平地机刀鼓设计与切抛效果研究

研究平地机主要工作部件铣切刀鼓,使其在清平过程中既能切平土体表面又能将土方抛出机外,以便于后续的碎土清理工作顺利进行.对比切削与顺逆铣工作方式,研究设计出螺旋状刀片以及由此种刀片对称布置所组成的滑切汇中式切抛刀鼓.根据清平机工作特点修正参数,并计算刀片的切抛土功耗,为动力装置选型提供依据.经计算与试验表明,清平表面不平度满足平地施工的技术精度要求.     

小型室内水田土槽的研制

在室内土槽中进行试验可以避免田间试验的恶劣工作环境,能有效改善试验环境,提高工作效率。本文针对水田平整机具的设计研制了一种小型室内水田土槽,它主要由槽体、台车及其牵引系统组成,用于初步探讨水田推土板与水田相互作用参数的优化值,为优化平地铲和整机设计提供一定的依据。台车在土槽进行了同工况下的牵引速度试验,结果表明本文设计的土槽,可以模仿水田激光平地机二维推土板在田间的推土作业过程,能够依托它进行水田平整机具的相关试验,满足设计要求。     

旋耕机作业注意事项及故障诊断

在耕整地作业机具中,旋耕机是主要装备之一。它是利用拖拉机的动力驱动旋耕刀片切削土壤的耕作机械,将植被切料并将其混合于整个耕作层内,也能将化肥、农药等混施于耕作层,可一次作业达到土碎地平的目的,具有碎土充分、地表平整、减少作业工序、工作效率高、作业质量好等特点,因而得到广泛应用。     

三七温室育苗槽基质蒸汽消毒机的设计

为了解决三七工厂化育苗中的基质消毒问题,设计了一种适用于温室育苗槽的基质蒸汽消毒机,阐述了该机的基本工作原理、总体结构组成及关键部件设计,并采用有限元分析软件对消毒机的核心工作部件抛土刀片进行了静力学分析和模态分析。通过静力学分析,发现抛土刀片工作过程中,其应力主要集中在刀柄根部与刀盘接触的部位,应力最大值为118.62MPa,小于材料的屈服强度355MPa;应力较集中的部位也是应力较大的部位,应变最大值为0.596 48mm;刀片变形量最大的部位是刀片顶端与基质接触的部分,最大变形量为1.637 5mm;通过模态分析,得到刀片前6阶模态的振频和振型,刀片的干扰频率为5 Hz远小于前6阶模态的振频,验证了其设计的合理性。     

旋耕机的正确使用与维修

旋耕机是一种由动力驱动的土壤耕作机具,由拖拉机动力输出轴带动刀片旋转而进行工作.它的切土、碎土能力较强,一次作业能达到犁耙几次的效果,耕后地表平整、细碎,且能抢农时,节省劳力.旋耕机工作时,刀轴和刀片一方面由拖拉机动力输出轴驱动作回转运动;另一方面随着拖拉机前进作相等速度直线运动.     

曲面直刃刀切碎与抛送变量的研究

应用动力学原理，建立了秸秆切段的运动微分方程，设计了具有切碎与抛送功能的曲面直刃圆筒式刀片。对刀片的切碎与抛送变量的关系进行了研究，为切碎抛送装置的设计提供了依据。     

流变态土壤切削试验用室内土槽与测试系统设计

根据农业机械在水田作业的实际情况,设计了模拟田间实际作业的水田试验土槽.阐述了设计方案及设计过程,提出了解决湿基制备、土壤含水率控制等问题的方法.根据室内试验土糟的功能和特点,开发了与之配套的试验数据实时采集系统.     

不动形心线对逆转耕耘抛土性能的影响

在分析逆转旋耕工作的基础上,提出了不动形心线(Fixed Centroid Line-FCL)对逆转耕耘方式影响的思想。在旋耕刀片运动轨迹、逆转旋耕切削角度及逆转旋耕抛土后向性等方面,详细分析了FCL线的影响性质,建立了逆转旋耕被抛土垡瞬时初速度的方向模型,并对模型进行了仿真,为茶园耕作机械的设计提供了参考依据。主要结论:FCL线距刀辊轴的距离小于刀辊回转半径时,旋耕刀片才能够正常工作,且FCL线位于刀辊轴的上方为逆转耕耘方式,位于刀辊轴的下方为正转耕耘方式;在逆转旋耕方式下,当刀片运转到FCL线时,动态切土角最小;当FCL线位于刀辊轴之上,且同时又在地表之下时,逆转旋耕才具有抛土后向性。     

中间集抛后送式双侧斜输烟草培土机设计与试验

针对南方丘陵山区烟叶种植区传统铣抛式培土作业存在土块抛送不集中、定点覆土效果差等问题,采用“旋耕碎土—集中后抛—斜置送土”的作业方式,设计一款中间集抛后送式双侧斜输烟草培土机。根据土壤铣削加工和土壤螺旋输送器输送原理,对整机土壤加工关键部件进行了研究,分析集中后抛斜输过程,确定了培土机的主要结构和工作参数。利用EDEM离散元仿真,建立培土作业仿真模型,以机具前进速度、旋耕深度、螺旋输送器轴转速为试验因素,培土高度、培土幅度、取土率为试验指标,进行了二次正交旋转回归仿真试验与优化,得到最优工作参数。田间试验结果表明,作业后沟底土壤松碎,培土土量均匀,培土高度为24.37 mm,培土幅度为130.42 mm,取土率为21.19%,与仿真结果误差分别为12.21%、1.90%、10.44%。能够满足烟田培土需求,为烟草培土技术农机农艺融合提供了新途径。     

果园秸秆覆盖机宽幅覆土装置设计与试验

针对果园机械化土壤-秸秆分层覆盖中大幅宽、均匀薄层覆土要求,设计了与果园秸秆覆盖机配套的覆土装置,主要由取土螺旋、抛土轮、集土箱和覆土螺旋组成。取土螺旋取土幅宽1.5m,为秸秆层铺设提供平整地基,保证了秸秆层覆盖平整和薄土层均匀度;取土螺旋两侧的抛土轮向后抛送土壤到集土箱,避免了碎石等异物导致的装置卡死问题。经离散元仿真优化,确定取土螺旋采用末段双螺旋结构,抛土轮叶片数量为10,叶片偏角为10°,提高了覆土均匀性并降低了作业功耗。田间试验表明,装置覆土宽度为1.5m,覆土厚度为20.8~31.7mm;建立了覆土厚度标准差回归模型,其决定系数为0.9342,模型误差为1.8%;以覆土厚度标准差为响应值,确定的最优作业参数组合为：抛土轮转速300r/min、抛土角40°、取土深度20mm。该组合下覆土厚度22.9mm,覆土厚度标准差3.7mm,满足大幅宽、均匀薄层覆土要求。本研究实现了果园土壤-秸秆分层覆盖农艺的机械化作业,为旱区果园管理提供了新方法和新装备。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。