列并进行生物信息学分析,研究其表达与肌内脂肪（IMF）沉积的相关性。采集山羊皮下脂肪组织,应用RT-PCR克隆山羊CMKLR1基因序列;以GAPDH（GenBank登录号：AJ431207.1）为内参基因,实时荧光定量PCR检测其在山羊不同组织中的表达量及在肌肉组织中的时序表达谱（以肝脏表达量为基准）;测定肌肉组织中的IMF含量,分析其与CMKLR1 mRNA表达量的相关性。结果显示,克隆获得了山羊CMKLR1基因,1 089 bp的CDS区,GenBank登录号：KT165374。实时荧光定量PCR分析显示,CMKLR1基因在24月龄山羊心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、脂肪、背最长肌、股二头肌和臂三头肌中均存在不同程度的表达,其中在肺脏中表达量显著高于其他组织（P< 0.05）;CMKLR1基因在1~3和24月龄的山羊背最长肌、臂三头肌和股二头肌中表达趋势相同,均是在股二头肌中表达量最高,而8~10月龄则是在臂三头肌中表达量最高。山羊IMF含量以24月龄背最长肌含量最高。山羊背最长肌、股二头肌和臂三头肌中CMKLR1 mRNA表达与IMF含量相关性不显著（P> 0.05）。CMKLR1基因不参与山羊IMF沉积作用,试验结果为进一步研究CMKLR1基因奠定理论基础。