外来入侵生物豚草的综合防治与对策

目前我国外来入侵植物有107种,外来害虫32种,外来病原菌23种。每年造成经济损失达570亿元之多。豚草是20世纪30年代由美国和墨西哥北部的中美洲地区传入我国的恶性杂草。1豚草的特征特性豚草为菊科,向日葵族,豚草属一年生草本植物。目前传入我国有两种,一种是普通豚草,另一种是三裂叶豚草。普通豚草为直立型,株高5～200cm,有分枝。茎圆形多为绿色,少数呈暗红色,有较硬的短毛。叶片为羽毛状分裂,每个分裂再呈羽毛状细裂,下部叶对生,上部叶互生。外部形态很像野艾蒿,与野艾蒿不同之处是野艾蒿的叶背面有灰白色密短毛,而普通豚草的叶背面是绿色…     

高CO2浓度和遮荫对小麦叶片光能利用特性及产量构成因子的影响

CO2和光能是植物光合作用的动力和底物,它们的变化必然引起植物光合特性和生长的变化。研究大气CO2浓度和光强变化对植物光合生理的影响,有利于认识作物对全球生态变化的生理响应机制。试验以高大气CO2浓度和遮荫为处理手段,通过测定小麦(Triticum aestivum)旗叶的光合气体交换参数、光强光合速率响应曲线和产量构成因子,分析光强光能利用效率之间的关系,研究高大气CO2浓度(760μmol.mol 1)和遮荫对小麦叶片光合特性及产量构成因子的影响。结果表明,高大气CO2浓度下,小麦叶片的净光合速率(Pn)增加;同时最大净光合速率(Pnmax)、光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)显著升高;遮荫处理使小麦叶片的Pnmax、LSP、LCP降低。正常光照下大气CO2浓度升高使小麦叶片呼吸速率(Rd)显著下降,遮荫后大气CO2浓度升高对Rd无显著影响。大气CO2浓度升高能显著提高小麦叶片表观量子效率(AQY),而遮荫对AQY的影响因大气CO2浓度而异,高大气CO2浓度下遮荫使AQY显著提高,正常大气CO2浓度下遮荫则使AQY明显下降。高大气CO2浓度下遮荫使小麦株高、穗长增加,而穗粒数、单株穗粒重、千粒重减小。受光合特性的变化和光强限制,高大气CO2浓度下遮荫使小麦叶片呼吸增强,导致Pn下降,不利于干物质积累和籽粒产量的形成。     

不同氮水平下冬油菜光合氮利用效率与光合器官氮分配的关系

【目的】氮是限制作物光合作用的重要因子,除含量之外,氮在光合器官各组分间的分配可能也是影响光合作用的重要因素。本研究从叶片尺度探究冬油菜苗期氮素在光合器官中的分配,分析不同氮水平下光合氮素利用特征及其与光合氮利用效率的关系,以揭示氮素营养影响光合氮利用效率的机制。【方法】采用田间试验,设3个施氮水平(0、 180、 360 kg/hm2,分别以N0、 N180、 N360表示),在苗期测定最新完全展开的叶净光合速率(Pn)、 氮含量、 光合氮利用效率(PNUE)以及最大羧化速率(Vc max)、 最大电子传递速率(Jmax)等相关生理、 光合参数,并计算叶片氮素在光合器官(羧化系统、 生物力能学组分和捕光系统)的分配比例。【结果】施氮明显改善冬油菜苗期的生长,显著增加了叶片数、 叶面积和叶片干重,但单位叶面积干重低于不施氮处理。与N0相比,N180和N360处理的冬油菜最新完全展开叶的氮含量和Pn显著升高,其中叶片氮含量分别增加了155.0%、 157.3%,Pn则增加57.6%、 56.1%,N180与N360处理间无显著差异; 而PNUE随施氮水平的提高而降低,与N0相比,N180和N360处理分别下降了35.6%和39.6%。施氮提高了冬油菜苗期叶片的光合能力,N180和N360处理的最大净光合速率(Pn max)、 羧化效率(CE)、 最大羧化速率(Vc max)及最大电子传递速率(Jmax)显著高于N0处理。氮肥用量同样影响氮素在光合器官中的分配,与N0相比,N180和N360处理的氮素在叶片光合器官投入的比例显著降低,降低幅度分别为29.3%、 34.5%; 其分配比例在羧化系统(PC)、 生物力能学组分(PB)及捕光系统(PL)分别降低了24.1%、 23.3%、 34.6%和31.0%、 26.7%、 38.5%。相关分析表明,叶片中羧化和生物力能学组分及光合组分氮的分配比例与PNUE均呈显著正相关关系,而与非光合组分氮分配比例呈显著负相关关系。【结论】随施氮量的升高,油菜苗期光合氮利用效率呈下降趋势。氮素在光合器官(羧化系统、 生物力能学组分和捕光系统)分配的差异是影响冬油菜苗期叶片光合氮利用效率的重要原因。在保证苗期适宜氮素供应的情况下,通过协调氮素在光合器官的分配对进一步提高作物光合氮素利用效率具有重要意义。     

冬小麦光合特性对CO2浓度与土壤含水量的响应机制

光合作用是衡量植物对环境响应的重要指标,通过光响应曲线拟合量化光合特征,可从生理机制方面揭示出植物在不同生长环境下自身的调节与适应机制。本文利用Li-6400便携式光合仪测定了冬小麦在4种不同处理条件下灌浆期旗叶的光响应曲线,采用直角双曲线模型(RHM)、非直角双曲线模型(NRHM)、直角双曲线修正模型(RHMM)、指数模型(EM)和指数改进模型(MEM)对光响应数据进行拟合,分析了不同CO_2浓度和土壤含水量对冬小麦光合特征的影响。结果表明,直角双曲线修正模型对各处理下冬小麦光响应曲线和光响应曲线参数的拟合值都与实测值较为接近,拟合效果最好;随着CO_2浓度升高,各水分处理下冬小麦表观量子效率(α)、光饱和点(LSP)和最大净光合速率(P_(nmax))增大,光补偿点(LCP)和暗呼吸(R_d)降低,即CO_2浓度升高能有效增加冬小麦的光能转化率和光能利用范围,提高冬小麦的光合能力;随着土壤含水量的降低,冬小麦光补偿点(LCP)和暗呼吸速率(R_d)升高,但表观量子效率(α)、光饱和点(LSP)和最大净光合速率(Pnmax)降低,即冬小麦虽然能通过提高初始光合效率抵消一部分干旱胁迫的影响,但干旱胁迫仍会降低冬小麦光合能力;此外,CO_2浓度的增加能抵消部分冬小麦因干旱胁迫引起的光合能力降低。     

入侵植物豚草与本地植物马唐对土壤肥力与酶活性影响的比较

通过同质园试验比较研究了外来入侵植物豚草与本地植物马唐对土壤肥力及3大类酶活性的影响.结果表明: 与本地植物及空白对照相比, 豚草显著提高了入侵地的土壤有效养分含量, 特别是有效钾含量是空白对照区和本地植物马唐区的3.6倍和1.3倍.与空白对照区和本地植物马唐种植区相比, 豚草种植区的土壤酶活性亦显著提高.外来入侵植物豚草在入侵地形成新的关系过程中, 比本地植物马唐能更快地提高土壤有效养分含量及酶活性, 从而实现较短时间内通过提高土壤肥力, 形成对自身生长有利的土壤环境来帮助其竞争入侵.     

入侵杂草小飞蓬和钻形紫菀种子风传扩散生物学特性研究

种子的风传扩散是菊科入侵杂草的主要扩散方式之一,植物自身的传播特性和外在环境因子决定了种子扩散格局。从种子释放高度、沉降速度、脱落行为等内在因子出发,研究了两种在我国广泛分布的典型菊科入侵种小飞蓬和钻形紫菀自身的传播特性与风传扩散特征的关系。结果表明,小飞蓬和钻形紫菀的沉降速度均较小,分别为41.4cm·s-1和30.7cm·s-1,在空中停留时间长,且种子的脱落方式为非随机脱落,脱落概率大致与风速的平方成正比;种子的释放高度在种群内部存在很大的差异,显著影响种子的扩散距离。相比而言,小飞蓬种子的沉降速度大、释放高度高、远距离扩散（〉100m）的概率大,扩散距离更远。研究表明了植物自身的传播特性对种子风传扩散的重要性,也为其他菊科入侵杂草种子风传扩散的研究提供了科学依据。     

不同时期超级杂交稻光合特性及氮素利用效率研究

为探明不同时期超级杂交稻光合特性及氮素利用效率的差异,以5个不同时期具有代表性的超级杂交稻品种为试验材料,研究其光合特性、氮素利用率及氮素光合效率的变化特点。结果表明,前3期超级杂交稻产量随着施氮量的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,均在施氮量为300 kg·hm^-2水平时最高;后2期超级杂交稻产量随着施氮量的增加而增加,但施氮量为390 kg·hm^-2与300 kg·hm^-2的产量差异不显著。随着施氮量的增加,各时期超级杂交稻净光合速率(Pn)、比叶重(SLW)、氮素吸收利用率(REN)均呈先增加后降低的趋势,氮素光合利用效率(PNUE)和氮素偏生产力(PEPN)呈逐渐降低趋势;在各时期超级杂交稻品种中,随着品种的演进,其叶片氮含量(LNC)和SLW均得到显著改善,而光合生理特性和PNUE则无明显的变化。综上所述,在超级杂交稻品种改良中对氮素吸收利用的提高幅度大于较光合利用明显,在今后超级杂交稻品种改良中应着重对叶片光合生理特性方面的提高。本研究结果为超级杂交稻的选育提供了理论依据。     

耐弱光基因型马铃薯在遮阴条件下的光合和荧光特性分析

为探寻遮阴对马铃薯光合和荧光特性及吸收光能分配的影响,本研究采用大田试验,以马铃薯不耐弱光品种‘丽薯6号’和耐弱光品种‘中薯20’为材料,出苗后用遮光率70%的黑色遮阳网进行遮阴处理(T),以自然光照为对照(CK),测定了遮阴30 d后马铃薯叶片的光合作用、光响应曲线、CO_2响应曲线、光诱导曲线和叶绿素荧光参数的变化。结果表明:1)遮阴后净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、最大净光合速率(P_(max))、光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)较CK显著下降;‘中薯20’的P_n、P_(max)、LSP较高,LCP和暗呼吸速率(R_d)较低。2)不同基因型CO_2响应参数无显著差异,但‘中薯20’的最大羧化速率(V_(cmax))和最大电子传递速率(Jmax)较高,CO_2补偿点(CCP)较低。3)高光诱导过程中,‘中薯20’反应较快,光合能力较强。4)初始荧光(F_o)、最大荧光(F_m)、最大光化学量子效率(F_v/F_m)较CK显著增加,PSⅡ实际光化学量子效率(?F/F_m′)、表观电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)较CK显著下降,非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)呈增加趋势。5)非光化学热耗散(ФNPQ)和荧光耗散途径(Фf,d)比例显著增加,光化学猝灭耗散途径(ФPSⅡ)比例显著减少,主要以增加热耗散为主。遮阴后,耐弱光基因型‘中薯20’的NPQ和ФNPQ均高于不耐弱光的‘丽薯6号’,说明‘中薯20’的光合机构保护能力更强。综合分析表明,遮阴后耐弱光基因型马铃薯具有较高的净光合速率、较低的光补偿点、较低的CO_2补偿点、较快的光诱导反应速度和较高的非光化学热耗散能力。     

云南玉溪烟区两烟草品种叶片光合作用对光和CO_2的响应

通过大田试验,比较了云南玉溪烟区两个主栽烟草品种NC297和K326旺长初期叶片光合作用的光响应和CO2响应曲线特征。结果表明:两个品种的光合特性存在一定的差异,NC297最大净光合速率(Amax)、光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和点(LSP)、表观量子效率(AQY)、表观羧化效率(ACE)均较高,气孔限制值(Ls)低而气孔导度(Cs)大,由于NC297的净光合速率远大于K326,其水分利用效率(WUE)也较高。此外,NC297叶片的光合色素(叶绿素a、b和类胡萝卜素)和可溶性蛋白质含量也较K326高。试验说明,处于所选研究地的海拔高度和生态环境条件下,NC297比K326具有更高的羧化速率、光能利用效率以及对强光的适应能力,光合能力较大,水分利用效率高,其潜在的生产能力也比较大。     

扁桃-冬小麦间作系统树冠截光程度对小麦产量和灌浆期光合特性的影响

为探明果粮间作模式下树冠遮阴对间作冬小麦灌浆期光合特性和产量的影响,为新疆南疆果粮间作模式的选择和优化提供理论依据,本研究以扁桃-冬小麦间作模式为研究对象,设置重度遮阴和轻度遮阴2个处理,以单作小麦为对照,对间作区域光合有效辐射(PAR)、小麦产量及灌浆期叶片光合色素和可溶性蛋白含量、光响应曲线、荧光动力学参数、群体光合速率进行测定。结果表明:间作区域遮阴程度受树冠结构和间作区域距树体距离共同影响,主干分层形扁桃(重度遮阴)近冠和远冠间作区域小麦灌浆期PAR日均值为自然光强的18.61%和25.90%,小冠圆头形扁桃(轻度遮阴)对应值为56.00%和64.53%。与扁桃间作导致小麦旗叶Chla+b含量和Chla/b比值降低; PAR日均值≤56.00%自然光时,小麦旗叶可溶性蛋白质含量显著降低; PAR日均值≤25.90%自然光时,旗叶光系统Ⅱ的实际光合效率(ΦSPⅡ)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)、最大净光合速率(P_(max))及群体光合速率日均值均显著降低; PAR日均值≥64.53%自然光时小麦群体光合速率存在明显的补偿现象。综上,扁桃-冬小麦间作模式下,小麦光合能力及产量与遮阴程度密切相关,重度遮阴导致小麦单叶和群体光合能力及产量显著降低;轻度遮阴条件下,小麦旗叶光合能力无显著变化,群体光合速率存在明显的补偿现象,对产量无显著影响。     

Effects of different mulching practices on the photosynthetic characteristics of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in a greenhouse in Northwest China

Mulching is considered a desirable management technology for improving and stabilizing agricultural crop production. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different mulching practices on hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) performance in terms of leaf photosynthetic capacity, photosynthetic light response (PLR) curves, and growth parameters, under greenhouse conditions. Consequently, field experiments were conducted during the 2011 and 2012 growing seasons in Northwest China using four types of mulching practices (without mulch; wheat straw mulch; plastic film mulch; and combined mulch with plastic film and wheat straw). The results showed that mulching increased the leaf net photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance to water vapor, intercellular CO₂ concentration, water-use efficiency, and transpiration rate. Mulching significantly affected the PLR curves, and important parameters (such as the apparent quantum yield, maximum net photosynthetic rate, light compensation point, and light saturation point) were all improved under combined mulching conditions when compared with other mulching practices. Therefore, it is inferred that hot pepper leaf photosynthetic capacity and light-use efficiency were significantly improved under combined mulching, and thereby the combined mulching is recommended for hot pepper cultivation in greenhouses due to working well to facilitate soil condition (moisture and temperature), plant growth, and marketable photosynthetic characteristics.     

EFFECTS OF SOIL SALINITY IN THE GROWTH OF AMBROSIA ARTEMISIIFOLIA BIOTYPES COLLECTED FROM ROADSIDE AND AGRICULTURAL FIELD

Morphological differences were observed between roadside (R) and agricultural field (F) biotypes of Ambrosia artemisiifolia, in which R-type seedlings were shorter and produced larger and heavier seeds under greenhouse grown conditions. Previous findings indicated that A. artemisiifolia R-types exhibited greater salt tolerance with respect to germination. However, the impact of biotype and salt tolerance on morphological variation has not been investigated in A. artemisiifolia plants. After performing replicated greenhouse experiments with both biotypes, it was shown that salinity level was a critical factor influencing both seedling and mature plant size and this response was dependent upon biotype. The R-type exhibited slight but significant increases in growth at low/mild salinity levels (50–100 mM) compared with non-saline conditions, while the F-type exhibited significantly reduced growth at the low/mild salinity levels. The reductions in growth of F-type plants in low/mild salinity were similar to those reductions of R-types observed in non-saline conditions. As both biotypes produced seeds at low/mild salinity levels, we conclude that low/mild salinity affects A. artemisiifolia plant size and overall growth rate, and secondly, certain F-type plants may acclimate to the roadside environment over time by reducing their size while producing larger seed under saline conditions. It is possible that this species may exhibit changes in morphology after several generations of exposure to saline roadside conditions. Toxicity due to salt treatment at high salinity (400 mM) was observed in both biotypes, whereas the R-type was more tolerant to both low and high salinity levels with respect to seed germination. Differential A. artemisiifolia growth responses which occur from seed germination to plant maturity may be partially attributed to its ability to tolerate saline soil conditions both under greenhouse and field conditions. This ability to tolerate saline conditions may be especially important in early spring when roadside soils experience increased salinity, caused by de-icing salt treatments applied during the winter season.     

EXOGENOUS APPLICATION OF POTASSIUM NITRATE TO ALLEVIATE SALT STRESS IN RICE SEEDLINGS

□ Overall growth characteristics of many plant species cultivated in soil affected by salinity could be alleviated by the application of potassium nitrate (KNO₃) to the soil. The aim of this research was to investigate salt-tolerance in a salt-sensitive rice cultivar, ‘Pathumthani 1’ (PT1), in response to the exogenous application of 11.8 mM KNO₃, in comparison to ‘Homjan’ (HJ), a salt tolerant cultivar. Water potential (ψ_w) in both the roots and leaves of PT1 seedlings under salt stress dropped significantly, while it was maintained in PT1 pretreated with KNO₃, and similarly in HJ. The reduction of leaf water potential was positively related to total chlorophyll degradation, leading to diminished chlorophyll fluorescence, directly affecting growth in plants exposed to salt stress. In salt-sensitive PT1, the application of 11.8 mM KNO₃ improved salt-tolerance via the conservation of water use efficiency, the maintenance of photosynthetic pigments, enhancement of chlorophyll a fluorescence, and stimulation of growth characters.     

混种少花龙葵嫁接后代对镉胁迫枇杷幼苗光合生理的影响

采用盆栽试验,将4种少花龙葵嫁接后代分别和枇杷(大五星枇杷和川早枇杷)幼苗混种于镉含量为10 mg/kg的污染土壤中,研究了混种对两种植物光合生理的影响。结果表明:混种后,枇杷幼苗相应的叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、叶绿素总量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度、气孔导度及可溶性糖含量均高于单种,叶表面蒸汽压亏缺降低;少花龙葵嫁接后代相应的SPAD值和净光合速率、蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度、气孔导度均高于单种,其可溶性糖含量较单种有所降低,混种大五星枇杷的少花龙葵嫁接后代的叶表面蒸汽压亏缺高于其单种,但混种少花龙葵嫁接后代的川早枇杷叶表面蒸汽压亏缺低于其单种。因此,少花龙葵嫁接后代混种枇杷可提高两种植物的光合作用,进而可促进两种植物的生长。     

模拟氮沉降对一年生香椿幼苗生长和光合特性的影响

为研究氮沉降对一年生香椿(Toonasinensis)幼苗夏季生长以及光合特性的影响,通过在夏季模拟氮沉降控制试验,以尿素为氮源供体,设置0kg(N)×hm~(-2)×a~(-1)(CK)、20kg(N)×hm~(-2)×a~(-1)、40kg(N)×hm~(-2)×a~(-1)、80kg(N)×hm~(-2)×a~(-1)、120 kg(N)×hm~(-2)×a~(-1)、180 kg(N)×hm~(-2)×a~(-1)不同氮添加水平以模拟氮沉降,对香椿幼苗地径、苗高、生物量及其分配和光合作用等进行研究。结果表明:1)不同氮添加量均促进了香椿幼苗地径、苗高和生物量的增加,地径、苗高和生物量均以氮添加水平180kg(N)×hm~(-2)×a~(-1)下最高,分别较CK高42.5%、64.4%和304.9%,且生物量向根、叶分配较多; 2)香椿幼苗叶片相对叶绿素含量(SPAD)随氮添加水平的增加而增加,在180 kg(N)×hm~(-2)×a~(-1)下最高,较CK增加73.9%;3)香椿幼苗表观量子效率(AQY)、最大净光合速率(Pnmax)、光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)以及暗呼吸速率(Rd)随氮添加水平的增加均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,其中LCP以80 kg(N)×hm~(-2)×a~(-1)下最高, AQY、Pnmax、LSP和Rd均以120kg(N)×hm~(-2)×a~(-1)下最高。结果表明,适量氮沉降能够促进香椿幼苗生长和光合能力的提高,但更高水平的氮沉降可能对香椿幼苗产生一定抑制作用。     

Heavy metal accumulation in leaves affects physiological performance and litter quality of Quercus ilex L.

This study aimed to investigate the relationships between leaf functional modifications and heavy metal concentrations of Quercus ilex L., a good bioindicator of air quality. In addition, as metal concentration in litter plays an important role in decomposition and, in turn, in biogeochemical cycles, samples of undecomposed and whole‐leaf litter were analyzed for heavy metals. Leaves and leaf litter of Q. ilex were collected at six sites (roadsides, motorway sites, and urban parks) in Naples (Southern Italy) and characterized for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb concentrations. The investigated functional leaf traits were: leaf area (LA), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry‐matter content (LDMC), water content (WC), leaf relative water content (RWC), maximal PSII photochemical efficiency (F_v/F_m, variable fluorescence / maximal fluorescence), and total chlorophyll concentration. The motorways were the most contaminated sites, and Pb was the main responsible source of contamination. The metal contamination caused slight variation of F_v/F_m, suggesting that metals did not significantly alter functionality of the photosynthetic apparatus. On the other hand, it can be supposed that higher leaf deposit can cause an increase of pigment biosynthesis in response to the shading increase caused by dust deposition.     

Influence of nitrogen on leaf chlorophyll content and photosynthesis of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to estimate the influence of different rates of soil-applied nitrogen on leaf N and chlorophyll content and photosynthesis in ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees. Three different treatments were included: the trees were either fertilized with 80 kg N ha^?1 (N-80), 250 kg N ha^?1 (N-250) or left unfertilized (CON). Fertilization increased leaf nitrogen content, with a more prominent effect in high N application level treatment. In all treatments, a slight seasonal decrease in leaf nitrogen content was observed. N-250 treatment resulted in higher chlorophyll content; a similar effect was found late in the season for N-80 treatment. Measurements of A-C _i curves, performed on spur leaves, revealed a higher CO₂ saturated photosynthetic rate in N-250 trees compared with low application level fertilized or unfertilized trees. No effect of N fertilization on carboxylation efficiency was found, as revealed by comparisons of the initial slopes of A-C _i curves. The lack of positive effect is rather surprising, since the leaf N content was efficiently increased with application of fertilizer. Obviously, the existing pool of leaf nitrogen in non-fertilized trees does not limit Rubisco activity and efficiency.     

不同液体有机肥对新疆棉花生长及土壤养分的影响

为研究不同液体有机肥对新疆棉花生长及土壤养分的影响，进而确定滴灌棉田最适宜的液体有机肥类型，为优化新疆滴灌棉花施肥技术提供理论依据，采用盆栽试验，设置5个处理包括不施肥（CK）、常规施肥（化肥，CF）、含氨基酸液体有机肥（AF）、含腐殖酸液体有机肥（HF）、酸性有机肥浸提液（BF），考察了不同施肥处理对棉花生长、叶片光合能力、产量构成、土壤养分以及养分利用率的影响。结果表明：与CF处理相比，不同液体有机肥均能促进棉花生长，提高土壤有效养分含量。其中，AF处理较CF处理显著提高了棉花叶片气孔导度（G_s），增加7.18%；与CF处理相比，HF处理对棉花株高、茎粗、叶片蒸腾速率（T_r）、总根表面积的促进作用最显著，分别增加了6.38%、3.92%、11.01%和14.52%~11.84%，棉花茎和地下部干物质量最高；BF处理棉花总根长显著提高41.21%~49.48%，同时叶片净光合速率（P_n）最强，棉花单株成铃数、衣分最高，棉花蕾铃、籽棉和整株干物质量显著提高了27.91%、11.83%和9.76%。对于土壤理化性质，AF、HF和BF处理较CF处理均显著提高了土壤有效磷含量；BF处理显著降低了土壤pH，且土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量均高于其他处理。BF处理棉花肥料偏生产力、肥料农学效率和肥料贡献率较CF处理提高了5.83%~19.33%，显著高于其他处理。总之，3种液体有机肥均能促进棉花生长，增加棉花干物质积累，提高土壤有效养分含量以及肥料利用率，其中以酸性有机肥浸提液效果最佳。因此，在滴灌棉田应用酸性有机肥浸提液可以获得更高的棉花产量及肥料利用率，有利于新疆滴灌棉田可持续发展。     

Inter- and Intra-specific Differences in the Response of Chinese Leafy Vegetables to Ozone

The response to ozone (O₃) of a range of Chinese leafy vegetables was investigated with respect to both inter- and intra-specific differences in sensitivity. In the interspecific experiment local Chinese cultivars of pak choi, rape, leaf mustard, leaf lettuce and coriander were fumigated with 90?ppb O₃ for 9?h daily for 22?C30?days. A similar fumigation was carried out using four different cultivars of pak choi. Sequential measurements were made of leaf injury, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and chlorophyll fluorescence, together with dry weights at a final harvest. O₃ injury appeared as white or yellow blemishes on the leaf surface of all species. The first signs of injury were seen following only 3-days?? O₃ exposure (pak choi); the extent of injured leaf area increased over time for all species and cultivars, with 44.6% of the leaf area visibly injured for leaf mustard, the species with the greatest extent of injury, following 30-days?? exposure. Significant reductions in photosynthetic rate (22.7?C40.7%) and stomatal conductance (19.1?C33.1%) were found for all species and cultivars following O₃ exposure. Plant productivity was also reduced in O₃ compared to filtered air, with significant yield reductions for all species (11.1?C50.8% above-ground dry weight) as well as for all cultivars of pak choi (15.8?C28.1% above-ground dry weight). The mechanisms for observed impacts are discussed, together with the implications for current and future production of vegetables in the southern China province of Guangdong.