一株在微生物燃料电池中可以利用喹啉发电的产电假单胞杆菌Q1的产电特性研究

A rhizobox experiment was conducted to compare iron (Fe) oxidation and changes of pH, redox potential (Eh) and fractions of zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of four emergent-rooted wetland plants (Echinodorus macrophyllus, Eleocharis geniculata, Hydrocotyle vulgaris and Veronica serpyllifolia) with different radial oxygen loss (ROL) from roots. The results indicated that all these wetland plants decreased pH and concentration of Fe(Ⅱ) but increased the Eh in the rhizosphere soils. Pb and Zn were transformed from unstable fractions to more stable fractions in the rhizosphere soils, so decreasing their potential metal mobility factors (MF). Among the four plants, E. macrophyllus, with the highest ROL and root biomass, possessed the greatest ability in formation of Fe plaque and in the reduction of heavy metal MFs in the rhizosphere soil. Wetland plants, with higher ROLs and root biomass, may thus be effective in decreasing potential long-term heavy metal bioavailabilities.     

4种湿地植物根系泌氧由根诱导的pH,Eh和Fe(II)变化和根际土壤中铅和锌的组分研究

A rhizobox experiment was conducted to compare iron (Fe) oxidation and changes of pH, redox potential (Eh) and fractions of zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of four emergent-rooted wetland plants (Echinodorus macrophyllus, Eleocharis geniculata, Hydrocotyle vulgaris and Veronica serpyllifolia) with different radial oxygen loss (ROL) from roots. The results indicated that all these wetland plants decreased pH and concentration of Fe(Ⅱ) but increased the Eh in the rhizosphere soils. Pb and Zn were transformed from unstable fractions to more stable fractions in the rhizosphere soils, so decreasing their potential metal mobility factors (MF). Among the four plants, E. macrophyllus, with the highest ROL and root biomass, possessed the greatest ability in formation of Fe plaque and in the reduction of heavy metal MFs in the rhizosphere soil. Wetland plants, with higher ROLs and root biomass, may thus be effective in decreasing potential long-term heavy metal bioavailabilities.     

印度热带森林干旱扰动土壤的微生物碳, 氮, 磷的研究

Variations in microbial biomass C (MB-C),N (MB-N) and P (MB-P) along a gradient of different dominant vegeta- tion covers (natural forest,mixed deciduous forest,disturbed savanna and grassland ecosystems) in dry tropical soils of Vindhyan Plateau,India were studied from January 2005 to December 2005.The water holding capacity,organic C,total N,total P and soil moisture content were comparatively higher in forest soils than in the savanna and grassland sites.Across different study sites the mean annual MB-C,MB-N and MB-P at 0-15 cm soil depth varied from 312.05 ± 4.22 to 653.40 ± 3.17,32.16 ± 6.25 to 75.66 ± 7.21 and 18.94 ± 2.94 to 30.83 ± 23.08 μg g ?1 dry soil,respectively.At all the investigated sites,the maximum MB-C,MB-N and MB-P occurred during the dry period (summer season) and the minimum in wet period (rainy season).In the present study,soil MB-C,MB-N and MB-P were higher at the forest sites compared to savanna and grassland sites.The differences in MB-C,MB-N and MB-P were significant (P 0.001) among sites and seasons.The MB-C (P 0.0001),MB-N (P 0.001) and MB-P (P 0.0001) were positively correlated with organic C,while the relationship between soil moisture and MB-C,MB-N and MB-P (P 0.001,P 0.01 and P 0.0001,respectively) was negative.The decreasing order of MB-C,MB-N and MB-P along study ecosystems was natural forest mixed deciduous forest savanna grassland.The results suggested that deforestation and land use practices (conversion of forest into savanna and grassland) caused the alterations in soil properties,which as a consequence,led to reduction in soil nutrients and MB-C,MB-N and MB-P in the soil of disturbed sites (grassland and savanna) compared to undisturbed forest ecosystems.     

Study on Soil and Pine-Seedling Zn and Mn and Predicting-Model Design

Soils were collected from 2-year (2-y) and 3-year (3-y) old red-pine seedling plots in two tree nurseries, Hayward in the north and Wilson in the southwestern part of Wisconsin State respectively, and equilibrated with 0.01 M Ca(NO₃)₂ for soil solution Zn and Mn (solu-Zn and Mn), and with 0.01 M Ca(NO₃)2+0.005 M EDTA for soil adsorbed Zn and Mn (ad-Zn and Mn). Buffering capacity of soil Zn and Mn (b-Zn and Mn) was obtained from the ratio of ad-Zn and Mn to the solu-Zn and Mn. The concerned traces in pine seedling needles (ndls), stems(sts) and roots (rts) were simultaneously measured.     

温度和湿度对高寒湿地土壤碳矿化和氮矿化的影响

Relationships between carbon (C) production and nitrogen (N) mineralization were investigated in two alpine wetland soils of the Tibetan Plateau using laboratory incubation under different temperatures (5, 15, 25, and 35 ℃) and water saturation (noninundation and inundation). A significant positive relationship was found between CO2 production and N mineralization under increasing temperatures from 5 to 35 ℃ with the same water saturation condition in the marsh soil (r2 ＞ 0.49, P ＜ 0.0001) and the peat soil (r2 ＞ 0.38, P ＜ 0.002), and a negative relationship with water saturation increasing at the same temperature, especially 25 and 35 ℃, in the marsh soil (r2 ＞ 0.70, P ＜ 0.009) and the peat soil (r2 ＞ 0.61, P ＜ 0.013). In conclusion, temperatures and water saturation could regulate the relationship between CO2 production and net N mineralization in the Tibetan alpine marsh and peat soils.     

百喜草覆盖和敷盖对中国南方红壤坡地径流和产沙的影响

Rainfall,runoff (surface runoff,interflow and groundwater runoff) and soil loss from 5 m × 15 m plots were recorded for 5 years (2001-2005) in an experiment with three treatments (cover,mulch and bare ground) on sloping red soil in southern China.Surface runoff and erosion from the Bahia grass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) cover plot (A) and mulch plot (B) during the 5 years were low,despite the occurrence of potentially erosive rains.In contrast,the bare plot (C) had both the highest surface runoff coefficient and the highest sediment yield.There were significant differences in interflow and surface runoff and no significant difference in groundwater runoff among plots.The runoff coefficients and duration of interflow and groundwater runoff were in the order plot B > plot A > plot C.Effects of Bahia grass cover were excellent,indicating that the use of Bahia grass cover can be a simple and feasible practice for soil and water conservation on sloping red soil in the region.     

水培条件下加入钾和硅减轻甘蔗盐胁迫效应

A hydroponics experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of potassium (K) and silicon (Si) in mitigating the deleterious effects of NaCl on sugarcane genotypes differing in salt tolerance. Two salt-sensitive (CPF 243 and SPF 213) and two salt-tolerant (HSF 240 and CP 77-400) sugarcane genotypes were grown for six weeks in ? strength Johnson’s nutrient solution. The nutrient solution was salinized by two NaCl levels (0 and 100 mmol L-1 NaCl) and supplied with two levels of K (0 and 3 mmol L-1) and Si (0 and 2 mmol L-1). Applied NaCl enhanced Na+ concentration in plant tissues and significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced shoot and root dry matter in four sugarcane genotypes. However, the magnitude of reduction was much greater in salt-sensitive genotypes than salt-tolerant genotypes. The salts interfered with the absorption of K+ and Ca2+ and significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased their uptake in sugarcane genotypes. Addition of K and Si either alone or in combination significantly (P ≤ 0.05) inhibited the uptake and transport of Na+ from roots to shoots and improved dry matter yields under NaCl conditions. Potassium uptake, K+/Na+ ratios, and Ca2+ and Si uptake were also significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased by the addition of K and/or Si to the root medium. In this study, K and Si-enhanced salt tolerance in sugarcane genotypes was ascribed to decreased Na+ concentration and increased K+ with a resultant improvement in K+/Na+ ratio, which is a good indicator to assess plant tolerance to salt stress. However, further verification of these results is warranted under field conditions.     

影响土壤中铬, 锰的氧化还原反应的环境因素

Disposal of chromium(Cr) hexavalent form,Cr(VI),in soils as additions in organic fertilizers,liming materials or plant nutrient sources can be dangerous since Cr(VI) can be highly toxic to plants,animals,and humans.In order to explore soil conditions that lead to Cr(VI) generation,this study were performed using a Paleudult(Dystic Nitosol) from a region that has a high concentration of tannery operations in the Rio Grande do Sul State,southern Brazil.Three laboratory incubation experiments were carried out to examine the influences of soil moisture content and concentration of cobalt and organic matter additions on soil Cr(VI) formation and release and manganese(Mn) oxide reduction with a salt of chromium chloride(CrCl 3) and tannery sludge as inorganic and organic sources of Cr(III),respectively.The amount of Cr(III) oxidation depended on the concentration of easily reducible Mn oxides and the oxidation was more intense at the soil water contents in which Mn(III/IV) oxides were more stable.Soluble organic compounds in soil decreased Cr(VI) formation due to Cr(III) complexation.This mechanism also resulted in the decrease in the oxidation of Cr(III) due to the tannery sludge additions.Chromium(III) oxidation to Cr(VI) at the solid/solution interface involved the following mechanisms:the formation of a precursor complex on manganese(Mn) oxide surfaces,followed by electron transfer from Cr(III) to Mn(III or IV),the formation of a successor complex with Mn(II) and Cr(VI),and the breakdown of the successor complex and release of Mn(II) and Cr(VI) into the soil solution.     

巴基斯坦白沙瓦市铅和镉在不同路旁土壤及植物中的污染

Soil and plant samples were collected from roadside sites (along with primary, secondary and tertiary roads) and reference site to investigate the contamination of soils and old common plant species with lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in Peshawar City, Pakistan. All the data were analyzed using ANOVA analysis that showed a significant (P ≤ 0.01) variation in Pb and Cd concentrations in the roadside soils and plants as compared to the reference site. The mean concentrations of Pb and Cd were 53.9 and 6.0 mg kg-1 in soils and 49.1 and 10.9 mg kg-1 in plants, respectively. Significant variation (P ≤ 0.01) in concentrations of Pb and Cd in soil and plant samples along with primary, secondary and tertiary roads might be due to different traffic densities. The highest value (9.4) of metal accumulation index (MAI) was observed for Eucalyptus camaldulensis. In selected plant species, the Pb and Cd accumulation was found in the order of E. camaldulensis > Ficus elastica > Dalbergia sissoo > Alstonia scholaris. The roadside soils and plants were highly contaminated with Pb and Cd as compared to the reference site.     

Multi-step ahead soil temperature forecasting at different depths based on meteorological data: Integrating resampling algorithms and machine learning models

Direct soil temperature (ST) measurement is time-consuming and costly;thus,the use of simple and cost-effective machine learning (ML) tools is helpful.In this study,ML approaches,including KStar,instance-based K-nearest learning (IBK),and locally weighted learning (LWL),coupled with resampling algorithms of bagging (BA) and dagging (DA)(BA-IBK,BA-KStar,BA-LWL,DA-IBK,DA-KStar,and DA-LWL) were developed and tested for multi-step ahead (3,6,and 9 d ahead) ST forecasting.In addition,a linear regress...     

Call for papers--Legume Genomics and Genetics （ISSN 1925-1580）

Legume Genomics and Genetics （LGG） （IS SN 1925-1580 online, http：//lgg, sophiapublisher.com） propscd by legume geneticist Dr. Da Luo from Sun Yat-Sen University in China, is an open access and peer-reviewed journal publishing original research papers relevant to genomics and genetics in legume plants. It is committed to serving for legume genomics and genetics, especially featuring innovative research findings in the basic and applied fields of structural genomics, functional genomics, proteomics, epigenomics within the field of Legume sciences, as well as legume genetics from the molecular level to whole plant level.     

粘细菌纤维堆囊菌的基因组学研究现状

纤维堆囊菌（S.cellulosum）属于粘细菌中的堆囊菌属,它们能产生丰富的次级代谢产物,而且是目前基因组最大的原核生物,现已测序的S.cellulosum So ce56和So 0157-2分别拥有13.03 Mb和14.78 Mb的环状染色体。本文阐述了这两株纤维堆囊菌在序列的组装验证和基因组的分析注释等方面的完成情况,以及人们在测序的基础上,对其展开的结构基因组学、比较基因组学和功能基因组学的研究。通过介绍这两株已测序纤维堆囊菌的基因组学研究现状,我们总结了从纤维堆囊菌的全基因组序列中挖掘遗传信息的方法,为发现纤维堆囊菌中新的功能基因提供一些参考。     

利用MSAP分析18个芥蓝齐口期的表观遗传多样性

本研究利用MSAP检测18个芥蓝齐口期DNA甲基化水平,分析了表观遗传多样性,探讨DNA甲基化模式对齐口期的影响。结果表明,18个芥蓝齐口期平均为50d,叶片数平均为10片,齐口期和叶片数不相关（相关系数为0.296）;变异系数分别为21%和18%;遗传距离分布在0~40,平均值为12.2276,在10.62处分为3类。MSAP分析表明,5对引物组合扩增得到432条多态性条带,201条片段表现出多态性,多态性比率为47%;Nei遗传距离分布在0.004~0.467,平均值为0.0958,表明遗传多样性水平较低;在0.04处分为3类。Mantel测验表明两种分析的遗传距离相关系数为-0.1366,显示齐口期、叶片数与DNA甲基化多态性没有相关性。DNA甲基化模式分析表明,非甲基化片段为110条,甲基化多态性片段为322条,分为3种带型,类型一为非甲基化带型（110条）,类型二为甲基化带型（110条）,类型三为半甲基化带型（152条）,非甲基化片段和半甲基化片段在不同品种之间呈现多态性,甲基化片段在不同品种之间呈现多态性与单态性相差不大,显示MSAP多态性主要来源于非甲基化和半甲基化片段,芥蓝甲基化模式以半甲基化为主。本文推测DNA甲基化水平降低参与芥蓝齐口期调控,MSAP分析既可用于基因组结构研究,又可用于基因组水平上性状的功能研究。     

茂原链霉菌DSM 40847全基因组测序及序列分析

茂原链霉菌（Streptomyces mobaraensis）是一种高GC含量的革兰氏阳性放线菌,它广泛用于生产转谷氨酰胺酶、博来霉素、莫能霉素等。目前,还没有相关研究报道茂原链霉菌的全基因组序列,这限制了基于功能基因挖掘和利用的定向育种以及分子遗传研究。本研究首次通过高通量测序技术对茂原链霉菌DSM40847进行全基因组测序,使用Velvet软件进行拼接得到266 contigs,整个基因组大小约7.5 Mb,GC含量为73.2%,序列已提交至美国国立生物技术信息中心（NCBI）的GenBank数据库。通过对基因组序列进行分析,成功鉴定转谷氨酰胺酶酶原激活相关蛋白基因,同时对该菌株的次级代谢产物合成基因簇进行了预测,相关研究结果将为茂原链霉菌的功能基因组学研究提供基础数据。     

稳定性同位素探针技术在土壤功能微生物原位鉴定的应用

新近发展起来的稳定性同位素探针技术（SIP）与分子生物学方法结合,能够定向发掘复杂环境中参与特定生态过程的微生物资源,是土壤功能微生物原位鉴定的有效手段,具有广阔的应用前景。其原理是环境样品中的功能微生物代谢同化同位素标记的底物,通过对其生物标志物（即DNA、RNA、PLFA等）进行提取、分离、鉴定和比对分析,以此获取介导土壤物质转化和循环过程的功能微生物的直接信息。本文在分别介绍SIP技术在土壤功能微生物原位鉴定过程中的各种前处理方法、生物标志物选择及后续鉴定方法的基础上,综述了SIP技术在研究驱动土壤有机污染物生物降解、碳氮循环等过程的功能微生物原位鉴定的应用进展,展望了SIP技术在土壤微生物基因组学方面的应用前景。     

混养鱼塘水中磷含量及表层沉积物中磷赋存形态的初步探究

为更好地揭示养殖系统的磷收支和污染程度,以上海郊区3口团头鲂（Megalobrama amblycephala）混养鱼塘即池塘A、B、C以及水源D为研究对象,定期测定养殖期间水体中总磷（TP）、活性磷酸盐（PO4-P）以及沉积物中总磷的含量,并探究沉积物中不同形态磷,包括交换态磷（Ex-P）、铝结合磷（Al-P）、铁结合磷（Fe-P）、闭蓄态磷（Oc-P）、原生碎屑磷（De-P）、钙结合磷（Ca-P）和有机磷（Or-P）的分布变化特征。试验发现,该养殖场水源水TP（0.17±0.06）mg·L－1及PO4-P（0.11±0.06）mg·L－1含量一直维持在稳定的较低水平,养殖生产导致池塘A、B、C水中TP大大增加,已超过地表水Ⅲ类标准和淡水养殖池塘排放标准（Ⅱ类）。养殖池塘及水源沉积物中TP浓度分别是（0.69±0.04）、（0.70±0.07）、（0.68±0.09）、（0.79±0.13）mg·g－1,池塘表层沉积物中TP含量变化不大,而水源沉积物TP变化波动性明显。池塘表层沉积物中磷主要由Fe-P（18.03±6.01）%、Oc-P（22.82±5.34）%、Ca-P（27.48±8.15）%和Or-P（20.29±6.60）%组成,Ex-P（3.07±1.06）%、Al-P（7.62±3.11）%,尤其是De-P（0.69±0.35）%     

白洋淀鱼类体内多氯联苯积累特征及其毒性评价

针对持久性有机污染物在水生生物体内易于积累的特性,利用气相色谱与质谱联用技术（GC-MS）,检测了白洋淀8种鱼类体内多氯联苯（PCBs）含量,并分析了同系物组成特征。根据白洋淀鱼类检测到同系物情况,计算毒性当量（TEQ）并进行评价。白洋淀8种鱼类体内PCBs平均含量范围是55.85~1 485.74 ng.g-1脂肪重,从高到低的顺序依次为黄颡〉黄鳝〉乌鳢〉泥鳅〉鲤鱼〉鳙鱼〉鲫鱼〉鲇鱼。在8种鱼类PCB同系物组成中,四氯联苯和五氯联苯是主要的同系物,其相对百分含量为52.0%~84.3%。这种组成模式反映了白洋淀地区有多氯联苯工业品的使用历史。8种鱼类体内PCBs的毒性当量（TEQ）范围是0.09~1 412.87 pg TEQ.g-1脂肪重,其大小顺序依次为鳙鱼〉鲫鱼〉鲇鱼〉黄颡〉黄鳝〉鲤鱼〉乌鳢〉泥鳅。结果表明,白洋淀淀区部分鱼类已经受到PCBs一定程度的污染,应引起重视。     

三峡库区有限顺坡耕作坡耕地表土颗粒分形特征

在三峡库区忠县境内选择水平沟模式、埂坎模式、地埂植物篱模式以及无措施的4种典型坡耕地采集了48个表土（0 ～ 20 cm）样本,利用分形维数研究不同模式有限顺坡耕作坡耕地的表土颗粒组成、分形特征及相互关系.结果表明：4种模式坡耕地土壤颗粒黏粒体积分数均较低（均值8.03％～11.47％）,粉粒较高（均值62.39％～83.24％）.无措施、水平沟模式、埂坎模式坡耕地的砂粒体积分数为22.95％ ～29.58％,而地埂植物篱模式坡耕地的砂粒均值仅5.29％.4种模式坡耕地表土的粒径体积分形维数分别为无措施2.579 ～ 2.708、水平沟模式2.603～2.706、埂坎模式2.581 ～2.701、地埂植物篱模式2.610～2.827.粒径分形维数均值表现为地埂植物篱模式（2.737）＞水平沟模式（2.674）＞埂坎模式（2.659）＞无措施坡耕地（2.654）.4种模式坡耕地表土的粒径分形维数与黏粒（＜0.002 mm）体积分数呈显著的线性正相关关系,与砂粒（＞0.05 mm）体积分数呈显著的线性负相关关系;但与粉粒（0.002 ～0.05 mm）体积分数线性关系差异较大.其中,无措施、水平沟模式、埂坎模式呈显著的线性正相关关系,而地埂植物篱模式二者相关性不显著.     

黑曲霉对重金属Cu（Ⅱ）和Zn（Ⅱ）的抗性及富集特性

以黑曲霉（Aspergillus niger）为实验菌株,探讨不同pH值、重金属离子初始浓度、孢子液接种量和重金属离子共存对菌体生长量和富集能力的影响。结果表明：Cu（Ⅱ）和Zn（Ⅱ）对黑曲霉的最低抑菌浓度分别为250、700mg·L-1;菌株最佳生长和富集条件为pH5.0、孢子液体积1mL,黑曲霉对Cu（Ⅱ）和Zn（Ⅱ）的富集分别在4d和5d达到平衡。在重金属共存系统中,Cu（Ⅱ）/Zn（Ⅱ）浓度越高,黑曲霉对Cu（Ⅱ）/Zn（Ⅱ）富集能力越强;Cu（Ⅱ）和Zn（Ⅱ）的富集量分别在其浓度为150、250mg·L-1时达到最大（8.89、22.80mg·g-1）。采用扫描和透射电镜观察富集前后菌体表面形态和内部结构变化,表明菌体生长受重金属毒害作用可能破坏菌丝表面结构,A.niger富集Cu（Ⅱ）和Zn（Ⅱ）由表面吸附和胞内富集两部分组成,Zn（Ⅱ）作用下菌丝的完整性较好,菌株对Zn（Ⅱ）具有较强的抗性和适应能力。     

臭氧胁迫对水稻光合作用与产量的影响

采用开顶式气室（OTC）,对水稻“3694繁”（Oryza sativa L.3694 Fan）进行田间原位臭氧（O3）熏气实验,研究了不同O3浓度熏气处理下水稻光合色素、气体交换参数以及产量的响应。实验设置分4个水平：过滤大气组（CF,10 nL.L^-1）、自然大气组（NF,40nL.L^-1）和两个不同浓度的O3处理组（O1：100 nL.L^-1;O2：150 nL.L^-1）。结果表明：（1）与CF组相比,两个不同浓度的O3处理均导致水稻叶片光合色素含量大幅度下降,加速水稻的衰老过程;（2）在实验进程中,O3处理导致水稻叶片气体交换参数发生显著变化,饱和CO2浓度的净光合速率（Psa）t、气孔导度（Gs）、水分利用效率（WUE）、气孔限制值（Ls）和羧化效率（CE）均呈现下降趋势,表明O3浓度的升高使水稻光合作用对CO2的利用效率降低,水稻在灌浆期对O3最为敏感;（3）O3处理使水稻产量损失明显,当AOT40值达到2.32μL.L^-1h时,就能导致水稻产量10%的减产。