园林动态与信息

●广东林业生态省建设与红树林保护/陈桂珠等生态科学2004-5广东是我国红树林分布最多的省份之一,有红树植物17科31种,红树林湿地面积21438.3hm2,主要分布在粤西,其次是珠江三角洲地区。红树林具有防灾减灾、净化环境、调节区域小气候、保护生物多样性等重要生态功能。在广东林业生态省建设中,保护和发展红树林被列为八大林业生态工程之一。本文对红树林的生态功能进行了具体分析;阐述了广东红树林资源分布现状、红树林在广东林业生态省建设中的作用以及保护、发展状况;指出目前红树林还面临围海造田、围海养殖、沿海城市化、废水污染等威胁…     

广东省沿海红树林现状和发展

广东沿海红树林是沿海防护林体系的重要组成部分，它的管理和造林是生态环境建设的一个内容。对沿海红树林的调查表明：广东沿海红树林现存面积14670hm^2，其中湛江市红树林占总面积的84．8％；全省主要红树林植物有26科40种（其中真红树10种，半红树11种，伴生植物19种）。红树林主要树种有：秋茄、红海榄、木榄、桐花树、无瓣海桑、白骨壤、海漆、榄李、角果木、老鼠勒等。文中对广东红树林推广造林和恢复发展作了评价，为推进红树林建设提供科学依据。     

珠海市淇澳岛红树林湿地合理保护与开发利用

文章从淇澳岛红树林湿地的现状和存在问题、国内外红树林湿地保护与利用的新动态、保护与开发利用价值等方面,阐明合理保护和开发利用该岛红树林湿地的重大意义。在此基础上,论述如何运用现代的科学理论进行合理保护与开发利用,并根据当地实际提出开发利用的最佳方案,以及如何解决在实施过程中遇到的几个重要技术问题。     

粤东沿海深水区红树林造林试验

为探索适宜粤东地区潮间带深水区红树林造林树种,选择5个树种,在不同水位浸淹下(退潮裸露、退潮水深0～20 cm和退潮水深20～40 cm)进行了1年的造林试验。结果表明,5个树种对水位条件的敏感度强,随着退潮水位的加深,5个树种的保存率和年生长量逐渐降低;桐花和白骨壤的保存率高、生长快、长势较好,是适宜粤东地区潮间带深水区的优良红树林树种,秋茄、木榄和红海榄在退潮裸露区域可以正常生长,而在深水位地区则不宜种植;垫高种植,能明显提高红树林幼树的保存率,促进其生长。     

广东沿海红树林生态修复模式研究

通过深入调查研究广东沿海红树林生态系统资源及保护现状，针对近年因围垦养殖、城市建 设发展用地、城市生活污水和工业污水大量排放等，导致一些红树林及其生态环境遭到破坏，面积大幅减 少；现有红树林群落植物种类偏少、结构简单、遗传多样性水平较低；互花米草等外来有害生物入侵严 重，林分质量下降、系统功能退化；加上沿海红树林恢复属困难立地造林，技术措施及建设成本要求高等 实际情况，结合广东沿海滩涂立地条件及红树林经营管护特点等，提出了相应的红树林生态保护修复模式 及特殊立地修复营建关键技术等，为沿海红树林生态系统保护、修复、营建等提供理论依据和技术指导。     

红树林造林树种的选择——以洛阳江湿地为例

在红树林造林时,要充分考虑红树林的耐寒性、向海性和生态安全,根椐实际情况进行树种选择,同时应以混交林为宜,以减少病虫害,并考虑植物的形态、花期、花色差异进行美学搭配,提高其观赏价值。本研究以洛阳江湿地为例,根据红树林的耐寒性、耐盐性、向海性和保护区的生态安全性原则进行树种选择,认为洛阳江红树林的主要造林树种为桐花树、秋茄、白骨壤,引种树种为老鼠簕、木榄、红海榄等。     

广东省红树林分布现状与动态变化研究

广东省是全国红树林分布面积最大的省份。开展红树林分布与动态变化研究,有利于促进红树林的保护、恢复和合理利用。采用遥感区划与现地调查相结合的研究方法,对广东省红树林现状分布进行了调查。研究结果表明,广东省现有红树林面积为12 039.80 hm2,主要集中分布在雷州半岛、粤西区域和珠江口区域;斑块比较破碎;红树林起源以天然林为主,但人工林的面积比例逐年增加;红树林保护情况较好,85.5% 的红树林纳入了各级保护区。与2001 年相比,广东红树林面积有所增加,但天然林面积有所减少,树种、起源结构也发生了相应的变化。对红树林的保护和培育方向提出了建议。     

浅谈林西县文冠果发展优势及营林措施

<正>文冠果是我国北方地区特有的木本油料树种和优良的木材树种、观赏植物，也是常用保健中药材。在北方地区大面积种植文冠果，对当地经济社会发展和生态环境改善意义重大、影响深远。本文结合赤峰市林西县实际，阐述文冠果在当地的发展优势及营林措施，以期为其他地区文冠果种植及木本油料产业发展提供借鉴。     

广东省沿海红树林现状和发展

广东沿海红树林是沿海防护林体系的重要组成部分 ,它的管理和造林是生态环境建设的一个内容。对沿海红树林的调查表明 :广东沿海红树林现存面积 14670hm2 ,其中湛江市各县 (市、区 )红树林占总面积 84 .8% ;全省主要红树林植物有 2 6科 4 0种 (其中真红树 10种 ,半红树 11种 ,伴生植物 19种 )。红树林主要树种有 :秋茄、红海榄、木榄、桐花树、无瓣海桑、白骨壤、海漆、榄李、角果木、老鼠勒等。文中对红树林推广造林和恢复发展作了评价 ,为推进红树林建设提供科学依据。     

北海市主要红树林群落物种组成研究

为探究广西北海大冠沙、党江以及山口地区的红树林群落组成与结构,以其红树林内典型红树林群落作为研究对象,设置8个样地进行典型取样,调查内容主要包括红树林群落物种的种类、株数、盖度以及幼树、幼苗层树种的种类、数量和高度。结果表明:大冠沙地区白骨壤群落林相整齐,群落结构单一,仅生长有白骨壤树种,且林下无幼苗,亦未见有其他植物生长。党江地区桐花树群落长势繁茂,林下桐花树幼苗生长密集;该地区无瓣海桑人工林群落树体高大,树冠较稀疏且连续。山口地区秋茄群落冠幅较大,林下稀疏,秋茄根部发达且粗壮,该群落伴生有桐花树、白骨壤、红海榄;该地区的秋茄、木榄群落内均伴生有其他树种且林下有幼苗以及幼树更新。     

Natural regeneration status of commercial mangrove species (Rhizophora apiculata and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza) in the mangrove forest of Tanjung Bungin, Banyuasin District, South Sumatra

In the mangrove forest areas of Sumatra, Rhizophora apiculata (Bl.) and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lmk., the two most economically important commercial species of mangrove trees, have been intensively exploited for their valuable wood and tannin since the Dutch colonization in the 16th century. The mangrove forest areas of Tanjung Bungin, Banyuasin District, South Sumatra belong to the production forest. Typical Rhizophora-dominated stands were sampled from two inundation classes (Watson, 1928, III and IV) of the virgin mangrove forest of Tanjung Bungin. The sampling method used a 20 × 10-m quadrat for tress. A 5 × 5-m subplot and a 1 × 1-m sublot, for saplings and seedlings respectively, were made in each of the main plots at 10-m intervals. The distribution pattern of R. apiculata and B. gymnorrhiza seedlings studied indicates that regeneration of R. apiculata by seedling establishment is generally sufficient to ensure local propagation in inundation III subplots where Acrostichum aureum is absent. Due to the abundance of A. aureum as a weed in inundation IV zones, the regeneration of both commercial mangrove species is inadequate. This has given rise to considerable concern for their survival. Finally, the presence of regenerating virgin mangrove forest in Tanjung Bungin provides strong argument for this area to be set aside as a conservation area.     

Sap flow characteristics of neotropical mangroves in flooded and drained soils

Effects of flooding on water transport in mangroves have previously been investigated in a few studies, most of which were conducted on seedlings in controlled settings. In this study, we used heat-dissipation sap probes to determine if sap flow (J(s)) attenuates with radial depth into the xylem of mature trees of three south Florida mangrove species growing in Rookery Bay. This was accomplished by inserting sap probes at multiple depths and monitoring diurnal flow. For most species and diameter size class combinations tested, J(s) decreased dramatically beyond a radial depth of 2 or 4 cm, with little sap flow beyond a depth of 6 cm. Mean J(s) was reduced on average by 20% in Avicennia germinans (L.) Stearn, Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f. and Rhizophora mangle L. trees when soils were flooded. Species differences were highly significant, with L. racemosa having the greatest midday J(s) of about 26 g H(2)O m(-2) s(-1) at a radial depth of 2 cm compared with a mean for the other two species of about 15 g H(2)O m(-2) s(-1). Sap flow at a depth of 2 cm in mangroves was commensurate with rates reported for other forested wetland tree species. We conclude that: (1) early spring flooding of basin mangrove forests causes reductions in sap flow in mature mangrove trees; (2) the sharp attenuations in J(s) along the radial profile have implications for understanding whole-tree water use strategies by mangrove forests; and (3) regardless of flood state, individual mangrove tree water use follows leaf-level mechanisms in being conservative.     

Spatially Explicit Evaluation of Local Extractive Benefits from Mangrove Plantations in Bangladesh

Mangroves worldwide provide a wide range of ecosystem services utilized directly and indirectly by local peoples. Between 1966 and 2001, Bangladesh established approximately 148,000 ha of mangrove plantations in coastal areas within the Barisal and Chittagong Divisions. Though erosion and human encroachment and conversion have removed over two-thirds of these stands, the Forest Department has continued to undertake new plantation activities.

To investigate how and to what degree people directly utilize these mangroves, I conducted 340 household surveys across eight coastal villages located in close proximity to established plantations. The predominant direct use of the mangrove plantations by local rural communities is the extraction of detritus and nonmain stem material (e.g., limbs, leaves) for combustible fuel. This study uses household foraging distances to estimate and map net value densities based on reported market prices of extracted goods. The average extractive value of mangrove plantations is Tk 2,300 ha^?1 yr^?1, ranging among the villages from 300 to Tk 27,400 ha^?1 yr^?1, with values concentrated closer to the village. Cost-benefit analyses suggest that direct use values alone have justified the establishment and management of previously planted stands. However, other indirect values must be taken into account if these areas are to merit additional plantations.     

The mangrove and its conservation in Leizhou Peninsula, China

Leizhou Peninsula, located at southern end of mailand China, has 9284.3 ha mangrove distributed more than 100 sites along its inlets and open coastlines. This paper presents the surveys on mangrove area in Leizhou Peninsula during 2000 and 2008, especially the survey in the eight major mangrove areas in 2002. The flora recorded in mangrove systems includes 69 large algea species, 13 native true mangrove species, nine native semi-mangrove species, and another seven intoduced true mangrove species with Sonneratia apetala as the quickest growing exotic mangrove species dominatant in the mangrove plantations, and more than 100 land flora species, consisting of 17 main mangrove associations. The plant biodiversity habitats remained mainly small patches and diverse, and were becoming worse under the intensive disturbance of human acitivities and coastal pollutions, which decreased the value of mangrove coasts as the important sites for flying-by migrating birds in Leizhou Peninsula. The effective mangrove conservation measures should be implemented.     

Self-Established Black Wattle Populations in Rwanda: Implications for Nature Conservation

Based on empirical evidence from a vegetation survey, this paper investigates the occurrence of self-established populations of black wattle (Acacia mearnsii De Wild.) in various environmental contexts and identifies areas where this species could be allowed to grow as a useful plant. The frequency of occurrence of self-established black wattle was found to be comparatively high above 1600 m of altitude. Three agro-ecological zones of Rwanda (Congo Nile Crest, Non-volcanic Highlands and Central Plateau) account for 70 % of the occurrence, most of which are inside tree plantations and woodlots and natural forests. In areas of most concern to black wattle invasion (especially in proximity of natural ecosystems), the following policy approach should be considered: eradication of current occurrences and a ban on the cultivation of this species. Elsewhere, control through utilization by local communities and adaptive management in areas least vulnerable to its invasion could suffice to keep this species under check.     

Photosynthetic gas exchange and accumulation of phytotoxins in mangrove seedlings in response to soil physico-chemical characteristics associated with waterlogging

We evaluated photosynthetic gas exchange and the accumulation of iron, manganese and sulfur in seedlings of five mangrove species (Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco, Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh., Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk., Hibiscus tiliaceus L. and Rhizophora stylosa Griff.) growing under anoxic soil conditions at low irradiance. Seedlings of the viviparous mangroves showed no significant responses to root anoxia. The presence of ferrous sulfate or manganous sulfate had a smaller effect on CO(2) assimilation, transpiration rate and stomatal behavior than the presence of sodium sulfide. Sodium sulfide inhibited photosynthetic gas exchange and caused complete stomatal closure in all species. Stomatal closure was probably the result of the damaging effect of sulfide ions on root cell membranes. Some leaf epinasty and wilting were also observed in response to the Na(2)S treatment in all species. A combination of FeSO(4), MnSO(4) and Na(2)S had a smaller effect on photosynthesis than Na(2)S alone, especially for Avicennia marina and Rhizophora stylosa seedlings, which maintained appreciable rates of CO(2) assimilation (2.49 and 3.84 &mgr;mol m(-2) s(-1), respectively) in the presence of all three phytotoxins. Roots of phytotoxin-treated seedlings of all species accumulated significant amounts of the corresponding toxin compared with roots of the control plants. The FeSO(4) or MnSO(4) treatments had no effect on foliar concentrations of iron or manganese, whereas the Na(2)S treatment resulted in an accumulation of S in the leaves of all species. Interactions between Fe(2+) and Mn(2+) and sulfide in the culture medium appeared to reduce their uptake by the seedlings. We conclude that high concentrations of sulfides in mangrove sediments may adversely affect both growth and survival of mangrove seedlings at low irradiances.     

Mangrove community recovery potential after catastrophic disturbances in Bangladesh

The objective of this study was to compare the variation in the soil seed banks and the aboveground vegetation in relation to three habitats, i.e., swamp forests, grassland and sand dunes within the Sundarbans mangrove forests of Bangladesh. We collected vegetation data (species and their percentage cover) by using quadrat sampling: 10 m × 10 m for swamp forests and 5 m × 5 m for grassland and sand dunes. We estimated the density of viable seeds of species in the seed bank by counting germinants from soil cores in a germination chamber. Species richness and composition of both aboveground vegetation and the soil seed banks differed significantly among habitats. We identified a total of 23 species from the soil seed bank. Of these, two were true mangrove species and the remaining were non-mangrove species, including halophytic grasses, herbs and mangrove associate species. Our results confirm that mangrove species do not possess a persistent soil seed bank. The presence of high-density non-mangrove and associated mangrove species in the soil seed bank implies that after frequent catastrophic disturbances which limit incoming propagules from adjacent forest stand, large canopy gaps can easily become invaded by non-mangrove and mangrove associate species. This would result in the formation of a cover of non-mangrove species and cryptic ecological degradation in mangrove habitats. We suggest that forest managers should actively consider gap plantations with mangrove species in the large canopy gaps created after catastrophic disturbances to counteract the invasion of non-mangrove species and cryptic ecological degradation.     

Floristic regeneration in five types of teak plantations in Thailand

Teak is the most important timber species in northern Thailand, and as such, large areas of teak forest have been disturbed or become highly degraded. Teak plantations have been established on this highly degraded land, where the rate of natural recovery is relatively slow. At the study site, five mixed or pure teak plantation types have been established to ameliorate limiting soil properties in order that long-term productivity is maintained. Observations within these plantations in northern Thailand have suggested that native species become established naturally under the shade of a “nurse” plantation, one that shades out early successional species. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the number of species in nurse plantations on the diversity and number of seedlings representative of mature native forests that become established within the plantations. Five types of plantations were investigated: (1) Tectona grandis L.f. (T); (2) T.grandis and Tamarindus indica L. (TT); (3) T.grandis and Gmelina arborea Roxb. (TG); (4) T.grandis, T. indica and G. arborea (TTG); (5) T.grandis, T.indica and Anacardium occidentale L. (TTA). These plantations were established primarily for the production of T.grandis (teak), with the other species introduced as economic trees. The plantations were surrounded by native stands of species representative of late successional and mature teak forests. In each of the plantations studies measurements were made on species density, species diversity, and evenness of plants regenerating in the understorey. Results showed that plantations consisting of several species in the overstorey had a higher diversity of native forest species in the understorey than the single-species plantation. Mixed plantation types were also found to reduce the density of the grass Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. Consideration of the establishment of woody species found that TG and TTA had high densities of trees and shrubs. This suggested that if the goal of management was to regenerate forest with a high diversity of tree species similar to that found in native mature forests, multiple-species plantations, especially TG and TTA, would be more effective nurse communities than the single-species plantation in providing an environment into which seeds of native species could disperse and germinate. In addition, several climax species, such as Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub. var. kerrii (Craib & Hutch) I.C. Nielsen, Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz, Largerstroemia sp., Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib, Lannea coromandelica (Houtt) Merr., Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz, Garuya pinnata Roxb., Terminalia mucronata Craib & Hutchison, Diospyoros mollis Griff., Irvingia malayana Oliv. ex Benn., Milletia leucantha Kurz, Dalbergia oliviri Gamble ex Prain, Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss and Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken, were found in the early stages of succession, thus indicating that some may be suitable for planting in future restoration processes in order to accelerate natural succession and provide economic returns to managers.     

Pure and mixed forest plantations with native species of the dry tropics of Costa Rica: a comparison of growth and productivity

In Costa Rica, most reforestation trials with native species were established in the tropical humid regions. In the dry tropics, research on the performance of native species in forest plantations is incipient and trials comparing pure and mixed designs are limited. This paper presents the results of two experimental plantations with native trees in pure and mixed plots in the dry tropics of Costa Rica. The growth and productivity of 13 native species in pure and mixed plantations was compared with Tectona grandis (L.f.) Lam., an exotic species broadly used in the region. In a plantation of relatively slower growing species, measurements taken at 68 months of age resulted in Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merril. and Dalbergia retusa Hemsl. demonstrating the best growth, followed by Astronium graveolens Jacq. and Swietenia macrophylla King. Measurements in a plantation of relatively faster growing species, at 68 months of age, showed that growth of Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake was greatest in the pure and mixed plots, followed by Terminalia oblonga (Ruiz & Pav.) Steud., Anarcadium excelsum (Bert. & Balb. ex Kunth) Skeels and Pseudosamanea guachapele (Kunth) Harms. The native species grew better in the mixed plots. The pure plots of T. grandis (L.f.) Lam. were the most productive, compared to all species and the mixture of species. Plantations of T. grandis (L.f.) Lam. seem to be well adapted to the region and are certainly a commercially interesting alternative. Nevertheless, mixed plantations with native species would contribute more to sustainable management, because while single-species plantations do not provide a great range of goods and services when compared to the natural forest, mixed plantations are likely to increase this range of benefits.     

Assemblages and species diversity of wood destroying termites in different land use systems in Western Ghat, India

Spatial distribution, abundance and assemblage of termites depend mainly on the local conditions and habitats in which they thrive. Striking differences are observed in the species richness, number of clades and functional diversity of termite assemblage between different habitats. This study aim was to examine effect of human interference in the diversity of wood destroying termite in forest areas as well as managed and unmanaged plantations in South India. Termites attacking trees and wooden logs were collected from forest areas, managed plantations and unmanaged plantations. The termites collected were identified and compared for species abundance, richness and species diversity. Results show that the species composition and species diversity of the wood destroying termites vary according to the conditions. The species diversity measures revealed that there is a significance variation among the forest fauna and plantations. The forest areas have the highest species composition compared to plantations. Species richness is high forest areas. Even though the abundance of termites are more in unmanaged plantations, there is no significant difference related to species diversity among the managed and unmanaged plantations.