欧洲黑杨圆叶突变株系生理生化及DNA甲基化分析

为了创造杨树甲基化变异新种质,本研究以国外引进的优良欧洲黑杨种质资源N46(P.nigra'N46')无菌苗叶片为材料,通过在分化培养基中添加5-azaC(800μmol/L)的诱变方法,在再生植株群体中获得了一个圆叶突变株系M800-18。该株系叶片数量明显增多、叶片长宽比显著增大,叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量降低、光合能力下降,同时该株系保护酶活性显著增强,但其生长速度与对照基本相当。甲基化敏感扩增多态性分析(MSAP)结果表明,变异株系叶片基因组DNA甲基化水平均比对照显著升高。皮尔逊相关性分析结果表明,该株系DNA甲基化水平与叶片数量呈显著正相关,全甲基化、总甲基化水平与光合参数的各项指标均呈显著负相关,说明圆叶突变株系表型的变化很可能是由于甲基化的升高引起的。研究结果为研究杨树叶片形状变异的表观遗传基础研究及生产应用奠定了基础。     

EMS诱变甜高粱突变体筛选与鉴定

为了创制优良甜高粱种质资源,改良高配合力父本性状,为甜高粱遗传育种奠定基础,本试验利用24 h+0.25%甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)水溶液诱变甜高粱甜C-1,从M2代中筛选鉴定优良突变体用于下一步遗传育种。研究表明叶色突变主要发生在M1代,且大部分不能遗传,M1代发现的突变,M2代中依然能够大量发现同类突变。在M2代田间鉴定中发现的突变体类型主要有叶色白化和黄化突变、穗型突变为纺锤型、颖壳包被度变异为1/2和3/4包被、颖壳颜色突变为黑褐色、籽粒增大、籽粒突变为白色、芒性消失、全生育期缩短。利用EMS诱变可以改良现有优良父本性状,加速杂交种的选育,且发现大量的突变体对甜高粱基因功能的挖掘和遗传育种有积极的意义。     

小白菜(Brassica chinensis L.)黄苗突变体的叶绿素荧光特性栽

叶片失绿(黄化)突变体是研究高等植物叶绿素合成、叶绿体遗传和发育的好材料.用这种突变产生的叶色变异作为形态标记在生产上有广泛用途.目前已在玉米、小麦、水稻、大麦、大豆、白菜、油菜、棉花等多种作物中发现或利用诱变技术创造了一些这样的突变体,并分别对其遗传特点、超微结构、叶片蛋白、光合生理等进行了研究.在光合     

EMS诱变NC 55突变体库的创建及高钾突变材料的筛选

为了获得不同类型的烟草突变体库,用0.6%的EMS诱变处理NC 55,对诱变后的M 1代的大田性状进行调查分析,并从中筛选高钾突变材料。EMSNC 55 M 1代植物学性状和农艺性状变异类型丰富,突变率为11.88%,主要为多头突变、株型突变、叶片突变等;通过大田筛选和烟叶化验,筛选到钾含量高于对照NC 55的突变材料74份,其中钾含量超过1.50%的35份,以EMSNC 55-5501烟叶钾含量最高,为2.03%。EMSNC 55 M 1代单株留种606份,为进一步筛选各种类型突变体和选育新品种创建了很好的突变体库。     

水稻特异性失绿突变株表型性状及遗传分析

自然变异的叶色突变体lgs(t),在幼苗期叶片出现大部分或完全白化,分蘖期叶色逐渐转变为不规则绿白条纹,为了研究该性状发生原因,进一步挖掘其利用价值,通过对突变性状表现期的生理指标、农艺性进行调查状及遗传分析。结果表明,叶色失绿与叶绿素含量紧密相关,叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量均显著降低;白化现象的出现使得叶片中可溶性糖含量降低,游离氨基酸含量呈现增加的趋势,进而影响结实率和千粒重等产量性状;遗传分析表明该性状受一个单隐性核基因控制。     

贵州地方稻种来拢小圆粒半矮秆突变体srd-1光合特性研究

以EMS诱变处理贵州地方稻种来拢,建立突变体库,并从中筛选1份能稳定遗传的小圆粒半矮秆突变体srd-1为材料,对其光合生理特性进行了研究。结果表明,srd-1突变体茎节数目减少,茎节和颖壳纵向上细胞长度缩短;生长发育后期光合速率减小较为缓慢,能维持较高的光合速率;在籽粒成熟期,由于叶绿素b含量的增加导致了叶绿素总量高于野生型,叶绿素a/b明显减小。     

用全基因组关联分析筛选甘蓝型油菜叶片叶绿素含量候选基因

提高油菜产量是保障国家粮油安全的重要举措。作物"源""流""库"理论表明,充足的光合产物(源)是高产的前提,而叶绿素是直接参与光合作用的物质,因此,选育高叶绿素含量的甘蓝型油菜是提高产量的重要途径。本课题组前期对全球收集的588份优异油菜种质资源进行5X重测序,获得385,692个高质量SNP标记。利用SPAD-502叶绿素仪于2018—2019连续2年测定苗期完全伸展的叶片叶绿素总量,结合获得的SNP标记进行全基因组关联分析(genome-wide association study, GWAS),筛选与叶绿素含量显著关联的SNP位点。结果表明, 2018年鉴定到5个显著关联的SNP位点,贡献率为5.51%～7.89%,其中S6_3493805位点贡献率最大;2019年检测到46个SNP位点,贡献率为7.29%～10.34%,其中S13_11413088位点贡献率最大。将显著关联SNP位点上下游各500 kb区间内的基因与参考基因组比对,初步筛选出2022个油菜基因。将其基因序列在拟南芥基因组内进行BLAST比对,结合前人已报道的拟南芥同源基因功能,筛选到23个候选基因,其中5个属于叶绿素合成途径同源基因。本研究结果为后续油菜叶片叶绿素含量的遗传改良奠定了基础。     

不同诱变处理对苜蓿叶绿素含量及光合作用的影响

为研究60Co-γ射线、紫外线、零磁空间和EMS诱变处理对苜蓿SP1代叶片叶绿素含量及光合作用的影响,筛选最优诱变处理梯度,选育适合高寒地区种植的苜蓿新品系或品种。以‘公农1 号’、‘Wega7F’、‘WL319HQ’、‘敖汉’4 个苜蓿品种试验材料,设置60Co-γ射线150、300、450 Gy射线强度,紫外线30、60、90 min 照射时间,EMS 0.1%、0.2%、0.4%(v/v)溶液浓度,零磁空间处理180 天;测定苜蓿叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量、叶绿素a/b 值以及净光合速率。结果表明,‘公农1 号’450 Gy60Co-γ处理、紫外线处理时间为30 min和0.4%EMS处理下叶绿素a 含量最高,均高于对照3.17 mg/g,但与对照差异不显著,其他处理均低于对照。‘Wega7F’在紫外线60 min 时间处理下,叶绿素b 值明显增加,且显著高于其他处理(P<0.05)。‘公农1 号’在450 Gy 60Co-γ辐射处理下叶绿素含量最高,a/b 比值最小,其他3 个品种在150 Gy处理下叶绿素含量最高,但a/b 比值最小。各苜蓿品种不同诱变处理净光合速率大小依次为：60 min 紫外线处理的‘Wega7F’>零磁空间处理的‘敖汉’>0.4%EMS 处理的‘WL319HQ’>0.4%EMS处理下的‘公农1 号’。150 Gy60Co-γ射线、60 min 紫外线、0.4%浓度EMS处理为苜蓿正向变异处理,有利于筛选有益诱变突变体。     

水稻叶缘白化突变体mal的遗传分析与基因定位

植物叶色变化对叶绿体发育和叶绿素生物合成等光合系统结构和调控机制的研究有着重要的理论意义。水稻叶缘白化突变体mal (marginal albino leaf),来源于恢复系缙恢10号(Oryza sativa L.ssp. indica)的EMS诱变群体,经过多代自交,其突变性状遗传稳定。与野生型相比,mal突变体整个生育期叶片边缘白化且叶片变窄,抽穗期倒三叶叶片、倒二叶叶边缘以及倒三叶叶边缘的叶绿素含量极显著降低。透射电镜观察发现,mal突变体叶片绿色部位细胞与叶绿体发育完全,白化部分叶肉细胞大部分中空,无明显完整的细胞器,叶绿体内部完全降解。遗传分析表明该突变体受隐性核基因控制,MAL被定位在第8染色体上SSR标记M22和InDel标记ID27之间,物理距离为171 kb。本研究将为MAL基因的图位克隆及功能研究奠定基础。     

水稻ygl80黄绿叶突变体的遗传分析与目标基因精细定位

通过化学诱变获得遗传稳定的水稻黄绿叶突变体ygl80。与野生型亲本10079相比,ygl80突变体在苗期和孕穗期叶片叶绿素分别下降76.64%和54.59%,类胡萝卜素含量分别下降53.85%和41.18%,成熟期株高、每株有效穗数、每穗着粒数、穗长和千粒重分别减少14.8%、16.5%、21.3%、9.1%和7.4%。遗传分析表明,ygl80的突变性状由1对隐性核基因控制。利用(ygl80/浙辐802) F₂作为定位群体, 将突变基因定位在第5染色体长臂InDel标记C2和C3之间,遗传距离分别为0.24 cM 和0.39 cM,两标记之间的物理距离约为90 kb,此区间内包含11个预测基因。基因组序列分析发现,ygl80突变体在编码叶绿素合酶的YGL1(LOC_Os05g28200)基因编码区第5027碱基处(位于第14外显子),碱基C突变为碱基T,使编码蛋白序列第348位的脯氨酸(Pro)突变成亮氨酸(Leu)。该基因是已报道的水稻ygl1黄绿叶突变基因的等位基因。ygl80突变体在整个生育期都表现为黄绿叶,而ygl1突变体在苗期叶片黄化,中期慢慢转绿,后期叶色以及总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的含量接近野生型,这可能是YGL1基因编码的叶绿素合酶蛋白的氨基酸不同突变位点造成的。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.