非均匀林冠降雨截留模型

考虑由彼此间有间距的树冠组成的非均匀林冠内的降雨截留过程,将以前的林冠截留理论模型从水平均匀随机分布林冠推广到非均匀林冠,导出相应的偏微分方程和截留量的计算公式,并以实例运行该模型,以揭示非均匀林冠在降雨截留过程中的一些细节特征.     

辽东山区不同森林植被类型枯落物层截留降雨行为研究

对辽宁东部山区具有代表性的油松林、落叶松林、红松林、柞木林及杂木林5种森林植被类型枯落物层截留降雨行为进行了比较研究。结果表明，枯落物截留量随林内雨量的增加而增加，呈显的线性关系；枯落物截留率在低的林内雨量级时下降梯度较大，以后随林内雨量增大而逐渐减少，最后趋于某一定值，枯落物截留达到饱和。曲线估计的饱和截留率为：杂木林30％，柞木林23％，落叶松林20％，油松林15％，红松林10％。林冠层与枯落物层截留量依林外雨变化呈显的线性关系，总截留率在低雨量级时保持在较高的水平，随后急剧下降，并逐渐趋于某一稳定性，达到最大截留能力。由曲线推算的最大总截留率，杂木林和 柞木林为45％，落叶松林为40％，红松林和油松林约为30％。枯落物生长季相对于林内雨的截留率为14．31％－43．15％，平均值为31．15％，相对于林外雨量的截留量为11．15％－32．30％，平均值为24．05％。     

Throughfall,stemflow and interception loss in a mixed white oak forest (Quercus serrata Thunb.)

Throughfall and stemflow measurements in a 60-year-old white oak stand (Quercus serrata Thunb.) were carried out during two periods totalling eleven months, from August to November 1993 and from May to November 1994, in order to clarify the rainfall partitioning of this forest. Troughs and spiral-type stemflow gauges connected to tipping bucket-gauges were used for throughfall and stemflow measurements. Seventy-five storms were analyzed individually. Coefficients of variation for throughfall and stemflow ranged between 5–25% and 20–70% respectively. Partitioning of net rainfall in throughfall and stemflow represent 72% and 10% of the gross rainfall respectively. Multiple regression analyses were carried out to determine the stemflow variability. In was determined that maximum rain intensity was highly correlated with stemflow and this variable explained a further 5.5% of the stemflow variation. Estimates of averaged lag time and drainage after rain cease for stemflow were 290 and 164 min, while estimates for throughfall were 60 and 104 min. respectively. The canopy saturation was estimated from continuous storms and showed a value of 0.6 mm. The trunk storage capacity was estimated at a value of 0.2 mm. The interception loss from the forest canopy was estimated in 18%. Interception loss was heighly correlated with rainfall characteristics such as duration and intensity.     

Modelling of rainfall interception loss in agroforestry systems

Two models of interception loss have been tested against new field data obtained in widely-spaced stands of Sitka spruce trees. The Gash model and a modified version of the Rutter model, have been used with data from an automatic weather station, to predict interception loss using parameters obtained from observations made in 1988 and 1989. The predictions for an eight-week period during 1987 were compared with measurements of interception loss. Good agreement between observed and predicted interception loss was obtained with both models over the whole period. The modified Rutter model gave better predictions than the Gash model for individual storm events and performed better at the wider spacings. The sensitivity of both models to the major characteristics of the tree stand structure in agroforestry systems was also investigated and it was shown that interception loss was most sensitive to boundary layer conductance and free throughfall coefficient.     

林冠截留模型

林冠截留量在森林生态系统水文循环和水量平衡中占有重要的地位，是森林涵养水源、保持水土等水文生态效益的主要评价指标之一。文章在分析了林冠截留机理和以往林冠截留数量模型的基础上，首次提出林冠截留整体护展模型，为大范围的森林水文生态效益数量评价提供研究基础。     

Relationship between annual rainfall and interception ratio for forests across Japan

Several previous studies in Japan have examined differences in rainfall interception amounts induced by differences in forest properties by comparing the annual rainfall interception ratios (annual rainfall interception divided by annual rainfall) from various sites without considering variations in meteorological conditions between sites. Rainfall interception actually depends on meteorological conditions as well as forest properties. This study examined variations in the annual interception ratio relating to the variation in annual rainfall, which would be the primary factor relating to the interception ratio, across Japan with the use of a rainfall interception model assuming the same forest properties (i.e., the canopy storage capacity, canopy closure, leaf area index (LAI), and the bulk coefficient for sensible heat transfer). The ratio ranged between 0.12 and 0.24 across Japan and was highly correlated to annual rainfall. This indicates that considering the variation in annual rainfall is critical for assessing the difference in rainfall interception amounts induced by forest properties. We reconsidered the results of previous studies in Japan that compared annual interception ratios between sites with different forest properties: (i) there is no clear difference in interception amounts between broadleaf and coniferous forests and (ii) there is a positive correlation in stem density and interception amounts for coniferous forests. These results still held when considering differences in annual rainfall between sites.     

Role of canopy interception on water and nutrient cycling in Chinese fir plantation ecosystem

The role of canopy interception on nutrient cycling in Chinese fir plantation ecosystem was studied on the basis of the position data during four years. Results indicate that the average canopy interception amount was 267.0 mm/year. Canopy interception play a significant role in water cycle and nutrient cycle processes in ecosystem, and was an important part of evaporation from the Chinese fir plantation ecosystem, being up to 27.2%. The evaporation from the canopy interception was an important way of water output from ecosystem, up to 19.9%. The flush-eluviation of branches and leaves caused by canopy interception brought nutrient input of 143.629 kg/(hm² · year), which was 117.2% of the input 63.924 kg/(hm² · year) from the atmospheric precipitation. The decreased amount of 80.1 mm precipitation input caused by canopy interception reduced the amount of rainfall into the stand surface and infiltration into the soil, reduced the output with runoff and drainage, and decreased nutrient loss through output water. Therefore, the additional preserve of nutrient by canopy interception was 8.664 kg/(hm² · year). __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2006, 42(12): 1–5 [译自: 林业科学]     

林冠截留对杉木人工林生态系统物质循环的影响

根据1999-2002年连续4年的观测数据,对林冠截留在杉木林生态系统物质循环中的作用进行研究.结果表明:每年林冠截留降雨量267.0 mm; 林冠截留蒸发散量占杉木人工林总蒸发散量的27.2%,林冠截留水分的物理蒸发量占杉木林集水区水分输出的18.97%;林内净降水的营养物质为143.329 kg·hm-2a-1,比冠上大气降水输入的63.924 kg·hm-2a-1多74.905 kg·hm-2a-1,增加了117.2%; 林冠截留减少了到达林地表面和入渗土壤的水分,减少了集水区地表水和土壤漏水的输出,从而减少了营养物质的输出,可见,林冠截留是系统保存营养物质的重要机制之一.     

Effects of canopy interception on energy conversion processes in a Chinese fir plantation ecosystem

The functions of canopy interception on energy conversion processes in a Chinese fir plantation ecosystem were studied with the aid of long-term observation data in Huitong. The results showed that the absorbed, penetrated and reflected amounts of solar radiation were, respectively, 2.5543 × 10⁹ J/(m²·year) (absorption rate of 0.827), 2.5306 × 10⁸ J/(m²·year) (penetration rate of 0.082), and 2.7432 × 10⁸ J/(m²·year) (reflection rate of 0.091) by the canopy. The conversion of net solar radiation to latent heat in the process of evaporation from canopy interception amounted to 6.3695 × 10⁸ J/(m²·year) (accounting for 22.9% of total ecosystem net radiation and 30.4% of ecosystem evaporation), which was an important part of the budget of the energy system. Canopy interception consumed kinetic energy of raindrops in overcoming resistance of branches and leaves, which collected raindrops, followed with the conversion of potential energy in raindrops to kinetic energy with falling raindrops. In general, the diameter of raindrops from the canopy is larger than that of the raindrops above the canopy as a result of the collection effort by the canopy. The kinetic energy of raindrops from the canopy, therefore, was higher than that of raindrops in the atmosphere. The drop-size distribution from the canopy was affected by the structure of the canopy layer rather than the amount of precipitation and precipitation intensity. The canopy had no important nor efficient effects on decreasing the kinetic energy of raindrops in our case study with a first branch height of 7 m and precipitation amounts over 3 mm. However, the canopy would play a key role in decreasing kinetic energy of raindrops in two cases, that of a small amount of precipitation and one of heavy precipitation intensity, in which the canopy could intercept the largest amount of precipitation in the former condition and the canopy could scatter bigger raindrops to smaller raindrops with striking leaves in the case of heavy precipitation. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2007, 43(2): 15–20 [译自: 林业科学]     

湖南省张家界马尾松林冠生态水文效应及其影响因素分析

对马尾松林的穿透雨、林冠截留和树干流的水文效应进行监测,并对其影响因素进行初步分析.结果表明:降雨主要集中在5-8月,期间穿透雨量、林冠截留量和树干流量分别占全年分配量的一半以上.穿透雨量、树干流量和林冠截留量与降雨量显著正相关,而穿透雨率和树干流率随着降雨强度的增加而升高,但截留率逐渐降低.马尾松林穿透雨量最大值出现在最大雨量级(≥90.0 mm)和3.0～4.0 mm·h-1雨强范围内; 但是截留率最大值出现在最小的雨量级(＜10.0 mm)和＜1.0 mm·h-1雨强范围内; 树干流率最大值出现在中等雨量(60.0～70.0 mm)和2.0～3.0 mm·h-1雨强范围内,显然降雨特征是影响马尾松林内雨的关键因子.林下穿透雨率存在明显的空间异质性,靠近树干的林冠内部穿透雨率高于林冠外部,而且空间异质性随着降雨量的增加而降低.马尾松树干流与胸径及冠层面积呈极显著正相关.     

森林冠层节肢动物取样研究进展

冠层节肢动物的研究是近来生物多样性研究的国际前沿,文章主要介绍了森林冠层节肢动物的取样方法,如烟雾杀虫剂击倒法、取样树叶和小枝、非引诱式捕获器、诱捕器及其它取样法,并指出了各类取样法的优缺点。     

人工同龄纯林理论郁闭度测定计算的研究

通过人工同龄纯林树冠面积与林地面积的相关比例关系，推导，计算出人工同龄纯林林木品字形排列和矩形排列，且株行距不同的林分理论郁闭度。使用者在使用时，只要根据林木的不同排列方式，株行距，树冠半径长，即可计算出相应的理论郁闭度值，解决了人工同龄纯林在一定范围内理论郁闭度的测定计算问题。     

基于TM影像数据的林分冠层郁闭度反演技术研究

本文以崂山林场为研究区域,利用森林资源二类调查数据和TM影像数据,分析了林分郁闭度与遥感因子之间的定量关系,在此基础上利用多元回归分析法结合实测数据构建郁闭度估测模型,并对模型精度进行检验,结果表明,预估精度达到81.6%,估测效果较好。利用该模型,反演了研究区的林分冠层郁闭度,将崂山林场的林分冠层郁闭度分为四个等级,即非林地区,低郁闭度区,中郁闭度区和高郁闭度区,研究区的森林郁闭度分布呈现西北部和东南部较低,而中部和南部相对较高。     

基于树冠投影判别分析的林分郁闭度测定

采用任意二值图面积测定为方法,以Word产生不同复杂程度的二值图为数据源,对非监督分类、监督分类、像素统计法测定林分郁闭度的方法进行对比分析.结果表明:非监督分类、监督分类、像素统计法对林分郁闭度的测定结果均偏大,监督分类、像素统计法对林分郁闭度测定的精度较非监督分类法测定的要高.像素统计法操作简单、测算速度快、准确程度高,是一种通过树冠投影法测定林分郁闭度的有效方法.     

Incident rainfall partitioning and canopy interception modeling for an abandoned Japanese cypress stand

Interception loss (E _i) in forests has been studied widely. However, E _i parameters and modeling as well as spatial patterns of throughfall (TF) in abandoned Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) plantations remain poorly documented. In this study, gross precipitation (P _G), stemflow (SF), and TF were monitored in an unmanaged 32-year-old Japanese cypress stand throughout the 2011 rainy season. Results indicate that P _G partitioning into TF, SF, and E _i were, respectively, 64.2 ± 3.6, 10.6 ± 0.6, and 25.2 ± 1.1 % of the 880.8 mm cumulative P _G from 29 rainfall events. Direct throughfall proportion (p) and drainage from the canopy contributed about 14 ± 7 and 50 ± 21 % of the total TF for the events, respectively. The mean canopy storage capacity (S) was 2.4 ± 0.7 mm. The coefficient of variability (CV) of TF rate decreased asymptotically with increasing P _G amount, ranging from 16 to 56 % with median 26 %. The CV of TF rate was not significantly correlated with canopy cover (r = 0.152, P = 0.521, n = 20) and distance from the nearest trunk (r = 0.196, P = 0.408, n = 20). Based on the revised Gash analytical model, the total simulated E _i was close to the observed, with a general underestimation magnitude of 5.7 %. The E _i components were quantified, and most of the interception loss (62.9 %) evaporated during rainfall, while 26.8 % evaporated after rainfall ceased. Climatic and forest structural parameters required by the model were identified and analyzed by sensitivity analysis, implying that the revised Gash analytical model is robust and reliable enough for abandoned Japanese cypress plantations in a maritime climate.     

Rainfall interception in a moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) forest

In recent years, moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) forest areas in Japan have rapidly expanded, and bamboo is now invading nearby natural or plantation forests. To date, only one study has examined the rainfall interception of a moso bamboo forest. In that study, it was reported that the interception ratio (interception/rainfall) of the bamboo forest did not exceed the interception ratios of other natural and plantation forests (n = 4) in Japan. To expand the current state of knowledge about rainfall interception of bamboo forests, we measured throughfall and stemflow at another bamboo forest site. Annual rainfall (Rf), throughfall (Tf), and stemflow (Sf) during the measurement period were 2,105, 1,556, and 322 mm, respectively. Annual rainfall interception at the plot (I) was 228 mm. Tf/Rf, Sf/Rf, and I/Rf were 73.9, 15.3, 10.8%, respectively. I/Rf was less than 20% throughout the year except in October, the month with lowest rainfall. We also summarized rainfall interception data from 19 other natural and plantation forests. The I/Rf value of our site did not exceed the I/Rf values of these natural and plantation forests (n = 19). Our data will be useful for assessing changes in water resources that result from replacement of natural or plantation forests by bamboo forests.     

武汉市公园绿地植物的冠层雨水截留能力研究

公园绿地作为城市建设的重要组成部分,在协调雨洪管理方面具有重要作用 。研究植物冠层雨水截留能力的对 提高公园绿地雨洪功能具有重要意义 。本研究对武汉市公园绿地中常见的 80种植物进行了冠层雨水截留能力的测定与 分析 。结果表明: 同一种生活型的植物冠层雨水截留能力各有不同,具有强雨水截留能力的乔木有圆柏、枇杷、雪松、落羽 杉,灌木有绣球荚速、匍枝亮叶忍冬、杜鹃、木芙蓉,草本植物有麦冬、薏苡、香蒲、金门莎草 。不同生活型植物冠层截留能力 均值也存在较大的差异,针叶乔木的冠层雨水截留能力均值最高,而落叶阔叶乔木冠层雨水截留能力均值最低 。该研究可 为进一步筛选雨水截留能力高、适应武汉本土环境气候环境的公园绿地植物提供科学依据。     

阔叶树截留降雨试验与模型——以色木槭为例

通过实验室模拟试验,得到不同雨强和叶面积指数组合下的色木槭截留降雨过程,并考虑树冠湿润度的影响.结果表明:单位叶面积次降雨最大截留量随雨强增大而减小,枝叶截留速率随树冠湿润度变化而变化.构建色木槭截留降雨随雨强和叶面积指数变化的模型,对模型模拟验证,模拟精度为92.7%.     

Predicted models for potential canopy rainfall interception capacity of landscape trees in Shanghai,China

This study aimed to build urban green space with environmental functions (e.g., canopy interception of rainfall) and adjust hydrographic balance to some extent for forecasting the potential canopy rainfall interception capacity of landscape trees and the effects on rainfall distribution. The effects of urban green space on interception and runoff reduction have been conceptualized, but not quantified. Therefore, the leaf area index and the water storage abilities of 17 kinds of landscape trees in common use were measured, at Shanghai, and canopy rainfall interception capacity was calculated using the interception formula. The predicted rainfall interception capacity models were established choosing tree morphological characteristics (diameter at the breast height, height, and crown width) as variables. The model test showed that the errors of 12 models were less than 5% between the predicted and the measured data and the errors of four models were within 5 and 10%, with the error for only one model being between 10 and 11%. Also, the study indicated that conifer trees were able to hold more rainfall compared with broad-leaved trees per unit area (k). The results showed that these models could effectively predict the potential capacity of canopy rainfall interception for landscape trees in Shanghai area and were beneficial for species selection in constructing plant communities, aiming to improve the rainfall interception capacity of urban green space.     

红松人工林不同间伐强度对降雨再分配的影响

为研究间伐对红松人工林水源涵养功能的影响程度,该文以本溪县草河口地区70 年生不同间伐强度(对照区、中度区、极强区)的红松人工林为研究对象,研究不同间伐强度对红松人工林树干径流、穿透雨及林冠截留的影响,结果表明:红松人工林的穿透雨、树干径流以及林冠截留都会随降雨强度增加而增加,穿透雨量随间伐强度增加而增加,不同间伐强度的穿透雨率差异显著(p<0.05),树干径流率差异不显著。林冠截留量随间伐强度增加而减小,且不同间伐强度的林冠截留率差异显著(p<0.05)。