黄壤旱坡地梯化对土壤磷素流失的影响

在贵州中部黄壤旱坡地上 ,通过无界径流小区法以及野外坡面径流小区试验 ,对梯化和未梯化的黄壤旱坡地地表径流中磷酸根态磷、颗粒态磷以及生物有效磷的浓度变化 ,以及旱地梯化种植与传统顺坡种植下土壤磷流失量的差异进行了研究。结果表明 ,梯化与未梯化黄壤旱坡地地表径流中颗粒态磷和生物有效磷含量出现显著性的差异 ,旱坡地梯化后地表径流中颗粒态磷的含量减少 17.0 9%～ 5 7.94 % ,生物有效磷含量减少 16.0 1%～3 6.83 %。黄壤旱地土埂梯化种植能明显减少地表径流中颗粒态磷的流失量 ,其年均颗粒态磷的流失量比传统顺坡种植减少 71.64% ,但旱地梯化种植未能明显减少水溶态磷的流失量。土壤磷素水平的提高能明显增加旱坡地磷素的流失潜能 ,黄壤旱地梯化种植结合平衡施肥是减少土壤磷素流失以及保护水体质量的有效途径。     

滇池流域农田径流磷素流失的土壤影响因子

试验采用田间原位模拟降雨并结合多元线性回归（逐步）的统计分析方法,分别在滇池流域的6个点位研究旱季和雨季农田土壤的理化性质与径流中磷素流失的关系。结果表明：在旱季和雨季进行的田间原位模拟降雨的平均产流起始时间、产流历时、产流量和平均出水速度均无显著的差异。旱季径流的产流强度曲线比雨季波动大;2次试验中,质地为砂质粘壤土的大渔乡元宝村（C-2）点的初始产流强度和平均产流强度均最大。土壤孔隙度与降雨平均入渗率呈显著正相关关系（R=0.332^＊,n=12）;0-5 cm的土壤速效磷（Olsen-P）含量与地表径流中总磷（TP）、水溶性的总磷（DTP）和水溶性正磷酸盐（DRP）及颗粒态磷（PP）的流失量呈极显著的正相关,是影响磷素流失的最重要因子,且0-5 cm土壤有机质含量与径流中TP、DTP和DRP的流失量呈负相关;0-5 cm,5-20 cm的土壤含水量皆与TP、DTP、DRP和PP流失量呈负相关;土壤pH与DTP流失量呈正相关,与颗粒态磷（PP）流失量呈负相关。     

坡地退耕还林（草）对土壤磷素流失的影响

退耕还林（草）能有效的减少坡地土壤磷素的流失,尤其水溶态磷的流失,表现为：在相同的降雨量下,地表径流中颗粒态磷的含量分别减少62.95%和43.79%,磷酸根态磷含量分别减少45.59%和23.53%;通过径流小区试验,表明退耕还林（草）后径流中水溶性磷的流失量分别减少44.81%和60.24%,径流泥沙颗粒态磷的流失量分别减少27.82%和41.94%。     

黄壤旱坡地退耕还林还草对减少土壤磷流失的作用

在贵州中部黄壤旱坡地上 ,通过无界径流小区以及野外坡面径流小区试验 ,对退耕还林还草初期阶段旱坡地地表径流中水溶态磷和颗粒态磷流失量的变化进行了研究。结果表明 :退耕还林还草后黄壤旱坡地地表径流中颗粒态磷含量比相应的旱地减少 2 2 .17%～ 6 3.4 8% ,而水溶态磷含量也减少 3.0 3%～ 4 4 .2 9% ;退耕还林区土壤水溶态磷和颗粒态磷的流失量分别比玉米种植区减少 38.6 5 %和 35 .0 8% ,退耕还草区土壤水溶态磷和颗粒态磷的流失量分别比玉米种植区减少 5 3.4 2 %和 4 1.94 %。退耕还林还草一方面减少了肥料的施用量 ,另一方面能明显减少土壤磷的流失量 ,特别是水溶态磷的流失 ,退耕还林还草工程是减少土壤磷流失和控制非点源污染的有效途径。     

不同利用方式下黄壤旱坡地磷素状况及环境影响分析

通过对贵州黄壤进行采样以及采用无界径流小区法收集地表径流，探索不同利用方式下黄壤旱坡地磷素水平及其地表径流磷浓度的差异。结果表明，不同利用方式下黄壤旱坡地中全磷和有效磷（Olsen-P）含量的大小顺序为连作烟地＞烤烟－玉米轮作地＞连作玉米地＞林地；CaCl2浸提磷（土壤易解吸磷）和NaOH浸提磷（藻类可利用的土壤总磷）与土壤全磷和有效磷有显著的相关性；土壤富磷化的同时，其磷素的流失风险明显地提高，连作烟地地表径流总磷（TP）和磷酸根态磷（Ortho-P）浓度明显大于连作玉米地，而林地地表径流TP浓度明显小于旱地；黄壤旱坡地地表径流中TP和Ortho-P与土壤有效磷之间存在极显著的相关性（r为0.957、0.875）。因而连作烟地磷素的环境影响潜能明显高于其它旱地以及林地。     

坡面小区土壤-径流-泥沙中磷素流失特征分析

从土壤-径流-泥沙过程,探讨北京密云石匣小区中不同土地利用类型、植被覆盖度和耕作方式下土壤磷素流失的差异,以及影响土壤磷素流失的主要因子及其相互关系。结果表明:泥沙量变化与降雨量呈现出较好的正相关关系,降雨强度对无植被覆盖小区的土壤侵蚀影响更为显著;产流时间主要受土壤含水量的影响,并与土壤含水量呈正相关;在降雨条件基本相同的前提下,前期土壤含水率越高,污染物的流失量也越大。不同土地利用类型中,农地中颗粒态磷流失量大于果园,林地次之,荒草坡流失量最小,这与各小区前期土壤含磷量的变化趋势基本一致;无植被覆盖小区磷流失量均高于有植被覆盖小区;磷浓度和磷流失量都随坡度增大呈上升趋势,在坡度为15~°20°范围,存在磷流失的坡度临界值,超过坡度临界值,磷流失减小;泥沙中含磷量与泥沙中小于0.001mm的粘粒分布比例呈正相关,说明土壤中粘粒是磷素养分流失的载体,由泥沙携带流失的磷占绝对优势。     

长期施肥下黄壤旱地磷对水环境的影响及其风险评价

通过对贵州中部黄壤旱坡地进行采样以及采用无界径流小区法收集地表径流样品 ,探讨长期施肥下旱地磷素水平与地表径流磷浓度的变化及其对水环境的影响。结果表明 :长期施肥下黄壤旱地的磷素水平不断提高 ,CaCl2 浸提磷 (溶解态活性磷 )和NaOH浸提磷 (藻类可利用的土壤总磷 )与土壤全磷或有效磷之间存在显著的相关性 ,土壤富磷化的同时 ,旱地磷对水环境影响的潜能明显提高。黄壤旱坡地中CaCl2 浸提磷、Olsen P、NaOH浸提磷、土壤磷吸持指数、土壤磷饱和度与地表径流中颗粒态磷、生物有效性磷和溶解态活性磷之间的相关性均达显著水平 ,以这些参数作为评价指标 ,初步将黄壤旱地磷对水环境的潜在影响程度分为 3个等级     

洋河流域缓坡地土壤磷素径流输出特征

坡面径流和侵蚀泥沙是磷素进入洋河水库的主要非点污染源。根据洋河流域多年的降雨特点,通过对天然降雨资料分析和人工模拟降雨,对该流域缓坡地表径流中磷素输出进行了初步的研究,结果表明:洋河流域缓坡地土壤磷素流失以颗粒态磷为主,不同土地利用方式下洋河流域缓坡地地表径流中磷含量的大小顺序为:小麦-玉米连作地>高产玉米地>低产玉米地>次生灌木林地;随着降雨强度的增加径流中颗粒态磷的含量逐渐增加,但O rtho-P的含量却下降;不同植被覆盖度下坡面地表径流中颗粒态磷和TP的含量随着植被覆盖度增大而减少,但径流中O rtho-P的含量则随着覆盖度的增加而增加。     

洋河流域缓坡地土壤磷素径流输出特征

坡面径流和侵蚀泥沙是磷素进入洋河水库的主要非点污染源。根据洋河流域多年的降雨特点，通过对天然降雨资料分析和人工模拟降雨，对该流域缓坡地表径流中磷素输出进行了初步的研究，结果表明；洋河流域缓坡地土壤磷素流失以颗粒态磷为主，不同土地利用方式下洋河流域缓坡地地表径流中不同形态磷含量的大小顺序为：小麦-玉米连作地〉高产玉米地〉低产玉米地〉次生灌木林地；随着降雨强度的增加．径流中颗粒态磷的含最逐渐增加，但Ortho-P的含量却下降；不同植被覆盖度下坡面地表径流中颗粒态磷和TP的含量．随着植被覆盖虚增大而减少，但径流中Ortho-P的含量则随着覆盖度的增加而增加。     

模拟降雨条件下秦岭北麓土壤磷素流失特征

以秦岭北麓竹峪地区为研究区域,采用模拟人工降雨的试验方法,研究了不同坡度(5°,10°)和不同降雨强度(1.1,1.3,1.5mm/min)下该区域田地土壤磷素流失过程规律。结果表明:降雨强度能够影响径流中溶解态磷(DP)的含量,但二者之间并非呈线性关系;相比于幂函数而言,指数函数模型更适合模拟秦岭北麓竹峪地区土壤径流溶解态磷(DP)浓度变化过程(R~20.75);降雨初期,泥沙中(STP)含量相对较高,但随着降雨的延续其浓度会有所下降,并最终保持在一个较稳定的水平上;泥沙全磷(STP)的流失速率随着降雨时间以幂函数的形式逐渐递减,同时发现泥沙全磷(STP)的流失速率与土壤流失速率之间存在着明显的线性关系(R~2=0.92),说明养分流失量累积过程与产沙过程一致,可以利用土壤侵蚀状况来进一步预测养分流失状况。     

雨强及播栽方式对太湖地区麦田径流氮磷流失的影响

为明确太湖地区麦田氮磷流失特征,通过田间模拟试验研究了播栽方式(条播、撒播)和降雨强度(低,30 mm/h;中,60 mm/h;高,90 mm/h)对麦田氮磷流失的影响.结果表明:初始产流时间与雨强显著负相关,而径流系数与雨强显著正相关(P<0.01).径流氮磷浓度在径流初期较高,并随产流时间不断降低,且均可用对数函数...     

降雨强度与坡度对径流中七种阳离子流失量的影响

针对密云水库周边地区坡地地貌,采用室内模拟降雨装置和ICP-MS质谱分析技术,研究了密云地区农田褐土在5种坡度和3种降雨强度交叉实验表层径流中K、Na、Ca、Mg、Al、Fe、Mn7种阳离子在不同降雨时段下的流失规律。结果表明在坡度和降雨时间段相同时,随着雨强的增加,大部分阳离子最大流失量逐渐增加,K、Mg、Fe、Mn规律性较强;在相同雨强和降雨时间段下,各阳离子流失量最大值所呈现的坡度不尽一致,但在雨强120mm/h时,K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe流失量的最大值均呈现在25o坡度下;在坡度、雨强一致时,不同降雨时段内7种阳离子的流失量均呈现出随着时间的递增而逐渐增加的趋势。不同阳离子的流失总量之间随坡度的变化存在相关性,如在60mm/h和120mm/h降雨强度下,K、Ca流失量之间的相关系数分别达到0.974和0.953。各阳离子流失量在连续时间段下受径流量的影响不明显,但7种阳离子在1h的流失总量与径流量之间在相同降雨强度下随坡度变化均存在二次曲线关系,复相关系数平方>0.9。     

加速土壤侵蚀对养分流失的影响

Soil erosion and nutrient losses on newly-deforested lands in the Ziwuling Region on the Loess Plateau of China were monitored to quantitatively evaluate the effects of accelerated soil erosion, caused by deforestation, on organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus losses. Eight natural runoff plots were established on the loessial hill slopes representing different erosion patterns of dominant erosion processes including sheet, rill and shallow gully （similar to ephemeral gully）. Sediment samples were collected after each erosive rainfall event. Results showed that soil nutrients losses increased with an increase of erosion intensity. Linear relations between the losses of organic matter, total N, NH4-N, and available P and erosion intensity were found. Nutrient content per unit amount of eroded sediment decreased from the sheet to the shallow gully erosion zones, whereas total nutrient loss increased. Compared with topsoil, nutrients in eroded sediment were enriched, especially available P and NH4-N. The intensity of soil nutrient losses was also closely related to soil erosion intensity and pattern with the most severe soil erosion and nutrient loss occurring in the shallow gully channels on loessial hill slopes. These research findings will help to improve the understanding of the relation between accelerated erosion process after deforestation and soil quality degradation and to design better eco-environmental rehabilitation schemes for the Loess Plateau.     

海南岛三大流域农业土壤源污染物流失特征研究

采用径流场结合人工模拟降雨方式,研究了海南岛万泉河、南渡江和昌化江三大流域土壤中氮、磷、有机质等营养物质的流失特征。结果表明,三大流域土壤径流系数和泥沙流失速率的大小顺序为：暴雨〉大雨〉中雨;相同雨强条件下,万泉河的径流系数与南渡江相近,昌化江最小;泥沙流失速率大小顺序为：万泉河〉南渡江〉昌化江;雨强对总磷（TP）流失速率的影响达到极显著水平,磷随径流流失以颗粒磷（PP）为主;氮在雨强较小时以可溶氮（DN）流失为主,当达到暴雨时则以颗粒氮（PN）流失为主;雨强越大,地表径流中COD、TN、DN和PN流失速率越高。三大流域区土壤养分随泥沙流失特征相似,不同雨强条件下,三大流域的总氮、总磷和有机质流失速率的规律一致,雨强越大,流失速率越高;在同一雨强条件下,三流域区总氮、总磷和有机质随泥沙流失速率为：昌化江〉万泉河〉南渡江。影响面源流失的主要因素为坡度、雨强、土质等。     

Effects of Lime and Phosphorus Application on Phosphorus Runoff Risk

Lime was investigated as a soil amendment to decrease phosphorus (P) loss in runoff from two Delaware sandy loam soils, one high and one low in P. Soils were limed at three rates (control and target pH values of 6 and 6.8, respectively), packed into runoff boxes (2,000?cm²) and received simulated rainfall (80?mm?h^?1 for 30?min). Lime showed potential to decrease P loss in runoff, but its effectiveness was soil specific and dependant on other management factors also. Lime decreased dissolved reactive P (DRP) and dissolved organic P (DOP) loss by 20?C25 and 52?C93?%, respectively, for the high-P soil and particulate P (PP) by 13?% for the low-P soil. The majority of P lost in runoff was DOP (3?C29?%) or PP (64?C96?%). Lime increased PP losses from the finer-textured soil following P application, indicating that increased P sorption can lead to increased losses if P is sorbed to more erodable particles. Initial soil P status was more important than liming in determining P loss. While amendments may decrease P losses in the short term, addressing nutrient imbalances at the field scale is clearly necessary in the long term. Losses increased significantly following inorganic P application. Although P was sorbed rapidly, with less than 2?% of added P removed in runoff, mean concentrations in excess of 700???g?l^?1 DRP, 2,500???g?l^?1 OP and 6,500???g?l^?1 PP were recorded for both soils immediately following P application.     

中国云南滇池流域农田径流磷污染负荷影响因素研究

Effects of factors such as slope, surface soil texture, fertilization and crop cover with different rainfall intensities on phosphorus (P) losses in farmland runoff of the Dianchi Lake Watershed in Yunnan Province of China were studied through a rainfall simulation test using a red soil, one of the most widely distributed soils of the study area. Results showed that the runoff concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) and P losses differed with the slope, being highest when the slope was 18°. At two different rainfall intensities, the runoff TP and P losses had a similar decreasing trend as the surface soil texture became coarser, therefore applying the grit would decrease P in runoff from soils of farmland on slopes with heavier textures. With wheat as a crop cover the runoff TP concentrations and P losses were significantly lower than those of the bare soil. This showed that plant cover would greatly decrease P in runoff from the farmland of the study area. The TP concentration in runoff from the soil two days after fertilization doubled when compared with that from the non-fertilized soil, indicating that fertilization could mean a dramatic rise in P runoff if irrigation or heavy rainfall occurred immediately after application and that no fertilization before a rain and no irrigation immediately after fertilization would reduce runoff P loss from the farmland of the study area.