3S技术在贵州喀斯特山区土地石灌化现状调查中的应用

应用2000年TM影像资料及典型地区TM7个波段数据，在ARCVIEW和ENVI平台上进行解译，并参考其他相关资料及图件，对贵州喀斯特山区石漠化现状进行调查，结果表明，贵州喀斯特山区中度以上石漠化面积占全省总面积的7.5%，轻度以上石漠化面积占全省总面积的20.4%，从分布上看，石漠化土地更多地分布在纯碳酸盐岩为主的贵州西部、西南部。     

贵州喀斯特山区石漠化生态环境背景与生态重建

贵州省地处中国西南喀斯特中心地区,是中国石漠化分布面积最大、危害最严重的省份。轻度以上的石漠化面积已达35 920 km2,占全省土地总面积的20.39%。由于贵州喀斯特石漠化生态环境背景的特殊性,其研究对石漠化的生态重建研究有着重要的意义。对此贵州省采取了一系列措施,但实施过程中尚存在一些问题。在总结前人的研究基础上,综合考虑贵州喀斯特石漠化生态地质环境背景的特殊性,提出适宜的生态重建措施。     

我国西南喀斯特山区土地石漠化成因及防治

土地石漠化是西南喀斯特山区一种突出的生态环境问题。阐述了西南喀斯特山区土地石漠化的现状分布:土地石漠化面积约10.51万km2,占喀斯特山区总面积的20%,并集中出现在贵州和广西;分析了土地石漠化的危害:导致可耕地面积减少、加剧人畜饮水困难、旱涝灾害频率和强度增加;着重以贵州为例,从岩性、地表结构、特殊的土体剖面、钙性环境、降水和超载的人口压力及落后的生产方式等八个方面详细探讨了喀斯特山区土地石漠化的成因机理,并指出喀斯特地区的自然因素为土地石漠化形成的内因,而不合理的人类活动是土地石漠化形成的诱因和主导因素。在此基础上结合西南喀斯特山区的实际情况,提出了开展西南喀斯特山区土地石漠化地质环境本底调查、制定土地石漠化综合治理规划、建立高标准的土地石漠化治理种苗基地、优化石漠化地区的土地利用结构和就业结构、加强土地石漠化治理关键技术的研究、加大土地石漠化治理试验示范力度等八条对策建议。     

浅谈贵州喀斯特石漠化防治

贵州是全国喀斯特石漠化最为严重的省份之一,全省现有轻度以上石漠化面积35 920 km2,占全省土地总面积的20%。喀斯特石漠化的形成主要是历史上政策失误、人口快速增长、矿产资源的无序开采、基础设施建设不重视水土保持等人为因素和不利自然因素共同作用的结果。喀斯特石漠化的治理只有坚持以小流域为单元综合治理的基本思路,以解决喀斯特地区水问题为核心,以坡耕地综合整治为突破口,以增加群众收入为出发点,大力发展沼气,合理调控人口数量,依法加大监管力度,充分发挥生态的自我修复能力,才能达到预期目的。     

贵州省石漠化治理现状及存在问题

贵州地处西南,喀斯特地貌分布广泛,是国内三大石漠化较严重的地区之一,截至2011年底,贵州省石漠化面积达302.4万hm~2,分别占全省土地面积和喀斯特总面积的17.16%、26.94%。石漠化危害严重,不但会导致土壤贫瘠,可耕地面积减少,影响经济发展,还会加剧水土流失,破坏生态环境。经过近年来的努力,贵州省在石漠化防治与综合治理工作中取得了一定成效,但也存在一些问题需要解决。     

乌江下游德江县喀斯特石漠化及其防治

基于TM影像解释和实地考察,查清了德江县石漠化面积为70 693 hm2、占全县土地总面积的34.1%,划分了石漠化强度(中度以上的石漠化面积占全县总面积的16.6%),明确了德江县石漠化的空间分布格局;分析了德江石漠化的危害;从地形地貌、岩性、降水、耕种方式等方面探讨了石漠化的成因,最后提出了德江县石漠化综合防治对策。     

珠江上游喀斯特地区土地石漠化现状遥感分析

 以2002年前后的Landsat7ETM+遥感影像为主要数据源,采用人机交互解译的方法,对珠江上游喀斯特地区土地石漠化强度现状进行遥感解译,解译精度高达87%。对遥感解译分析和研究的结果表明:整个珠江上游的土地石漠化已十分严重,石漠化、半石漠化土地面积3万9900 km2,占总面积的16.4%;石漠化、半石漠化比率大于15%的石漠化县有52个,其中贵州省土地石漠化最严重,石漠化、半石漠化比率高达21.9%,有23个石漠化县(区),广西和云南相对较轻,石漠化、半石漠化比率分别为14.7%和14.4%,分别有21和8个石漠化县。珠江上游19个市(州)中就有12个市(州)的石漠化、半石漠化面积超过1000km2,集中分布于贵州黔南州—广西河池市、贵州黔西南州—云南曲靖市和云南文山州—广西百色市3个石漠化条带上。     

贵州省“十一五”期间石漠化综合治理成效初探

石漠化是喀斯特石山地区土地退化的最终结果,贵州省是世界上岩溶地貌发育最典型的地区之一,本文利用遥感影像,在3S平台上获取了研究区喀斯特石漠图,分析了贵州省"十一五"期间石漠化变化情况。结果表明,项目区石漠化总面积31 301km2,占土地总面积的25.33%。空间分布上,石漠化严重的土地主要集中在西、南部,而东、北部地区面积相对较小,呈零星分布。通过实施石漠化综合治理工程,项目区石漠化扩张的趋势得到了初步遏制,石漠化面积减少,强度有朝着轻度石漠化转移的趋势,石漠化等级程度降低与区域生态环境治理有一定的相关性,标志着石漠化不断恶化的状况得到了改善。     

浅谈贵州峰丛山地地区土地石漠化及其治理

贵州是我国石漠化分布中心地区之一 ,其喀斯特地貌的代表是峰丛山地 ,分布面积约占 2 0 %。该地区特殊的地形地貌、土壤、植被、降雨、气象和水文条件易形成石漠化 ,使水土流失加剧、自然灾害频繁、人类生存环境恶化。贵州峰丛山地地区石漠化防治要遵循自然规律、改善资源开发条件 ,综合治理、发展山区经济 ,搞好配套措施、开发山区资源 ,加快群众的脱贫致富步伐     

贵州省岩溶区水土流失、石漠化受岩溶环境制约

贵州省处于珠江流域、长江流域分水岭地带,其水土流失、石漠化受岩溶环境制约。珠江流域石灰岩类岩石连片分布,出露面积占碳酸盐岩出露总面积的60.75%,白云岩类岩石占4.15%,岩溶地貌以峰丛洼地、谷地和岩溶峡谷为特征,其轻度水土流失面积占水土流失总面积的61.35%,重度石漠化面积占总石漠化面积的22.01%;长江流域白云岩、石灰岩及碎屑岩呈北东向互层分布,其中白云岩类岩石组合出露面积占31.17%,石灰岩类岩石组合出露面积占40.66%,岩溶地貌以岩溶槽谷、岩溶高原为特征,轻度水土流失面积占水土流失总面积的44.17%,重度石漠化面积占总石漠化面积的11.78%。水土流失、石漠化演变的统计结果显示,水土流失与石漠化是同一生态退化过程中的不同阶段,石漠化是土壤侵蚀长期作用的结果,土壤侵蚀是石漠化过程中某一阶段作用强度的体现,二者在成因上存在因果关系。     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

北京市郊典型农田施肥研究与分析

通过问卷调查形式,对京郊粮田、菜田和果园3种农田施肥现状进行研究.结果表明,菜田和果园化肥施用量较高,氮、磷、钾肥均显著高于粮田.菜田和果园氮肥用量分别为1741.0和1172.8 kg/hm2,分别是粮田氮肥用量的4.5和3.0倍;磷肥用量分别为1375.1和996.4 kg/hm2,分别是粮田磷肥用量的15.5倍和11.2倍;钾肥用量分别为791.3和602.4 kg/hm2,分别是粮田钾肥用量的21.1和16.1倍.另外,3种利用方式的农田氮、磷和钾肥施用比例不同,粮田为75.4%、17.3%和7.3%;果园为42.3%、36.0%和21.7%;而菜田为44.6%、35.2%和20.3%.3种种植类型中均存在氮肥投入过量、钾肥不足的问题.