狗牙根群落土壤-根系系统的结构及其抗冲刷与抗侵蚀性能的空间变化

[目的]探讨三峡库区消落带常见的物种狗牙根对库区消落带固土护坡的作用机理。[方法]结合野外调查和室内试验研究,对狗牙根群落根土复合体的结构、根土复合体抗冲刷与抗侵蚀性能及其空间变化进行研究。[结果]狗牙根根系对土壤抗冲性和抗蚀性都有显著的增强效应。随着狗牙根根系生物量的增加,土壤抗冲性和抗蚀性能力也随之增强,且根系生物量与土壤抗冲性和抗蚀性有线性相关性;土壤的抗冲刷与抗侵蚀能力还受消落带海拔梯度的影响,随着海拔梯度的上升,土壤的抗冲刷与抗侵蚀能力逐渐增强,在175m高度达到最大。[结论]由于高度升高,被淹的时间缩短,狗牙根在高海拔地区的生长状况好于低海拔地区。     

应用不同人工模拟降雨方式对土壤可蚀性K值的研究

运用两种人工模拟降雨方式研究土壤的可蚀性K值，结果表明II方式人工模拟降雨的土壤可蚀性K值比I方式更能显著的反映自然状态下实测的土壤可蚀性K值，因此用II人工模拟降雨试为研究土壤可蚀性K值将更为优越。     

土壤可蚀性在WEPP模型中的应用

影响土壤侵蚀过程的关键因素是侵蚀力和土壤可蚀性。土壤可蚀性是定量计算土壤流失的重要指标和土壤侵蚀预报模型中的必要参数。WEPP是由美国农业部开发的新一代水蚀预测模型 ,该模型以土壤可蚀性为必要参数 ,并将其分解为细沟间可蚀性 (Ki)、细沟可蚀性 (Kr)和临界剪切力 (τc)来预报流域径流形成与土壤侵蚀过程     

水蚀过程的土壤可蚀性研究述评

土壤可蚀性是建立土壤侵蚀预报模型的重要参数,在土壤侵蚀研究中占有重要地位.该文基于土壤内在性质和侵蚀动力对土壤可蚀性评价指标与体系、土壤可蚀性的测定与计算方法以及土壤可蚀性动态变化等方面进行阐述,全面评述了目前国内外土壤可蚀性的研究进展,分析了当前土壤可蚀性研究存在的问题,指出了尚需加强的研究领域,包括土壤可蚀性评价指标体系、土壤可蚀性动态变化规律和土壤侵蚀机理研究等.     

广东省土壤可蚀性现状及影响因素分析

土壤可蚀性是土壤侵蚀预报和土地利用规划的重要参数,本文采用EPIC(Erosion Productivity Im-pact Calculator)模型中土壤可蚀性因子K值为指标,利用第二次土壤普查资料,探讨广东省土壤可蚀性K值及分布特征,并绘制了广东省土壤可蚀性K值图,结果表明:广东土壤可蚀性K值为0.116~0.415,加权平均K值为0.25,主要分布在较低-中高可侵蚀性范围;以铁铝土为例,成土母质对土壤侵蚀影响是多因素的,由于母质的特性差异,母质所发育土壤可蚀性K值并不能完全代表其侵蚀危害性,从总体上看,土壤经过多年耕种,抗侵蚀能力明显下降。     

红壤和紫色土抗侵蚀性指标的计算方法研究

以长江流域主要侵蚀性土壤——红壤和紫色土为研究对象,以土壤可蚀性K值作为土壤抗侵蚀性指标,采用通用土壤流失方程计算得到人工模拟降雨试验下红壤和紫色土的抗侵蚀性指标,分别为0.325 2和0.276 3。应用侵蚀—生产力评价模型（EPIC）,根据上述两种土壤的理化性质计算其土壤抗侵蚀性指标,分别为0.313 8和0.266 8。分析比较这两种方法得到的土壤抗侵蚀性指标,最终得到侵蚀—生产力评价模型（EPIC）的修正系数（1.04）。     

关于土壤可蚀性指标的讨论

该对主要土壤可蚀性指标进行了评述，指出土壤的可蚀性是一个相对概念，同一土壤在不同侵蚀动力条件下，其抗侵蚀能力是不同的。每一土壤均具有抗蚀性的抗冲性，在土壤侵蚀过程中，何居主导地位，主要取决于侵蚀动力的方式和强度。     

黔中地区不同岩性土壤抗冲抗蚀性研究进展

土壤抗冲抗蚀性是反映土壤抵抗外界应力对土壤的机械破坏能力大小的重要评价指标之一.在总结土壤抗冲性抗蚀性研究成果的基础上,从土壤抗冲抗蚀性的影响指标、研究方法等方面介绍了土壤抗冲抗蚀性的研究状况,深入分析了当前研究中所存在的问题与不足,并对今后土壤抗冲抗蚀性研究的发展趋势进行了分析探讨.     

红壤团聚体特征与坡面侵蚀定量关系

为明确红壤结构特征对坡面侵蚀过程的影响,选取6种典型红壤为研究对象,通过团聚体稳定性分析和野外原位人工模拟降雨试验,就红壤团聚体稳定性特征与坡面侵蚀过程定量关系进行了初步探讨。结果表明：在野外尺度上,红壤团聚体稳定性是影响坡面侵蚀的重要因素;能定量描述土壤可蚀性的团聚体特征参数Ka,与径流强度、产沙强度等侵蚀参数显著相关;将Ka代入WEPP模型,建立了细沟间侵蚀预测方程,方程可决系数较高（R2＝0.86）,显示了较好的预测性能。该研究扩展了团聚体稳定性作为土壤可蚀性指标的适用范围,为红壤侵蚀机理研究提供了新思路。     

紫色丘陵区降雨侵蚀力简易算法的模拟

降雨侵蚀力是评价一个地区潜在水力侵蚀危险性和严重程度的重要参数。该文基于野外人工模拟降雨的侵蚀试验,对紫色丘陵区降雨侵蚀力的简易算法进行了模拟研究。结果表明：紫色丘陵区降雨量与土壤侵蚀产流、产沙之间存在极显著正相关,各时段降雨强度I（5、10 、15、30、45 min）能很好地反映紫色丘陵区土壤流失量的变化特征。基于降雨动能E和时段降雨强度的复合因子∑EI5和∑EI10能够很好地反映紫色土丘陵区径流量变化特征,∑EI5可很好地反映该地区土壤流失量变化特征。降雨量P与各时段降雨强度I的复合因子PI5、PI10、PI15对紫色丘陵区坡地产流、产沙起关键作用,尤其是PI5的作用。紫色丘陵区降雨侵蚀力简易计算公式为PI5和∑EI5且二者之间存在定量转换关系,该公式提高了降雨侵蚀力在土壤侵蚀预报模型中的应用价值。对于紫色丘陵区一次降雨而言,5、10、15 min降雨强度及降雨量是水土保持的关键性时段,也是水土资源利用的最佳调控时段;尤其是前5 min的雨强、雨滴大小分布、降雨量对坡地水土流失起重要作用。     

Effect of tillage treatments upon soil tests for soil acidity,soil phosphorus and soil potassium at three soil depths

Abstract

Soil samples were obtained at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9 and 0–9 inch depths from experimental plots receiving five tillage treatments. Each of two samplers composited approximately six one‐inch cores from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for acidity, P and K using routine analysis procedures in the University of Illinois Soil Testing Laboratory.

Few significant differences were attributed to sampler and it was concluded that samplers using similar sampling techniques were obtaining soil samples from the same population.

No significant differences in soil acidity at different depths were observed. The different tillage methods did significantly affect soil P at the 0–3 inch depth, but had no significant effect on soil P at deeper depths. Different tillage methods also significantly affected soil K values at different depths.     

土壤含水率与土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响

土壤含水率和土壤碱度是表征土壤物理化学性质的两个重要参数。通过室内三轴不固结不排水试验，研究了土壤含水率和土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响。试验处理采用5种土壤碱度(土壤可交换钠百分比ESP=0、5、10、20、40)和4种土壤质量含水率(0.05、0.10、0.20以及饱和含水率0.34)水平。试验结果显示，土壤黏聚力随着土壤含水率的增加基本上呈先增大后减小之趋势；当土壤含水率在0.10附近时黏聚力达到其最大值。土壤内摩擦角随着土壤含水率的增加而线性减小。土壤碱度对土壤黏聚力的影响机理较为复杂，其影响效果随土壤含水率的增加而减小；但土壤碱度对土壤内摩擦角的影响较小。土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响程度明显地小于土壤含水率对其的影响程度。     

Usability of soil survey soil texture data for soil health indicator scoring

Soil textural information is an important component underlying other soil health indicators. Soil texture analysis is a common procedure, but it can be labor intensive and expensive. Soil texture data typically are available from the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database, which may be an option for determining soil health texture groups (SHTG). The SSURGO database provides soil texture information in the soil map unit (SMU) name, taxonomic class category (family), and detailed values (≤ 2 mm soil fraction) of percent sand, silt and clay by soil horizon. The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of using SSURGO data for SHTG at the 147-ha Cornell University Willsboro Research Farm in New York state as an alternative for soil texture data determined manually on collected soil core samples. Comparative results revealed that representative values for soil texture from the SSURGO database generally matched measured mean values for all SMUs.     

黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响及其评价

为了研究黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响,采用盆栽试验,人为剥离黑土表层0、5、10、15、20、25和30 cm土壤以模拟侵蚀厚度不同的耕层土壤,分析土壤侵蚀厚度对土壤理化性质、大豆生物性状和水分利用效率等指标的影响。并对TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution)模型进行改进,用于评价侵蚀厚度不同的土壤的土地生产力。结果表明:土壤全N、碱解N、全P、速效P、有机质含量和土壤田间持水率均随侵蚀厚度的增加而递减,土壤容重随侵蚀厚度的增加而递增。土壤侵蚀厚度对大豆生长有显著影响,随着侵蚀厚度的增加,大豆减产率呈"S型"曲线递增,产量、耗水量呈"Z型"曲线递减,水分利用效率呈指数曲线关系递减。改进的TOPSIS模型对不同侵蚀厚度下土地生产力的评价结果较为理想,计算的土地生产力指数随土壤侵蚀厚度的变化呈"Z型"曲线,与大豆产量的变化趋势相同,且二者呈指数函数关系,决定系数达0.996,均方根误差为0.65。研究结果可为黑土区土壤侵蚀防治提供理论依据。     

Nonisothermal nature of soil profiles and soil hydrophysics

The results of studies of thermal water transfer and the functional analysis of nonisothermal soil water exchange (summarizing the current concepts of its physical nature, value, relations to soil properties, contribution to heat conductivity, and use for determining other hydrophysical properties of soils) are presented without going into detail of the mathematical analysis.     

Factors of soil formation in soil classification systems

The development of soil classification systems in Russia has been accompanied by certain changes in the attitude toward the factors of soil formation as criteria for separating soil units at the high taxonomic levels. The works of N.N. Rozov supported the traditional priority of the bioclimatic approach to the separation of soil types and subtypes in the classification systems of 1967 and 1977. In the new classification of Russian soils, the factors of soil formation are taken into account in a “hidden” form, through the diagnostic horizons and features reflecting the facial and zonal changes in the character of the pedogenesis and through the separation of several high-level soil taxa developing under specific combinations of lithological and geomorphic conditions. Ecological matrices illustrating the position of the soil types distinguished on the basis of substantive criteria in the field of soil-forming factors are included in the latest version of the new Russian soil classification system. The idea of these matrices fully corresponds to the logic of the factor-genetic soil classification system developed in the works of N.N. Rozov.     

新造雅阳系土壤养分变化的研究

随着城乡建设和经济发展的需要,征用耕地面积不断扩大。通过新造农田复垦在较短的时间内能实现耕地面积总量的动态平衡,但新造农田复垦达到耕地质量标准尚需较长的时间。本文以新造雅阳系3个不同耕作年限耕层土壤养分变化的分析研究,其结果表明,耕作年限在15年后,土壤有机质、速效P、速效K含量才能达到老雅阳系耕层土壤养分水平,即耕地质量标准,而全N含量存在着一定的差异。     

Ecological standardization of soil and soil quality control

Theoretical bases are offered for the ecological soil standardization presuming the scientific substantiating of the allowable ecological state (quality) of the soil and the allowable anthropogenic impact on it. The modern experience of these bases’ application in regulatory-methodological, nature-control, and managerial practices is presented. The criteria are found for determining the levels of the allowable ecological quality of soil and the anthropogenic impact on it. The sources of the anthropogenic impact on the soil are characterized. A unified system of indices of soil quality and anthropogenic impacts and a mechanism for determining the range of the allowable values of these parameters have been developed taking into account the natural conditions and types of land use. Scientific-methodological approaches are proposed that support a certain balance between the allowable ecological status of the soil and the effects on it in connection with the mechanisms of the soil quality control in particular land plots.     

土壤调节剂对土壤物理性质的改善

Effects of non-ionic polyacrylamide(PAM),anionic polyacrylamide(PHP),cationic polyacrylamide(PCAM),non-ionic polyvinylalcohol(PVA),anionic hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile(HPAN)and polyethleneoxide(PEO)on the physical properties of three different soil stpes were studied.content of water-stable aggregates larger than 0.25mm increased to varying extents for different soils and soil conditioners,Among the six kinds of condiftioners,non-ionic polyacrylamide(PAM) was the most effective for red soil while polyethyleneoxide(PEO)the least effective for Chao soil,red soil and yellow-brown soil.Water-stable aggregates with the molecular weight of PEO within a certain range.Only evaporation rate of Chao soil decreased after aplication of PAM and HPAN to Chao soil and red soil.