广西水稻区域试验报审单位存在的问题与建议

2000年12月1日实施的《中华人民共和国种子法》规定：“主要农作物品种在推广应用前应当通过国家级或者省级审定．应当审定的农作物品种未经审通过的,不得发布广告,不得经营推广”。由此可见农作物品种审定的重要性。在广西每年报审的水稻品种有上百个之多，但通过第一轮筛选的水稻品种却是寥寥无几．主要原因当然与报审单位选育的水稻品种尚未成熟有关．但其中也有部分原因是由于报审单位存在的一些问题最终导致报审品种无法通过第一轮筛选。     

饲用甜菜新品种新甜饲2号的选育

新甜饲2号（原代号JZSL-18）是以多粒四倍体自交系NXSL-4为母本，以多粒二倍体授粉系SL-2和SL2-job为父本，通过杂交选育而成。杂交种父母本配制比例为2：6。该品种2005～2006年参加省饲用甜菜品种区域试验．平均块根产量152104．5kg／hm^2，较对照新甜饲1号增产20．0％；平均含糖率6．22％，较对照提高0．22度：块根千基粗蛋白含量13．95％。该品种2006年参加生产示范试验，2007年2月通过新疆维吾尔自治区品种审定委员会审定命名．丰产性强，耐甜菜褐斑病、白粉病，适宜在新疆的南疆、北疆等地区推广种植。     

"华苎五号"新蔸麻速生丰产栽培技术

“华苎五号”是一个高产、优质、高效新品种，分株力强，植株高大、生长整齐，该品种是由华中农业大学选育、阳新县科技局参与，共同拥有知识产权的苎麻新品种，2003年通过专家审定。目前，阳新苎麻发展的主栽品种有“华苎四号”、“华苎五号”系列和“中苎一号”。2005年6月2日取“华苎五号”嫩枝扦插，6月20日移栽，8月21日破杆，11月2日收第二季麻，当年单产达90kg／666．7m^2,2006年收三季麻，单产230kg/666．7m^2。     

小麦新品种煤生0308高产栽培技术

煤生0308于2008年4月28日通过安徽省品种审定委员会审定。审定编号：皖麦2008004。该品种兼超高产稳产于一体．是近年来安徽省淮北半冬性组区域试验审定品种中增幅最大的品种。根据有关试验研究资料,对煤生0308的主要农艺特性和高产栽培技术介绍如下．     

大麻新品种云麻1号的选育及其栽培技术

采用系统选育法从云南地方品种中选育出云麻l号大麻品种，2001年7月通过云南省品种审定委员会审定。经过1998-1999两年的云南省多点试验及1999-2000年两年的生产试验示范，云麻1号纤维产量为1．8t／hm^2，鲜茎出麻率6．5％，平均断裂强度438N。种子千粒重25g，含油量32．24％。四氢大麻酚(THC-tetrahydmcannabinol)含量约0．03％。具有抗旱性强、适应性广、高产、优质、THC含量低等特点。并提出了该品种相应的栽培技术要点。     

浙江省1998年第2次审定的水稻新品种

浙江省农作物品种审定委员会于1998年11月16日审定通过了1个水稻新品种，即航育1号。航育1号：为浙江省农科院以晚香糯ZRg经空间诱变处理育成的晚粳稻新品种。经衢州市1995和1996两年区域试验，平均单产分别为339．9kg／667m’和422．3kg／667m’，比对照品种秀水11增产2．13％和203％，1997年生产试验平均单产434．3kg／667m‘，比秀水11增产0·65％。全生育期两年平均为119．8天，比秀水11短4．7天。该品种株型紧凑，分素中等偏弱，茎秆粗壮，耐肥抗倒，成穗率高，德大粒多，千粒重高，加工及外观品质好，米质优，对稻瘟病和白叶枯病抗性…     

优质晚粳新品种嘉33种子繁育技术

嘉33系嘉兴市农科院联合有关单位选育而成的中熟偏早晚粳新品种．2007年1月14日通过江苏省品种审定，审定编号：苏审稻200711。在杭嘉湖地区种植．全生育期156d左右。比对照秀水63早2d。该品种株高96cm．茎秆粗壮，叶片厚实挺立，根系发达，抗倒性较好，适宜直播、抛秧及机插。     

国审高蛋白大豆新品种福豆310高产栽培技术

福豆310系2005年6月通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定的高蛋白春大豆新品种。该品种蛋白质含量高、丰产稳产、适应性广。全生育期113d左右，单产2250kg/hm^2左右。介绍该品种的特征特性和高产栽培技术要点。     

浙凤棉1号在兰溪种植表现及配套栽培技术

浙风棉1号是浙江勿忘农种业股份有限公司培育的杂交棉品种，2007年通过浙江省品种审定委员会审定（浙审棉2007002）。该品种于2006年引入兰溪市试种，2007年迅速扩大，面积超过133．33hm^2，2008年后已是兰溪市主要当家品种。通过3年的试种、观察及对农户的抽样调查，该品种具有产量高、适应性广、抗性强等特点，深受棉农喜欢。     

高产稳产小麦新品种—连麦7号

正连麦7号是连云港市农业科学院以陕229为母本,以灌8116为父本进行有性杂交,后代选择采取系谱法,经过连续9年选育与鉴定,于2008年育成的小麦品种。该品种于2014年11月2日经江苏省农作物品种审定委员会第五十六次会议审定通过,江苏省农业委员会2014年第20号公告公布,审定编号:苏审麦201405,审定名:连麦7号。1特征特性该品种属半冬性、中多穗型、中早熟品种,幼     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.