DON净化柱——高效液相色谱法检测粮谷中呕吐毒素

通过自制DON净化柱和高效液相色谱仪,建立了检测谷物中呕吐毒素的方法.样品经乙腈—水溶剂提取后,通过自制的DON净化柱净化,采用C18分离柱和紫外检测器测定.结果表明:样品通过乙腈—水(体积比V/V,84∶16)混合溶剂和超声20 min的提取,可大幅度提高方法回收率;呕吐毒素在0.5 mg/kg～8.0mg/kg内线性关系好,相关系数为0.999;在0.5、2.0和8.0mg/kg的加标水平下,回收率为95.1％～102.3％,相对标准偏差为1.8％～6.4％,检出限(信噪比)为50μg/kg.     

小麦在磨粉加工中呕吐毒素的含量和分布研究

采用自然污染呕吐毒素(DON)的小麦为材料,通过实验室磨粉机制粉得到麸皮、细麸、小麦粉等组成成分,利用高效液相色谱法测定各组分中DON含量,并与全麦粉中DON含量进行比较,分析小麦在磨粉加工前后DON的含量变化和分布情况。结果表明:小麦磨粉制得小麦粉后DON含量显著降低,含量为全麦粉的51.2%~77.7%;麸皮和细麸中DON含量显著升高,分别为为全麦粉的1.2~1.7倍和1.1~1.7倍。小麦粉中DON总量与小麦DON污染程度具有一定的相关性,随着小麦DON污染程度的增加,小麦粉DON总量呈上升趋势。小麦磨粉后,副产物总麸中DON占全麦粉DON总量的34.9%~49.3%,留存在可食用的小麦粉中的DON占全麦粉DON总量的31.6%~54.9%。研究结果表明,小麦经过磨粉加工可以有效地降低小麦粉中呕吐毒素的含量和总量分布。     

酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)需要注意的问题

由于酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)具有样品前处理简便、快速准确、所需仪器廉价等优点,已广泛应用于免疫学检验的各领域中。国家标准GB/T5009.111-2003、GB/T 5009.22-2003规定了ELISA方法作为粮食行业中呕吐毒素、黄曲霉毒素     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其检测

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）又名呕吐毒素，是一种有很强细胞毒性、胚胎毒性、一定致畸性、弱致癌性且影响免疫系统的真菌毒素，污染严重的粮谷类食品和饲料，人畜食用后健康将受到严重危害。文章对其危害、检测方法进行了部分议论，重点调查了解了抚顺地区2008年产部分玉米样品在2009年夏季DON的平均含量。强调要加强对DON的了解，加强对其检测，加强对谷物及其制品中DON含量的重视，以保证食用谷物及其制品的安全。     

库存小麦呕吐毒素含量变化规律及关键影响因素研究

立足于小麦收储生产实际,以实仓库存小麦为研究对象,分析并得到了其呕吐毒素含量的变化规律及关键影响因素。试验结果表明,安全水分小麦的呕吐毒素含量不会发生变化。小麦感染赤霉病会引起呕吐毒素的大量积累,是造成小麦呕吐毒素含量超标的关键因素。此外,不同小麦品种抗性不同,硬质小麦较软质小麦可能更容易感染赤霉病,导致呕吐毒素含量高。研究结论及建议对减少粮食损失、安全储藏、企业降本增效都具有指导意义。     

陕西地区玉米生霉粒、小麦病斑粒与真菌毒素关系的探讨分析

通过样品采集和制备,对5个样本的呕吐毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、黄曲霉毒素B1含量进行检测和分析。实验结果表明,同一玉米样品同一生霉粒其含量与呕吐毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、黄曲霉毒素B1含量呈正相关;同一地区玉米真菌毒素整体侵染程度基本相同,不同地区三种真菌毒素侵染程度不同,不同生霉粒包含的真菌毒素类型不同,真菌毒素具有地域性;陕西地区2017年黄曲霉毒素B1污染基本为零;同一小麦样品不同梯度病斑粒含量与呕吐毒素呈正相关,不同地区小麦呕吐毒素可能差别很大,赤霉病粒对小麦呕吐毒素的影响非常大。因此,不能简单由玉米、小麦的外观或者生霉粒、病斑粒含量判断真菌毒素含量的高低,但是根据同一样品中同一生霉粒、病斑粒其含量与真菌毒素呈正相关性,可以在收获季节,分地区采集样品,检测完好粒与生霉粒或者病斑粒真菌毒素的侵染情况,寻找合理控制点,通过收购质量指标指导对相关监测卫生指标的把控,辅助粮食质量安全的监测,尽力解决目前现场收购时的质量安全风险漏洞。     

高效液相色谱-紫外法同时检测小麦中DON、15ACDON和3ACDON

建立了测定小麦中B型单端孢酶烯族毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)、3-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 3-ACDON)和15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(15-acetyldeoxyni-valenol, 15-ACDON)的高效液相色谱-紫外(HPLC-UV)检测方法。用水提取小麦样品,提取液经无水乙醇等体积沉淀,再结合Oasis HLB固相萃取小柱可取得较好的净化效果。采用乙腈/0.005%磷酸水溶液二元梯度洗脱程序在高效液相色谱-紫外检测器上完成DON、15ACDON和3ACDON的定性定量分析。结果表明,在0.5~15.0 mg L^-1线性范围内,DON、15ACDON和3ACDON的平均加标回收率分别为89.8%、93.4%和92.9%,相对标准偏差分别为2.2%、2.0%和2.5% (n=3);检测限分别为12.2、10.5和16.7 μg kg^-1。该方法准确、重现性好,样品净化方法使杂峰干扰少,大幅减少有机溶剂的使用,成本低,适用于小麦中B型单端孢酶烯族毒素的大批量检测。     

液相色谱串联质谱同时测定饲料中6种霉菌毒素技术研究进展

饲料中霉菌毒素是中国畜禽养殖业中存在的主要危害因素之一。在饲料中常见、且对动物健康造成严重损害的霉菌毒素有6种,即黄曲霉毒素B1、呕吐毒素、T-2毒素、赭曲霉毒素A、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马毒素B1。笔者全面深入分析了国内外对这6种主要霉菌毒素检测技术的最新研究,对其方法过程和性能特点(提取剂、净化方法、定量方法、回收率等)进行了系统比较,为建立饲料中这6种霉菌毒素高效、经济、环境友好的同时检测技术标准提供经验。     

饲料中主要霉菌毒素液相色谱串联质谱同时测定技术研究进展

饲料中霉菌毒素是我国畜禽养殖业中存在的主要危害因素之一。在饲料中常见、且对动物健康造成严重损害的霉菌毒素有6种,即黄曲霉毒素B1、呕吐毒素、T-2毒素、赭曲霉毒素A、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马毒素B1。本文全面深入分析了国内外对这6种主要霉菌毒素检测技术的最新研究,对其方法过程和性能特点(提取剂、净化方法、定量方法、回收率等)进行了系统比较,为我国建立饲料中这6种霉菌毒素高效、经济、环境友好的同时检测技术标准提供经验。     

高效液相色谱法与酶联免疫法检测小麦中呕吐毒素含量的比较研究

高效液相色谱法、酶联免疫法是常见的呕吐毒素检测方法,以小麦为样品,依次利用高效液相色谱法、酶联免疫法等对小麦呕吐毒素进行了分析。对两者呕吐毒素检测结果进行了对比分析,最终结果表明:高效液相色谱法、酶联免疫法在小麦呕吐毒素检测环节,在250~1 450μg/kg之间存在相关性,且高效液相色谱法测定的小麦呕吐毒素含量小于酶联免疫法测定的结果。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.