云南宾川县亚麻生产技术系列报道之一—云南冬亚麻播种期试验简报

研究出云南省宾川县亚麻种植的适宜播期为9月25日至10月25日，最适播期为10月5日至15日，在最适播期播种的亚麻经济性状好，原茎产量高。     

油菜毯状苗适宜播期研究

为探讨不同播期对油菜毯状苗生长的影响,以宁杂1818为材料,设置B1~B5共5个处理,对应播期分别为9月5日、9月15日、9月25日、10月5日和10月15日,分析了不同播期下油菜毯苗的出苗状况、植株生长形态指标和干物质积累量,以寻求最适播期。结果表明:随着播期推迟,出苗天数延长且出苗率下降,存苗数、苗高、充实度、干物质积累量均下降,其中B2、B3播期下出苗较快且存苗数、绿叶数、叶面积较高,苗高适宜、充实度好,符合毯苗机械移栽的要求。因此,扬州地区油菜毯状苗最适播种期为9月15至25日。由Logistic拟合曲线推算出油菜毯苗从播种至出苗所需要的有效积温为99.5℃,根据回归系数可知毯苗每生长一张叶片需要的有效积温为117.1℃。综上所述,可以根据移栽时需要的叶龄以及当地历史积温推算出从播种到移栽的天数,从而制定合理的播期。     

播期对鄂东地区直播棉生长发育及产量和品质的影响

为探究鄂东植棉区麦(油)后直播短季棉最适播期,以晶华棉116为材料,设置5月20日至6月9日每隔5天一个播期的试验。结果表明:播期为5月25日处理的生育期适中、籽棉产量和皮棉产量均最高、纤维品质最好。为了获得高产、优质的棉花,建议鄂东植棉区在5月25日前后进行播种。     

播种期对南方春季亚麻生长发育的影响

本文研究了播种期对南方春季亚麻生长发育、经济性状和原茎产量的影响。试验表明，随播期推迟，亚麻自出苗至工艺成熟整个生育期相应缩短，主要是枞形期日数减少；迟播的亚麻，快速生长期（以下称速长期）日平均生长速度减慢，株高、茎粗、密度和原茎产量呈递减趋势。     

播种期地南方春季亚麻生长发育的影响

本文研究了播种期的对南方春季亚麻生长发育、经济性状和原茎产量的影响。试验表明，随播期推迟，亚麻自出苗至成熟整个生育期相应缩短，主要是枞形日数减少；迟播的亚麻，快速生长期日平均生长速度减慢、株高、茎粗、密度和原茎产量呈递减趋势。     

玉米新品种洛玉4号的适宜播期研究

采用单因素随机区组设计,对洛玉4号进行适宜播期试验。结果表明：夏播玉米最适播种期确定为6月15日之前,这个时期播种比较容易取得高产．超过6月20日播种产量将受到较大影响：最晚在7月5日播种．仍能在10月上旬正常成熟,并且有相对较高的产量．该播期可做为遇到自然灾害年份最迟播期的参考依据．     

不同播种期对亚麻产量和品质的影响

通过亚麻新品种内亚九号的不同分期播种试验,得出呼和浩特市地区亚麻产量构成因子及产量均为4月20日播种的最高,并呈现出越晚播越低的趋势,亚麻含油率及亚麻酸含量4月13日播种的最高,并呈现出越晚播越低的趋势。综合亚麻产量与含油率及亚麻酸含量的试验结果,在不受冻害影响的前提下,呼市地区亚麻的最佳播种期为4月13日至4月20日之间。     

早播对四川盆地小麦新品系J210生育进程、籽粒灌浆特性和产量的影响

为了明确弱春性高产小麦新品系J210对早播的适应性以及为早播早熟型超高产品种的选育提供依据,2006-2007年在四川盆地气候生态条件下研究了不同程度早播(从10月18日到11月5日每2 d一个播期,共10个播期)对J210生育进程、籽粒灌浆特性和产量及产量构成的影响.结果表明,J210的生育进程随播期的提前而提前,全生育期和灌浆持续期随播期的提前而增长;10月18-30日间播种,单位面积穗数和粒数变化不明显,籽粒平均灌浆速率差异也很小,但粒重随播期推迟而降低.而10月30日之后播种,单位面积穗数和粒数明显减少,籽粒灌浆速率和粒重随播期推迟而增高;从产量看,以10月18日播种最高,但在10月28日之前播种减产不显著,在10月28日之后播种显著减产,10月18日播种比11月5日播种增产达29.92%.考虑到试验期间为暖冬年,认为J210在生产上的高产而又安全的播期为10月25日左右.在进行更加高产的早播早熟型小麦品种选育时,可将育种材料的播期提前到10月20日左右,这样有利于育成更加适应早播的高产稳产小麦新品种.     

冬油菜适当迟播有效减轻油菜根肿病

为利用栽培措施防控油菜根肿病,采用感病品种核优56,设计盆栽和大田试验,研究不同播期对冬油菜根肿病发生和菜籽产量的影响。结果表明不同播种期的品种病株率与病情指数差异显著,其中早播D1(9月24)至D5(10月14日)期间的油菜根肿病发病重,晚播D6(10月19日)至D9(11月3日)期间,随着播期的推迟油菜根肿病田间病株率与病情指数均呈下降趋势,说明迟播油菜的根肿病得到了控制。从菜籽产量看,播期D9产量最低,播期D3(10月4日)产量最高,但是播期D1至D8(10月29日)之间的产量差异不显著。生产上可以通过选择种植耐迟播品种,适当推迟播种期到10月20日左右,可利于根肿病控制,降低田间根肿菌总的菌源量,还可同时达到油菜增产与稳产的目标。     

国审玉米郑单14播期、密度与高产机理研究

对郑单14的密度、播期及生理特点等一系列研究表明,郑单14的最适播种密度为52 500～60 000株/hm2;理想播期为5月25日至6月5日,不宜在6月10日以后播种.其表现高产稳产的主要生理原因是①叶面积指数变化合理,叶片持绿时间长,衰老慢,叶绿体中的光合色素、蛋白质和可溶性糖含量高;②过氧化物酶活性高,丙二醛积累少,光合效率高;③子粒体积大,灌浆时间长,千粒重高.     

Factors in the Reduction in Grain Number in Winter Wheat by Early-Sowing in Yamaguchi

Abstract

Grain number per spike of wheat is lower in early sowing than in the conventional standard cultivation in Yamaguchi, Prefecture, Japan. Components of the grain number per spike in five cultivars were analyzed with respect to temperature during the spike development period throughout three growing seasons 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to find the cause of the problem of early sowing cultivation. The plants sown in early-October and late-November were called the early sown group and the standard group, respectively, in the following. Three of the five cultivars, Hokushin, Akitakko and Nanbukomugi, showed a strong winter habit, which requires very cold temperatures for spike differentiation. The other two cultivars, Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, had a moderate winter habit. Grain number per spike and grain yield were decreased by early-sowing (compare with the standard group) in almost all cultivars throughout the three growing seasons. The three cultivars which had a strong winter habit had fewer spikelets per spike in the early-sown group than in the standard group. The other two cultivars which had a moderate winter habit had fewer grains per spikelet in the early-sown group. The higher the temperature during the spikelet formation phase, which is from flag leaf initiation to terminal spikelet initiation, the higher the number of spikelets per spike in the standard group. The spikelet number per spike in the early-sown group increased with the increase in productive tillers under fertile conditions. Such conditions also increased the grain number per spike.     

Allelopathy in Agroecosystems in Spain

Summary

This paper reviews the effects of allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems in Spain on plant physiological activity and their ecological advantages. The phenological stage of growth of donor plants and the effective allelochemicals in the soil solution while studying the role of phenolic compounds were highlighting. Finally possible future prospects and conclusions regarding weed control by allelochemi-cals under integrated crop management strategies are discussed.     

2009年中国稻米市场分析及2010年展望

以翔实的资料对2009年中国稻米生产、消费、进出口、供求平衡、库存、价格走势、购销政策和国际稻米供求等情况进行了全面地分析,对影响2010年稻米市场价格走势的各种因素进行了深入研究,并在此基础上对2010年我国稻米市场价格走势进行了预测,结论是我国稻米价格仍呈上行趋势。     

Advances in Variable Rate Technology Application in Potato in The Netherlands

Precision agriculture is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter- and intra-field variability in crops. In this paper, we focus on responding to intra-field variability in potato crops and analyse variable rate applications (VRAs). We made an overview of potential VRAs in potato crop management in The Netherlands. We identified 13 potential VRAs in potato, ranging from soil tillage to planting to crop care to selective harvest. We ranked them on availability of ‘proof of concept’ and on-farm test results. For five VRAs, we found test results allowing to make a cost-benefit assessment. These five VRAs were as follows: planting, soil herbicide weed control, N side dress, late blight control and haulm killing. They use one of two types of spatial data: soil maps or biomass index maps. Data on costs and savings of the VRAs showed that the investments in VRAs will pay off under practical conditions in The Netherlands. Savings on pesticide use and N-fertilizer use with the VRAs were on average about 25%, which benefits the environment too. We foresee a slow but gradual adoption of VRAs in potato production. More VRAs will become available given ongoing R&D. The perspectives of VRAs in potatoes are discussed.     

我国高粱育种研究进展

对我国高粱育种的主要途径和研究方向进行了概述,针对目前高粱产量徘徊现象,提出了高粱超高产育种设想,并对其技术路线进行了探讨。     

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate in potato in two environments

Summary Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate were measured in a furrow-irrigated potato crop and in a riverbed crop where the water table was always maintained at 20–28 cm from the soil surface. In the irrigated crop, the photosynthetic rate during mid-afternoon was about half the peak rate observed at noon. This reduction was accompanied by a near tripling of stomatal resistance, a 45% reduction in transpiration, and a 5-fold increase in the difference between leaf and air temperatures. No such changes were observed in the riverbed crop where the photosynthetic rate remained nearly constant at about 0.9 mg m⁻² s⁻¹ between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. Tuber yield in the riverbed crop was about 30% higher than in the irrigated crop.     

我国干热区甘蔗抗旱植蔗主要问题研讨

我国干热蔗区是我国甘蔗糖业的重要生产基地,蔗区光热资源丰富,唯降水分布不均成为植蔗生产的主要限制因子;根据蔗区植蔗特点和甘蔗需水规律,苗期抗旱是干热蔗区抗旱植蔗的关键,保证较多的总苗数和足够的生长量是苗期抗旱植蔗需解决的关键技术难题,制定相应的苗期抗旱植蔗栽培技术措施是解决该难题的重要保障;该观点为我国干热蔗区植蔗生产、甘蔗引育种提供理论和技术支持。     

棉花体细胞无性系变异的研究进展

体细胞无性系变异是一种重要的细胞工程育种技术,其应用于棉花育种的前提是建立高效的组织培养诱导再生植株体系.本文简要综述了棉花离体诱导植株再生研究的现状,重点讨论了棉花体细胞无性系变异的表现、利用方法及机理,提出了当前研究存在的问题并对今后的研究进行了展望.