Aroma extract dilution analysis. Precision and optimal experimental design

The odor thresholds of 12 different compounds have been determined in an AEDA experiment using a panel composed of 8 individuals. Only in one case is the distribution of thresholds among judges significantly different from the log-normal. The cause of that departure from normality seems to be a cross adaptation rather than anosmia. The standard deviations (SD) range from 2(0.7) to 2(4.1), with 2(1.8) as average. If the AEDA is carried out at a dilution rate, R, and dilution R(P) (where P = 0, 1, 2.) is the last one at which a compound was detected by a judge, the flavor dilution (FD) factor that should be provided for that judge is R(P+0.5). In the case where several judges carry out the AEDA, the FD for a given compound should be the geometric mean of the FD provided by all the judges. The SD of the distribution of FDs is related to that of the distribution of odor thresholds, but is strongly influenced by the dilution rate, R, being higher with higher R values. The relationship between both SDs can be used to determine the expected precision (measured as the geometric length of the 95% confidence interval) of the result of an AEDA experiment as a function of the dilution rate, the number of judges, and the SD of the distribution of thresholds. Different simulations have shown that in most cases, a dilution rate of 10 is the best option, and that lower dilution rates are advantageous only if the analyzed solution contains compounds with a very narrow distribution of thresholds.     

Characterization of the aroma of a meatlike process flavoring from soybean-based enzyme-hydrolyzed vegetable protein

Defatted soybean meal was converted into enzyme-hydrolyzed vegetable protein (E-HVP) using the proteolytic enzyme Flavorzyme. Total free amino acids increased by 40-fold after enzyme hydrolysis, with leucine being the most abundant, followed by phenylalanine, lysine, glutamine/glutamic acid, and alanine. Volatile components from a meatlike process flavoring made from E-HVP were isolated by direct solvent extraction (DSE)-high vacuum transfer (HVT), dynamic headspace sampling and static headspace sampling and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry and GC-olfactometry. Aroma extract dilution analysis was used to establish a flavor dilution chromatogram of the DSE-HVT extract. Results of these complementary techniques indicated the importance of odorants of high (hydrogen sulfide and methanethiol), intermediate (2-methyl-3-furanthiol, 3-mercapto-2-pentanone, 2-furanmethanethiol, and 3-(methylthiol)propanal) and low volatility (maltol and Furaneol) in the overall aroma of the meatlike process flavoring.     

Evaluation of aroma compounds contributing to muskmelon flavor in Porapak Q extracts by aroma extract dilution analysis

The flavor of the Miyabi variety of Japanese muskmelon was extracted according to the Porapak Q column method (PQM) and evaluated by using aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) method. The overall odor of the PQM extracts was perceived as having a natural muskmelon-like odor, suggesting that the PQM was able to extract volatile compounds in muskmelon fruit without degradation of original flavor. Forty-six odorant compounds [Kovats index (KI), 961 < or = KI < or = 2605] were found by GC-sniffing in PQM extracts, confirming the effectiveness of PQM in trapping a wide range of volatile compounds in muskmelon flavor. The 46 odorants could be divided into three groups on the basis of their odor attributes: fruity note (KI < 1300); green, grassy, or cucumber-like note (1300 < KI < 2020); and sweet note (KI > 2020). When the original extracts were diluted in AEDA analysis, seven odorants could still be detected by GC-sniffing at a flavor diluation (FD) factor of 128 or above: one had a fruity note (compound 3); four had a cucumber-like, green, or grassy note (compounds 12, 17, 21, and 23); and two had a sweet note (caramel-like or yakitori-like) (compounds 32 and 34).     

模糊评判优化水酶法提取膨化大豆油脂和蛋白

针对水酶法同时提取大豆油与蛋白时,两种目标对工艺参数的优化有差别,因此应用模糊综合评判法对工艺参数进行双目标综合优化,得到同时兼顾高油脂提取率与高蛋白提取率的酶解工艺参数。其结果为：加酶量1.85%,酶解温度50℃,酶解时间3.6 h,料液比1︰6,pH值为9。此时,油脂提取率为92.76%左右,蛋白提取率为93.81%左右。利用扫描电子显微镜、能谱分析以及显微切片分别就蛋白水解状态对油脂释放影响机理进行了研究。通过研究可知,挤压膨化再粉碎后的大豆粉水解过程中油脂的释放取决于蛋白水解状态,经过挤压膨化后大豆细胞结构已经被较充分破坏,而大豆油脂与蛋白的作用没有被完全破坏,所以需要把蛋白充分水解才能使油脂释放聚集,因此挤压膨化后水酶法可以兼顾得到高油脂提取率和高蛋白提取率。     

Aroma extraction dilution analysis of Sauternes wines. Key role of polyfunctional thiols

The aim of the present work was to investigate Sauternes wine aromas. In all wine extracts, polyfunctional thiols were revealed to have a huge impact. A very strong bacon-petroleum odor emerged at RI = 845 from a CP-Sil5-CB column. Two thiols proved to participate in this perception: 3-methyl-3-sulfanylbutanal and 2-methylfuran-3-thiol. A strong synergetic effect was evidenced between the two compounds. The former, never mentioned before in wines, and not found in the musts of this study, is most probably synthesized during fermentation. 3-Methylbut-2-ene-1-thiol, 3-sulfanylpropyl acetate, 3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol, and 3-sulfanylheptanal also contribute to the global aromas of Sauternes wines. Among other key odorants, the presence of a varietal aroma (alpha-terpineol), sotolon, fermentation alcohols (3-methylbutan-1-ol and 2-phenylethanol) and esters (ethyl butyrate, ethyl hexanoate, and ethyl isovalerate), carbonyls (trans-non-2-enal and beta-damascenone), and wood flavors (guaiacol, vanillin, eugenol, beta-methyl-gamma-octalactone, and Furaneol) is worth stressing.     

挤压豆渣中可溶性膳食纤维制备工艺的优化

为了获得碱法制备挤压豆渣中可溶性膳食纤维的最适工艺参数,以液固比、温度、时间和碱浓度为试验因子,以可溶性膳食纤维产率为响应值,采用中心旋转组合试验设计进行试验。结果表明：4个因素对可溶性膳食纤维产率的影响大小依次为碱浓度＞液固比＞温度＞时间。通过典型性分析得出可溶性膳食纤维最适制备条件为：液固比26∶1、温度89℃、时间68 min、碱浓度1.12%。在此条件下,可溶性膳食纤维产率的预测值为33.96%,验证试验所得可溶性膳食纤维产率为34.12%。回归方程的预测值和试验值差异不显著,所得回归模型拟合情况良好,达到设计要求。在本试验优化的条件下,以经挤压豆渣为原料制备的可溶性膳食纤维产率（34.12%）显著高于以未经挤压豆渣为原料的产率（13.51%）。     

Aroma extract dilution analysis of Cv. Marion (Rubus spp. hyb) and Cv. Evergreen (R. laciniatus L.) blackberries

Cultivar Marion and Evergreen blackberry aromas were analyzed by aroma extract dilution analysis. Sixty-three aromas were identified (some tentatively) by mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-retention time; 48 were common to both cultivars, and 27 have not been previously reported in blackberry fruit. A comparison of cultivars shows that both have comparable compound types and numbers but with widely differing aroma impacts, as measured by flavor dilution (FD) factors. Ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, ethyl 2-methylpropanoate, hexanal, furanones (2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3-(2H)-furanone, 2-ethyl-4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3-(2H)-furanone, 4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3-(2H)-furanone, 4,5-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-2-(5H)-furanone, and 5-ethyl-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-(5H)-furanone), and sulfur compounds (thiophene, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, 2-methylthiophene, and methional) were prominent in Evergreen (FD 512-2048). Except for ethyl 2-methylpropanoate, these same compounds were also prominent in Marion, but the FD factors varied significantly (FD 8-256) from Evergreen. The aroma profile of blackberry is complex, as no single volatile was unanimously described as characteristically blackberry.     

挤压-酶解大豆蛋白结构与特性关系及其乳液乳化活性评价

以低温冷榨豆粕粉为原料,研究挤压-酶解处理对大豆蛋白酶解物蛋白结构及其乳液界面特性的影响,并探究酶解物乳液对蛋液稳定性的改善作用。结果表明,经挤压预处理的大豆蛋白酶解物柔性和表面疏水性随着酶解时间的延长呈现先增加后减少的变化趋势,在酶解30 min时分别达到最大值0.40和44.96;挤压大豆蛋白酶解物的二级结构由有序向无序状态转变,表现为β-转角和无规则卷曲的含量增加,β-折叠和α-螺旋的含量减少。挤压大豆蛋白酶解物乳液的储能模量G''和损耗模量G''及界面肽含量均随着酶解程度的增强呈现先增大后减小的趋势,乳化活性和乳化稳定性也在酶解30 min时分别达到最佳值28.45 m²/g和61.05 min。挤压大豆蛋白酶解物乳液与蛋液以3:3质量比混合时,采用多重光散射分析乳液的稳定性,其不稳定性系数（thermal instability index,TSI）较小,乳液体系呈现较好稳定性,表明挤压大豆蛋白酶解物乳液可以有效改善蛋液的稳定性。该研究为大豆蛋白酶解物在乳化食品领域中应用提供理论基础。     

挤压膨化预处理工艺优化提高大豆蛋白粉品质

该文对大豆挤压膨化预处理工艺进行研究,制得优质膨化大豆蛋白粉。以大豆为原料,研究利用挤压膨化机对经破碎及调质的大豆进行处理,替代部分预处理工序,再经榨油机榨出部分油脂制得膨化大豆蛋白粉的方法。试验通过单因素和响应面优化试验研究挤压膨化大豆含水率、膨化温度、螺杆转速和模孔孔径对大豆脲酶活性的影响,结果表明:当调质含水率为9.0%、膨化温度160℃、螺杆转速270 r/min及模孔孔径18 mm时膨化后大豆脲酶活性为0.021 U/g,同时经透射电镜显示膨化后大豆中的脂肪外露明显,经榨油机压榨再经粉碎制得膨化大豆蛋白粉,豆粉中脂肪质量分数7.1%,氮溶解指数(nitrogen solubility index,NSI)80.5%,实现了通过挤压膨化替代软化、轧坯、蒸炒工艺,简化了生产工序。     

反胶束萃取大豆蛋白反萃取过程的动力学研究

该文通过系统地研究影响总传质系数的各个主要因素（水相pH值、离子强度，初始有机相中蛋白质浓度、振荡速度和反萃取温度）,探讨了以丁二酸二异辛酯磺酸钠(AOT)/异辛烷反胶束体系反萃取大豆蛋白的动力学。结果表明，大豆蛋白反萃取过程中总传质系数，随着反萃取水相的pH值和温度的升高而增大；随着离子强度的增大而先增大后减小；随着振荡速度和初始有机相中蛋白质浓度的增大而几乎不变。说明在反萃取过程中，大豆蛋白在有机相和水相两相内的扩散阻力可以忽略，界面阻力是传质过程中的主要阻力。由此推断出大豆蛋白的反萃取过程属于界面控制类型，“满胶束”在界面上的聚结过程是反萃取的速率控制步骤。通过研究，深入了解了大豆蛋白反萃取过程的机理，可有效地控制和强化萃取过程，提高萃取率，为今后的研究提供可靠的基础数据和理论依据。     

Antioxidant activity of fermented soybean extract

Free radicals are considered to be important causative factors in the development of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. This relationship has led to interest in evaluating the antioxidant capacities of many dietary supplements. Fermented soybean extract is produced by symbiotic fermentation of organic soybean with 20 types of Lactobacillus and yeast. In vitro and in vivo models are used in this study to evaluate the antioxidant effect of fermented soybean extract. Several in vitro models are used to detect the antioxidant capacity of the fermented soybean extract, which is compared to vitamin C and Trolox. The results demonstrate that the fermented soybean extract has strong antioxidant activity against unsaturated fatty acid peroxidation compared to vitamin C and Trolox. By the means of the test system developed by Y. Toshiki et al., it is shown that the fermented soybean extract can function both as an antioxidant and as a free radical acceptor that can convert free radicals into harmless substances through an energy-decreasing procedure. An in vivo study examines the effects of fermented soybean extract on the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes (AOE) including total superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) are measured in liver, kidney, and brain from male Sprague-Dawley rats. The activities of CAT, SOD, and GPX are increased in the liver. However, the SOD activity is decreased in the kidney. SOD and GPX activities are decreased in the brain. These results lead to the conclusion that fermented soybean extract not only has antioxidant activity but also has an effect on the activity of antioxidant enzymes in liver.     

补料发酵法生产玫瑰醋工艺优化及风味分析

为了提高传统玫瑰醋的生产效率,以装料量为500 kg的陶缸作发酵容器,在自然发酵条件下,分别在1.5、2.5、3.5 g/100 mL的初始酸度进行补料,补料体积比(原醋液:黄酒醪)设置为2:1和1:1两种情况,完成玫瑰醋补料发酵工艺的研究。结果表明:在初始酸度2.5 g/100 mL时补加等体积酒醪,发酵过程酸度最高上升到(5.59±0.27)g/100 mL(对照组为(5.19±0.23)g/100 mL),醋酸发酵周期从90 d缩短至78 d;非挥发性有机酸积累量达(27.15±1.11)mg/mL(对照组为(24.57±0.69)mg/mL),样品酸甜适口,酸味柔和;补料成品色率达到1.8×105(对照组色率为1.9×105),色泽接近传统玫瑰醋。该工艺的完成对玫瑰醋生产企业扩大产量、提高效率有积极意义。     

Effect of soyasaponins-rich extract from soybean on acute alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity in mice

The protective effects of soyasaponins-rich extract (SRE) from soybean against acute alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity were first investigated in the Institute of Cancer Research mice. Administration of SRE prior to alcohol significantly prevented the increases in serum aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase caused by alcohol, as well as hepatic triglyceride, total cholesterol, and malondialdehyde levels. Mice treated with SRE showed a better profile of the antioxidant system with normal superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase activities, which were associated with the increase of hepatic glutathione levels relative to the acute alcohol-treated group. Supplement of SRE prevented alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis necrosis, inflammation, and swelling, as indicated by liver histopathological studies. All of these findings demonstrate that SRE has protective effects on acute alcohol-induced liver damage.     

Identification of potent odorants in different green tea varieties using flavor dilution technique

Two kinds of pan-fired green teas (Japanese Kamairi-cha and Chinese Longing tea) were compared with the common Japanese green tea (Sen-cha). Application of the aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) using the volatile fraction of the Sen-cha, Kamairi-cha and Longing tea infusions revealed 32, 51, and 52 odor-active peaks with flavor dilution factors between 16 and 1024, respectively. (Z)-1,5-Octadien-3-one (metallic, geranium-like), 4-mercapto-4-methyl-2-pentanone (meaty, black currant-like), methional (potato-like), (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal (cucumber-like), and 3-methylnonane-2,4-dione (green, fruity, hay-like) showed high flavor dilution factors in all varieties. In addition, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (popcorn-like), 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine (nutty), 2,3-diethyl-5-methylpyrazine (nutty), and 2-acetyl-2-thiazoline (popcorn-like) belonged to the most potent odorants only in the pan-fired green teas. Among these odorants, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline and 2-acetyl-2-thiazoline were identified for the first time among the tea volatiles.     

缓沉性水产膨化饲料加工工艺参数优化

该研究旨在研究不同加工工艺参数对缓沉性水产膨化饲料品质指标的影响规律,优化缓沉性水产膨化饲料的加工工艺参数。采用中心组合试验设计,选取调质物料含水率、膨化机螺杆转速和模头温度3个因素,吨料开孔面积固定为450 mm2/(t·h),调质物料含水率在23%～27%,模头温度范围在100～140 ℃,膨化机螺杆转速范围在180～300 r/min,对加工工艺参数进行优化。试验结果表明：随着调质物料含水率的升高,膨化饲料的容重逐渐降低,膨化率逐渐升高,在螺杆转速相同的条件下,不同模头温度的沉降速度的差异逐渐增大。随着模头温度的升高,膨化饲料的容重逐渐降低,膨化率逐渐升高,沉降速度逐渐降低,10 min沉水率先升高后降低。随着螺杆转速的增大,能耗逐渐升高,在调质物料含水率为23%～25%时,初始沉水率逐渐增大;当调质物料含水率大于25%时,10 min沉水率呈现先减小后增大的趋势。调质物料含水率和螺杆转速的交互项与初始沉水率呈负相关。调质物料含水率和模头温度的交互项与10 min内下沉率呈负相关。优化工艺参数：调质物料含水率为27%,模头温度110.68 ℃,螺杆转速265 r/min,在此条件下,平均容重为533.17 g/L,沉降速度为7.10 cm/s,初始沉水率为70.33%,10 min沉水率为99.00%。研究结果可为饲料企业生产缓沉性水产膨化饲料提供参考依据。     

Physicochemical and flavor characteristics of flavoring agent from mungbean protein hydrolyzed by bromelain

Enzymatic bromelain mungbean meal protein hydrolysate (eb-MPH) was produced from mungbean meal protein isolate (MPI). Enzymatic bromelain, with a known protease activity of 98,652 (unit/g), was used at concentrations of 0, 2, 6, 10, 14 and 18% (w/w) and with hydrolysis times of 0.5, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h. The pH and temperature were controlled at 6.0 and 50 °C, respectively. It was found that the best treatment combination for eb-MPH production by response surface methodology (RSM) was 18% bromelain and a hydrolysis time of 3 h, resulting in the greatest degree of hydrolysis (% DH) and percent yield, with values of 61.04 and 45.63%, respectively. Results also showed that the phenylalanine, tyrosine and leucine contents of the optimally produced eb-MPH were 20.88, 14.50 and 10.93%, respectively. Twelve volatile compounds were identified using gas chromatography mass spectrometry in eb-MPH; benzaldehyde, 2-pentylfuran and furfural were the predominant odorants.     

Proteomics analysis of rat brain protein modulations by grape seed extract

Dietary supplements such as grape seed extract (GSE) enriched in proanthocyanidins (PA) (oligomeric polyphenols) have been suggested to have multiple health benefits, due to antioxidant and other beneficial activities of the PA. However, a systematic analysis of the molecular basis of these benefits has not been demonstrated. Because the brain is vulnerable to age-related oxidative damage and other insults including inflammation, it was hypothesized that rats ingesting GSE would experience changes in expression or modifications of specific brain proteins that might protect against pathologic events. Normal adult female rats were fed diets supplemented with 5% GSE for 6 weeks. Proteomics analysis (2D electrophoresis and mass spectrometry) of brain homogenates from these animals identified 13 proteins that were altered in amount and/or charge. Because many of these changes were quantitatively in the opposite direction from previous findings for the same proteins in either Alzheimer disease or mouse models of neurodegeneration, the data suggest that these identified proteins may mediate the neuroprotective actions of GSE. This is the first identification and quantitation of specific proteins in mammalian tissues modulated by a dietary supplement, as well as the first to demonstrate links of such proteins with any disease.     

Comparison of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometric to enzyme colorimetric quantification of glucose from enzyme-hydrolyzed starch

Successful quantification of the glucose produced by enzyme hydrolysis of starch was achieved by a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) protocol, using sorbitol as an internal standard. The starch contents measured by MALDI-TOF MS of corn starch, fiber-enriched oat flour derivatives, oat and barley flours, and barley flour/corn starch composites were evaluated in comparison to a widely accepted and validated method of starch determination, which relies on enzyme colorimetry (EC). The average starch content measured in a series of corn starch samples of different masses was 93 and 101% for EC and MALDI-TOF MS, respectively, values that represent the estimated purity of the sample. There was an agreement of 99% between the starch contents determined by the two analytical methods for complex flour-derived samples. Starch values estimated by MALDI-TOF MS consistently showed a greater degree of variability than those determined by EC, but this limitation was readily compensated by rapid acquisition of multiple mass spectra. This study is the first to report the quantification of glucose by MALDI-TOF MS, and it offers new perspectives into the potential utility of MALDI-TOF MS as a definitive tool for monosaccharide analysis and rapid starch determination in complex samples.