寄生虫半胱氨酸蛋白酶研究进展

半胱氨酸蛋白酶(Cysteine protease,CP)是一类在酶的活性中心含有半胱氨酸残基的蛋白水解酶.CP属于木瓜蛋白酶家族,广泛分布于从病毒至脊椎动物的生物体中.对人体半胱氨酸蛋白酶的研究主要集中在细胞凋亡分子机制和恶性肿瘤的基因诊断与治疗等方面.而对寄生虫半胱氨酸蛋白酶研究的内容则更为广泛,其中包含半胱氨酸蛋...     

鱼卵中半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂研究进展

通过介绍鱼卵中cystatin超家族成员的结构、分类、功能及抑制机理,进一步探讨了cystatin在卵中的作用。并对目前抑制剂在医药、食品等领域的应用作一阐述。     

蜱半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制分子研究进展

蜱是以吸血为生的体外寄生虫,能传播多种病原体。控制蜱的传统方法是使用杀虫剂,但会产生药物残留等问题。为了找到控制蜱及蜱传病的新方法,必须在分子水平上了解蜱的相关生理过程。蜱半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制分子是一类抗蛋白酶分子,主要作用于半胱氨酸蛋白酶的抑制调控。论文介绍了蜱半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制分子的结构和分类,以及在蜱的吸血、血液消化、蜱的先天免疫及对宿主免疫调节等生理过程的重要作用,同时也综述了半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制分子具有抗寄生虫和抗癌的作用,为全面了解蜱半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制分子提供参考。     

半胱氨酸蛋白酶基因在家蚕杆状病毒表达系统中的表达

为了探讨杆状病毒的致病机理、改善杆状病毒表达系统的表达效率 ,将来源于家蚕核型多角体病毒ZJ8株的半胱氨酸蛋白酶 (cystenineprotease,CP)基因克隆到转移载体pVL 1393上 ,获得重组转移载体pVL cp ,与线性化的Bm BacPAK6病毒DNA共转染家蚕Bm 5贴壁细胞。通过蓝白斑筛选、纯化后得到的重组病毒经PCR鉴定证明 ,cp基因已被正确导入 ,注射感染家蚕 5龄幼虫 12 0h后表达产物活性达到最高。对表达产物进行SDS PAGE及酶活力分析 ,检测到半胱氨酸蛋白酶在家蚕生物反应器中的表达 ,其表达量约为 16 0 0U/mL。     

BmNPV半胱氨酸蛋白酶基因的核苷酸序列研究

对家蚕核型多角体病毒苏州株（BmNPVsu）光胱氨酸蛋白酶基因（CP）的序列分析表明,该基因读码框为972个核苷酸,编码323个氨基酸。同源性分析表明,BmNPVsu的CP与首蓿银纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒（AcNPV）、美国白蛾核型多角体病毒（HcNPV）、云杉卷叶蛾核型多角体病毒（CfNPV）、黄杉毒蛾核型多角体病毒（OpNPV）、舞毒蛾核型多角体病毒（Ld-NPV）在DNA水平上的同源性分别为96.5％、76.2％、74.9％、72.7％、62.9％;在氨基酸水平上的同源性分别为96.9％、77.1％、79.3％、77.1％、65.6％。BmNPV CP的氨基酸序列与不同来源的木瓜蛋白酶超家族的CP也具有较高的同源性,特别与 Trpanosoma brucei的CP具有较高的一致性,达32％。在组织蛋白酶B、H、L、S以及木瓜蛋白酶的36个保守氨基酸残基中有31种出现在BmNPVsu的CP中,BmNPVsu CP同其它杆状病毒CP一样,可看作木瓜蛋白酶超家族成员。     

犬的免疫介导疾病的诊断和治疗

我们经常能看到一些犬表现出干燥和皮屑剥落的皮肤,变薄变稀的皮毛,泪流不止,足部过度舔,慢性腹泻,多动,不能长胖或情绪波动.这些症状最常见的诊断是跳蚤过敏性皮炎,环境过敏或饮食中缺乏脂肪酸.通常多作为治疗皮肤疾病的原因前往看兽医.然而,所有这些症状往往指向一种免疫介导缺陷的障碍—不活跃的免疫系统（免疫缺陷）,或过度活跃的免疫系统（自身免疫性疾病）.繁育者将带有隐蔽免疫介导缺陷的犬用于育种繁殖,将带来一些亚临床性质的问题.而一些兽医对此类问题的出现并不很了解,忽略了涉及免疫系统的缺陷和自身免疫性疾病的对症治疗.本文提供了先天的和适应性免疫的实际概述,并介绍这些宿主的防御机制是如何涉及健康和疾病的.     

In vitro Inhibition of Canine Complement‐Mediated Hemolysis

Background

Immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is the most common hematologic immune‐mediated disease in dogs. Complement fixation on erythrocytes causes hemolysis. Complement inhibition decreases hemolysis in people with the hemolytic disease and also may prove effective in treating IMHA in dogs.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Evaluate the in vitro efficacy of 2 complement inhibitors used in humans against canine complement.

Methods

The inhibitory activity of the C3‐inhibitor compstatin and recombinant human C1‐esterase inhibitor (C1‐INH) was evaluated using an in vitro hemolytic assay and spectrophotometric measurement of released hemoglobin. Dose‐response curves for each inhibitor were generated.

Results

Compstatin decreased approximately 50% of canine complement‐mediated hemolysis in initial experiments. This inhibition largely was lost when a new lot of drug was purchased. C1‐INH showed a dose‐dependent inhibition. The highest concentration of C1‐INH tested (500 μg/mL) decreased >80% of canine complement‐mediated hemolysis, and the lowest concentration tested (31.25 μg/mL) decreased hemolysis >60%.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Human C1‐INH is a robust inhibitor of canine complement‐mediated hemolysis, whereas compstatin was minimally and variably effective. Human C1‐INH may substantially decrease complement‐mediated hemolysis in dogs with IMHA and warrants further investigation.     

犬GM-CSF基因对犬细小病毒VP2 DNA疫苗的免疫增强作用

犬细小病毒编码的VP2蛋白是该病毒重要的结构蛋白和抗原蛋白.利用VP2基因制备的DNA疫苗能够刺激机体产生免疫应答反应.为进一步提高VP2 DNA疫苗的免疫活性,本实验利用犬粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)基因作为生物佐剂研究其对犬细小病毒VP2 DNA疫苗的免疫增强作用.首先通过RT-PCR方法从犬淋巴细胞中扩增GM-CSF基因,并将其插入到pcDNA3.1栽体上,分别构建该基因的两个分泌型真核表达载体,即非融合表达载体pcDNA-cGMCSF和与Myc His融合的表达栽体pcDNA-cGMCSF/MH.用pcDNA-cGMCSF/MH载体转染HEK293T细胞以确定GM-CSF基因能否在真核细胞中进行分泌表达.然后用本室构建的VP2基因表达栽体单免疫小鼠,用VP2表达载体与pcDNA-cGMCSF共免疫小鼠(pcDNA3.1空载体作为阴性对照).免疫后用ELISA方法检测不同时间小鼠血清的抗体水平.用MTT法检测小鼠免疫后35 d时淋巴细胞的增殖活性,同时用ELISA试剂盒检测小鼠淋巴细胞γ干扰素的表达水平.结果表明,本试验构建的表达载体能够介导重组GM-CSF在真核细胞中进行分泌表达.免疫实验表明,利用GM-CSF基因与VP2基因共免疫小鼠,抗体的水平明显高于VP2基因单免疫组(P＜0.01).共免疫组小鼠淋巴细胞的刺激指数和γ干扰素的表达水平均明显高于单免疫组(P＜0.05).由此可见,GM-CSF表达载体可明显提高CPV VP2 DNA疫苗的免疫应答水平.     

IgE sensitivity and cross-reactivity to crude and purified mite allergens (Der f 1, Der f 2, Der p 1, Der p 2) in atopic dogs sensitive to Dermatophagoides mite allergens

The present study investigates IgE-reactivity to crude and purified mite allergens by intradermal skin test (IDST), Immunodot method, and ELISA in atopic dogs sensitive to mite allergens, as well as the allergenic cross-reactivity between Dermatophgoides (D) farinae (DF) and D. pteronyssinus (DP) in dogs by IgE-ELISA inhibition. IDST and Immunodot method for crude mite allergens were performed for atopic dogs and 16 atopic dogs showed sensitivity to mite allergens. Of the 16 dogs, all dogs had anti-DF IgE and 11 had anti-DP IgE. We measured specific IgE to purified major allergens (Der f 1, Der f 2, Der p 1, Der p 2). Of the 16 atopic dogs, six had anti-Der f 1 IgE and seven had anti-Der f 2 IgE. Similarly, of the 16 dogs, six had anti-Der p 1 IgE and seven had anti-Der p 2 IgE. However, eight dogs had no specific IgE to these mite allergens. These dogs may be sensitive to other major mite allergens except Der 1 and Der 2. In the dogs that had both anti-DF and DP IgE, IgE binding to DF was greatly inhibited by DP, and reciprocal inhibition was observed. Based on these data, it appears that there is a strong cross-reactivity between DF and DP in dogs. Similarly, a cross-reactivity between DF and DP in purified allergens was also observed. IDST and Immunodot method are useful methods for the diagnosis of atopic diseases in dogs, and ELISA is a useful method for further investigation of IgE-reactivity for the allergens.     

犬干扰素α制备工艺的优化

根据Genbank的犬干扰素仪序列,经密码子优化后,设计并合成了编码CalFN-仪蛋白的基因片段。CaIFN-0l基因与pBV220温度诱导表达载体连接,转化大肠杆菌BL21。经培养、升温诱导表达,目的蛋白以包涵体的形式存在,蛋白分子量约为18000,蛋白表达量为25％。菌体经超声破碎、变性、复性后,目的蛋白纯度为69％,收率为28％;疏水层析后,目的蛋白纯度87％,收率为81％;分子筛层析后,目的蛋白纯度为96％,收率为90％。纯化的CalFN-o蛋白的生物学比活性为3×10’IU／mg,内毒素≤10EU／mg,符合兽用药要求。此制备工艺总产率高达20％、重现性好,适用于大规模生产。     

应用电镜技术和血凝试验检测犬细小病毒和犬腺病毒

电镜技术和血凝试验是检测犬细小病毒和犬腺病毒快速而简便的方法。本试验结果表明,两种方法检验结果大部分相符,但各具特色。电镜技术的优势在于能够直观地显示目标病毒的生长发育、粒子的完整性以及有无非目标病毒、细菌、支原体等污染情况,这对于动物病毒疫苗种毒质量的检测是十分重要的。     

犬口腔内喉室声带切除术

随着人们生活水平的不断提高,不少人将饲养犬只作为一种时尚生活,特别是在市区犬只的饲养数量日益增多。但是很多犬主又时常抱怨自己的爱犬老是爱叫,影响主人和他人休息及工作,经常受到投诉。对该问题的最好解决方法是对犬只实施声带切除手术。较传统的方法是经腹侧喉室声带切除术,该手术需要显露喉室和声带再施以摘除。     

貂源犬瘟热病毒f基因酵母表达载体的构建和鉴定

根据GenBank中登录的犬瘟热病毒f基因序列设计一对引物,利用RT-PCR方法扩增出水貂源犬瘟热病毒分离株的f基因,将其插入到克隆载体pMD18-T中,经EcoRⅠ和XbaⅠ双酶切鉴定后纯化回收,与经同样的酶酶切消化后并纯化回收的载体pPICZaA连接并转化E.coliDH5α,在含Zeocin的低盐LB固体培养基上筛选阳性转化子,阳性克隆菌经PCR法鉴定、酶切分析和测序鉴定表明目的基因插入位置、方向和阅读框正确。证明pPICZaA-f酵母表达载体构建成功。     

核酸水平检测犬副流感病毒方法的建立

根据GenBank中与犬副流感(CPIV)同源性较近的SV5病毒N基因保守序列,利用DNAStar软件设计了一对特异性引物,能扩增265bp大小的片段,并以此建立了检测CPIV的RT-PCR方法,实验证明该对引物特异扩增CPIV;不扩增犬瘟热病毒、犬细小病毒、犬腺病毒和狂犬病病毒犬的四种病原的核酸。检测临床病料20份,其中2分为CPIV阳性。此法敏感性较高。是检测犬急性传染性呼吸道疾病(CIRD)中CPIV的有效的方法。     

Experimental Detection of Canine Haemoglobin (Occult Blood) in Canine Faeces by Reversed Passive Latex Agglutination

A reversed passive latex agglutination test (RPLA) using anti-canine haemoglobin (Hb) antibody was developed for detecting bleeding in the lower digestive organs in dogs, and its applicability as a simple test for faecal occult blood was assessed. In Ouchterlony's gel immunodiffusion test, the anti-canine Hb antibody used to sensitize the latex reacted with canine Hb but not with Hbs, plasmas or meat extracts from pigs, goats, sheep, cattle, horses or chickens, or with fish extracts. Using latex sensitized with 50 µg/mg of anti-canine Hb IgG antibody, the lowest limit of detection for canine Hb was 21 µg/ml, and the latex reacted negatively with all test specimens other than canine Hb. In an in vitro experiment with a mixture of canine faeces and erythrocytes, the antigenicity of the Hb was found to undergo only very slight changes even when the specimens were allowed to stand for 12 h at room temperature. Hb could not be detected by RPLA in any of four successive faecal samples from three experimental dogs after infusion of autologous blood (5, 3 or 1 ml) into the stomach. In 3 other experimental dogs given an infusion of autologous blood (5, 3 or 1 ml) into the ascending colon, the presence of Hb was confirmed by RPLA in all four successive faecal samples obtained from those which received 5 or 3 ml of blood and in all except that obtained following the first defecation from the animal which had received 1 ml of blood.     

ELISA法检测犬腹泻粪样中的犬冠状病毒

用ＦＥ细胞增殖犬冠状病毒（ＣＣＶ）参考株，分别免疫家兔和ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠制备ＣＣＶ多抗和单抗，建立了夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ及Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ诊断方法。在检测的８４例犬腹泻粪样中，多抗、单抗夹心法显示ＣＣＶ阳性１６例，Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ阳性１３例，后１３例包括在前１６例中。从８４例腹泻犬粪样中随机取３８例作ＣＣＶ、犬细小病毒（ＣＰＶ）双项检测，ＣＣＶ阳性１６例，ＣＰＶ阳性６例，ＣＣＶ、ＣＰＶ混合感染４例。结果显示，在南京地区流行的犬腹泻中，ＣＣＶ感染比例有超过ＣＰＶ的趋势。     

Prevalence of the group 1 Dermatophagoides allergens Der p 1 and Der f 1 in homes with no dogs, healthy dogs and Dermatophagoides-sensitized atopic dogs in Liverpool

Dermatophagoides farinae is a frequent allergen in canine atopic dermatitis despite its reported scarcity in the UK, and the aim of this study was to determine whether dogs were uniquely exposed to this species. Der f 1 and Der p 1 in dust collected from living room carpets, bedroom carpets and dog beds of 13 houses with no dogs, 13 with healthy dogs, and 16 with Dermatophagoides-sensitized atopic dogs were quantified by ELISA. Der p 1 levels (microg g(-1) house dust) were significantly higher than Der f 1 in living rooms (Der p 1 median = 1.9, 95% CI = 2.05-6.32, n = 42; Der f 1 median = 0.07, 95% CI = 0.01-0.06, n = 42), bedrooms (Der p 1 median = 4.35, SD = 5.52; Der f 1 median = 0.01, 95% CI = 0.001-0.1, n = 42) and dog beds (Der p 1 median = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.4-8.1, n = 29; Der f 1 median = 0.008, 95% CI = 0.01-0.04, n = 29) (P < 0.0001). Living rooms in houses without dogs had significantly greater Der p 1 levels (median = 7.0, 95% CI = 3.53-15.8, n = 13) than houses with healthy (median = 1.19, 95% CI = 0.44-3.49, n = 13) or atopic dogs (median = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.63-2.42, n = 16) (P = 0.0004). Environmental flea control in living rooms and washing dog beds was associated with significantly reduced Der p 1 levels. This confirms that D. pteronyssinus is common but D. farinae is rare in the sampling area. Apparent sensitization to D. farinae is probably due to cross-reaction. A combination of environmental measures could reduce allergen exposure.     

Removal of Canine Renal Calculi by Pyelolithotomy

The operative technique of pyelolithotomy for the removal of renal calculi in the dog is described. Three selected cases are used to illustrate its application. Pyelolithotomy may be a better technique than nephrolithotomy for the removal of renal calculi that have enlarged the renal pelvis and proximal ureter outside the confines of the renal parenchyma.