Efficacy of ‘indigenous vaccine’ using native ‘Indian bison type’ genotype of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis for the control of clinical Johne’s disease in an organized goat herd

Therapeutic efficacy of a new ‘Indigenous vaccine’ prepared from native highly pathogenic ‘Indian Bison Type’ genotype of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) of goat origin has been evaluated with respect to control of clinical Johne’s disease in naturally infected Mehsana breed of goat in North Gujarat. Fifty goats from Sheep and Goats Research Station, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, were randomly divided into 2 groups viz.,‘Vaccinated’(n?=?35) and ‘Control’(n?=?15). After vaccination, goats were monitored for physical condition, morbidity, mortality, body weights, shedding of MAP in feces, internal condition, gross lesions and humoral immune responses up to 120 days (at each interval of 30 days). At the end of 120 days trial, there was marked overall improvement in physical condition and body weights of vaccinated goats as compared to ‘Control’ goats. Vaccinated goats gained significantly (P?<?0.05) higher body weights, hardly exhibited any lesions characteristic of JD, had significantly higher (P?<?0.01) antibody titers and shedding of MAP was significantly (P?<?0.01) reduced. Few of the vaccinated goats were positive for MAP DNA in faecal PCR and blood PCR before vaccination. However, all were found as negative at 120 days post vaccination (DPV). Overall vaccine exhibited effective in restriction of MAP infection and significant improvement in production parameters and reduction in mortality and morbidity due to JD. The trial in the herd will be continued.     

Discovery and molecular characterization of a group A rotavirus strain detected in an Argentinean vicuña (Vicugna vicugna)

The wild vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) is one of the four species of native South American camelids (SACs) in addition to the wild guanaco, and their domesticated counterparts, alpaca and llama, respectively. Serological data have indicated the presence of group A rotaviruses (RVA) specific antibodies in all 4 members of the SAC, and so far, RVA has been detected from alpacas, llamas and guanacos. A total of 59 fecal samples from healthy wild newborn and juvenile vicuñas, raised in captivity in Jujuy, Argentina were collected and analyzed by ELISA to detect RVA antigen. Two samples (3%) were found to contain G8 RVA strains and one strain (RVA/Vicuña-wt/ARG/C75/2010/G8P[14]) was selected for further genome analyses, revealing the G8-P[14]-I2-R2-C2-M2-Ax-N2-T6-E3-Hx genotype constellation. Unfortunately, no sequence data could be obtained for NSP1 and NSP5. Except for the E3 NSP4 genotype, this partial genotype constellation is reminiscent to bovine RVA strains and bovine-like RVA strains isolated from sheep, guanaco, antelope and humans. This relationship was confirmed phylogenetically, providing further evidence of the widespread presence of this genotype constellation in animals belonging to the artiodactyls. In particular, a close phylogenetic relationship was found between C75 and guanaco RVA strain RVA/Guanaco-wt/ARG/Chubut/1999/G8P[14] for at least 5 gene segments, suggesting a partial conservation of the genotype constellation of RVA strains infecting different species of SACs, even though nowadays their natural habitats are not overlapping. The further monitoring of the sanitary health of wild newborn and juvenile vicuñas is essential to improve the management practices applied in their sustainable exploitation.     

Risk factors of foot and mouth disease in an endemic area on low vaccination rate in Xayaboury province of Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR)

Tropical Animal Health and Production - In Xayaboury province, located in the northern region of Lao PDR, the foot and mouth disease (FMD) vaccination campaign just began in 2009. Up until now, a...     

The detection of “Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos” in cattle and buffalo in China

“Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos” is a hemoplasma species found in cattle and has been recently reported in Switzerland and Japan. In this study, “Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos” was shown to occur in cattle and buffalo in tropical China by PCR amplification and sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene from blood samples. Based on the 16S rDNA sequence, a specific PCR assay was developed. Occurrence of “Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos” in cattle and buffalo in Guangxi, China, was determined by examining 25 buffalo blood samples, 12 yellow cattle blood samples and 42 dairy cow blood samples. The results showed that 32% (8/25) of buffalo, 41.7% (5/12) of yellow cattle, and 14.3% (6/42) of dairy cows were positive for “Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos”, respectively. Direct sequencing of representative PCR products confirmed that the amplified partial 16S rDNA sequence represented “Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos”. This is the first report of “Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos” in buffalo, yellow cattle, and dairy cows in China.     

The effect of season and vaccination for Glässer's disease and post-weaning Colibacillosis in an outdoor pig unit endemically infected with virulent strain of Haemophilus Parasuis serotype 5 and pathogenic Escherichia coli

The objective of this field trial was to determine if vaccination against Haemophilus parasuis serovar 5 (HPS 5) and pathogenic serotypes of Escherichia coli would improve nursery pig performance in an outdoor unit in different seasons. The unit was concurrently infected with HPS 5 and with different serotypes of E. coli. All piglets were born to HPS 5 vaccinated sows. The trial was carried out in four (two summer and two winter) groups. Group 1 (E. coli and HPS vaccinated, summer season) (n = 362): Piglets were vaccinated pre-weaning with inactivated E. coli-VT2e-toxin and post-weaning against HPS 5. Group 2 (non-vaccinated, summer season) (n = 349): Piglets were not vaccinated. Group 3 (E. coli and HPS vaccinated, winter season) (n = 358): The animals were analogously treated as Group 1. Group 4 (non-vaccinated, winter season) (n = 353): Piglets were not vaccinated. The following parameters were evaluated: A: average daily nursery weight gain (ADG), B: nursery mortality, C: feed efficiency (FE). No significant weight differences were detected within the vaccinated and non-vaccinated summer or winter raised groups of weaners. Summer raised weaners were significantly (P<0.05) heavier from day 35 on than winter raised animals. ADG and FE of summer raised pigs were significantly better (weeks 1-3 P<0.05; fourth week post-weaning P<0.01) during the nursery period than that of the winter raised groups. Winter raised vaccinated weaners showed during the last week of nursing significantly (P<0.05) better daily gain and feed efficiency compared with the non-vaccinated winter raised animals. Non-significant ADG and FE differences were detectable between the summer raised vaccinated or non-vaccinated groups of pig. Winter raised non-vaccinated animals suffered significantly (P<0.05) higher nursery mortality (10.63%) compared to the winter raised vaccinated animals. Implication: In cases of concurrent infections with HPS 5 and with different serotypes of E. coli, especially during winter season, vaccination against both diseases is suggested.     

Isolation, characterization and establishment of an equine retinal glial cell line: a prerequisite to investigate the physiological function of Müller cells in the retina

Retinal Müller glial cells are of vital importance for maintaining a physiological environment within the retina. To this end, they provide highly specialized physiological properties to support neurons in structure, nutrition and metabolism. The purpose of this study was to isolate Müller cells from the equine retina, determine their characteristics and subsequently establish a stable equine Müller cell line (eqMC) that will provide a prerequisite for investigations on their physiological properties. Dissociated retinal cells were obtained from equine retinas by a papain digestion technique followed by trituration and a cell attachment method by which pure Müller cell cultures were achieved. Morphological examination was performed using phase-contrast microscopy, and further characterization of different subcultures was accomplished by immunocytochemistry. Cells of passage 1 showed distinct signals for glutamine synthetase and vimentin, whereas glial fibrillary acidic protein expression was almost absent. Characteristic expression patterns remained unaltered in all subcultures. Furthermore, cultured Müller cells stably expressed the microfilament alpha-smooth muscle actin, the proliferation marker Ki67 and the membrane channels Kir4.1 and aquaporin 4. The present study introduces the eqMC-7 that will facilitate studies investigating the physiological role of Müller cells within the equine retina.     

Comprehensive literature review of the sources of infection and transmission routes of Coxiella burnetii,with particular regard to the criteria of “evidence-based medicine”

The present review aims to compile the currently available literature since 1936 according the sources of infection of the Q fever pathogen (Coxiella (C.) burnetii) as well as the transmission from animal to man and also from human to human. In terms of quality and validity, the existing publications were reviewed systematically. For this purpose, firstly a structured literature search was carried out using various databases and search engines supplemented by a manual literature search. For critical appraisal, 1444 relevant publications were identified for the moment and evaluated. A total of 73 publications describing a transmission of C. burnetii from animals to man or a human-to-human transmission were discovered. The identified publications are 29 case series, two case reports, 21 cohort studies and 21 case-control studies. With regard to the sources of infection, 25 publications describing the transmission of C. burnetii from sheep to humans could be identified.     

Analysis of th“eSea”in Robinson Crusoe and Moby Dick

This paper employs a comparative analysis to study Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe and Herman Melville’s Moby Dick.The author compares them from both quantitative and qualitative aspects.As for the quantitative aspect,a corpus-based study was carried out to research on the word"sea".As for the qualitative study,the author mainly focuses on the implications of the seas,the images of two protagonists based on the interaction between man and the sea.     

The changing pattern of “doping” in horse racing and its control

Extract

Horse racing is a fine old sport and often, in England at least, has been referred to as the Sport of Kings. Yet, in spite of its antiquity and its favour in high places, it has often been plagued by numerous forms of corrupt practices. Perhaps one of the commonest forms of malpractice has been the illicit administration of drugs to racehorses for the purpose of helping them to win or causing them to lose. Such practice is popularly known as “doping” or “drugging”.     

Growth and the plasma concentrations of growth hormone and prolactin in chicks: Effects of “environmental enrichment”, sex and strain

1. The effects of including novel objects in the environment ("environmental enrichment “) on body‐weight gain, relative body‐weight gain, gain : food ratio, plasma growth hormone (GH) and prolactin concentrations in male and female broiler and layer chicks was investigated.

2. Environmental enrichment improved body‐weight gain, relative body‐weight gain and gain: food ratio but had no effect on circulating GH or prolactin concentrations.

3. Weight gain and gain : food ratio were greater in the broilers than in the layer chicks, while plasma GH and prolactin (females only) concentrations were less.

4. There were no sex differences in weight gain and relative weight gain but gain : food ratio was significantly greater in females than in males. In both strains plasma GH concentrations were higher in males than in females and prolactin concentrations were higher in male than in female broilers.     

“Fear”, head shaking and production in five populations of caged chickens

1. Differences in “ fear”, head shaking and production traits were found among lines of chickens maintained in individual 0–46 × 0.30 × 0.46 m cages.

2. The differences among lines for “ fear “ and head shaking were consistent across three ages.

3. Although differences in “ fear “ and head shaking existed among lines for which there were large differences in production traits, the relationships within lines of production traits with modest “ fearfulness “ and head shaking were not important.     

Development and use of real-time PCR to detect and quantify Mycoplasma haemocanis and “Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum” in dogs

Two canine haemoplasma species have been recognised to date; Mycoplasma haemocanis (Mhc), which has been associated with anaemia in splenectomised or immunocompromised dogs, and “Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum” (CMhp), recently described in an anaemic splenectomised dog undergoing chemotherapy. The study aim was to develop quantitative real-time PCR assays (qPCRs) incorporating an endogenous internal control to detect Mhc and CMhp and to apply these assays to DNA samples extracted from canine blood collected in Northern Tanzania (n = 100) and from dogs presented to a Trinidadian veterinary hospital (n = 185).QPCRs specific for Mhc and CMhp were designed using 16S rRNA gene sequence data, and each was duplexed with an assay specific for canine glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). The assays detected ≤10 copies of a sequence-specific haemoplasma plasmid per reaction and neither assay showed cross-reactivity with 10⁶ copies of the sequence-specific plasmid from the non-target canine haemoplasma species.Nineteen of the 100 Tanzanian samples (19%) were positive for Mhc alone and one (1%) was dually infected. One Trinidadian sample was negative for canine GAPDH DNA and was excluded from the study. Of the 184 remaining Trinidadian samples, nine (4.9%) were positive for Mhc alone, five (2.7%) for CMhp alone, and two (1.1%) dually infected.This is the first report of canine haemoplasma qPCR assays that use an internal control to confirm the presence of amplifiable sample DNA, and their application to prevalence studies. Mhc was the most commonly detected canine haemoplasma species.     

The organization and experience of the “Eutergesundheitsdienste” (“Udder Health Services”) in the Federal Republic of Germany

The Eutergesundheitsdienste (EGDs) in the 10 Länder in the Federal Republic of Germany have developed along different legal, organizational and methodological lines. As examples, the EGDs of Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein and Bavaria are described.Bulk milk samples should be tested for streptococci causing mastitis and B-streptococci may best be demonstrated by serological means.The procedure for counting somatic cells should be standardized, and optical equipment using fluorescence is useful for this purpose.Health protection programmes are applied predominantly to smallholdings. In future account must be taken of milk quantities, and the results of the EGDs should also be considered when determining the quality of the milk to be purchased.The information system needs to be reformed. Lactose, pyruvate and lactate may play an important part in the testing of individual milk samples by the EGDs.More effective checks should be made on the health of cows' udders, and the dairies should cooperate in organizing services for maintaining milk equipment.A study group on udder health has been established by the German Veterinary medicine Society as a forum for coordinating the EGDs in Germany and elsewhere.

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Kurzfassung Der Eutergesundheitsdients (EGD) ist in den 10 Ländern der Bundesrepublik rechtlich, organisatorisch und methodisch unterschiedlich gewachsen. Der EGD in Niedersachsen, Schleswig-Holstein und Bayern wird als Beispiel vorgestellt.Bestandsmilchproben sollten auf Mastitisstreptokokken untersucht werden; vorteilhaft ist der serologische Nachweis von B-streptokokken.Die Standardisierung zur Zählung somatischer Zellen ist erforderlich. Fluoreszenzoptische Geräte sind zweckmässig.In Sanierungsprogrammen dominieren Kleinbetriebe. Die Milchmenge muss künftig berücksichtigt werden und die Ergebnisse im EGD auch bei der Qualitätsbezahlung.Das Informationssystem bedarf der Reform. Auch Lactose, Pyruvat und L(+)-Lactat können in Einzelgemelksproben Bedeutung im EGD erlangen.Die Eutergesundheitskontrollen im Viehhandel sind zu verbessern. Dienste zur Wartung von Melkanlagen sollten über Molkereien organisiert werden.Der Arbeitskreis Eutergesundheit in der Deutschen Veterinärmedizinischen Gesellschaft ist als Forum zur Harmonisierung des EGD gedacht über die deutschen Landesgrenzen hinaus.

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Resume Le Eutergesundheitsdienst (EGD) (service de l'hygiène du pis) a connu dans les dix Länder de la république fédérale un développement divergent sur le plan juridique, de l'organisation et des méthodes de travail. Les EGD de la Basse-Saxe, du Schleswig-Holstein et de la Bavière sont présentés à titre d'example.Il faudrait procéder à la recherche des streptocoques agalactiques dans les échantillons de lait du cheptel; la méthode, sérologique pour la recherche des streptocoques B présente des avantages.Il importe de normaliser le comptage des cellules somatiques. Les appareils optiques à fluorescence utilisés à cet effet se sont abérés utiles.Les programmes d'assainissement concernent avant tout les petites exploitations. A l'avenir, il faudra tenir compte des quantités traites et des résultats obtenus dans le cadre du EGD, même en cas de rémunération à la qualité.Le système d'information doit être réformé. La présence de lactose, de pyruvate et de L(+)-lactate dans les différents echantillons des récoltes de lait peut également être significative pour le EGD.Les contrôles sanitaires du pis doivent être améliorés dans le commerce du bétail. Des services d'entretien des trayentes devraient être organisés par l'intermédiaire des laiteries.Le groupe de travail Eutergesundheit (hygiène du pis) de la Deutsche Veterinärmedizinische Gesellschaft est chargé de travailler à l'harmonisation des EGD dans les différents Länder.

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Riassunto Il Servizio di Prevenzione delle Affezioni Mammarie (Eutergesundheitsdienste, EGD) nei 10 Länder della Republica Federale Tedesca si è sviluppato lungo direttive diverse d'ordine legale, organizzativo e metodoldgico. A mo' di esempio vengono descritti i Servizi della Bassa Sassonia, della Schleswig-Holstein e della Baviera.Campioni collettivi di latte debbono essere saggiati per la messa in evidenza di streptococchi causa di mastiti. La presenza di streptococch B può validamente essere messa in luce mediante tecniche sierologiche.Il procedimento per la conta delle cellule somatiche deve essere standardizzato; risulta utile a questo scopo un'attrezzatura ottica che utilizzi la fluorescenza.I programmi di protezione sanitaria si applicano per lo più ad aziende di modeste dimensioni. In futuro si dovrà tener conto dei quantitativi di latte, e si dovranno altresì prendere in considerazione i risultati dell'EGD al momento della determinazione della qualità del latte da acquistare.Il sistema di informazione deve essere ristrutturato. Il lattosio, il piruvato e l'L(+)-lattato potrebbero finire col rivestire un ruolo importante nelle prove cui sono sottoposti i singoli campioni di latte da parte dell'EGD.Durante le operazioni commerciali nel campo dell'allevamento bovino, le condizioni di salute delle mammelle debbono essere oggetto di più efficaci controlli. Le aziende di lavorazione del latte debbono cooperare nella organizzazione di servizi per la manutenzione delle apparecchiature di mungitura.Il gruppo di studio sulla prevenzione delle affezioni mammarie della Deutsche Veterinaermedizinische Gesellschaft (Associazione Tedesca di Medicina Veterinaria) è stato costituito quale organo di consulenza per coordinare le attività dell'EGD in Germania ed altrove.

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This article was originally written in German. Copies of the German version may be obtained free of charge by writing to: Mr. J. Rodesch, Commission of the European Communities, DG XIII, Batiment Jean Monnet, Rue Alcide de Gasperi, Kirchberg, Luxembourg.     

Lack of cross-protection against Mycoplasma haemofelis infection and signs of enhancement in “Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis”-recovered cats

“Mycoplasma haemofelis” and “Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis” are feline hemoplasmas that induce hemolytic anemia. Protection from homologous re-challenge was recently demonstrated in cats recovered from primary infection. Here, we determined if cats recovered from “Cand. M. turicensis” infection were protected against infections with the more pathogenic M. haemofelis. Ten specified pathogen-free cats were exposed to M. haemofelis. Five of the ten cats had recovered from “Cand. M. turicensis” bacteremia (group A), and five cats were naïve controls (group B). No cross-protection was observed. By contrast, the “Cand. M. turicensis”-recovered cats displayed faster M. haemofelis infection onset (earlier PCR-positive and anemic) than the controls. No “Cand. M. turicensis” was detected in any cat. M. haemofelis shedding was observed in saliva, feces and urine. In both groups, evidence of a Th1 response was observed (high IFN-γ, low IL-4), but IL-10 levels were also high. In group A, total, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells increased within days after M. haemofelis exposure. At times of maximal bacteremia, macrocytic hypochromic anemia, neutropenia, monocytosis and a decrease in leukocyte, eosinophil, and lymphocyte counts and subsets thereof (B- and T-cells, CD4+, CD8+ and CD4+CD25+ cells) were particularly significant in group A. Moreover, an increase in protein concentrations, hypoalbuminemia and a polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia were observed. Five of ten M. haemofelis-infected cats subsequently cleared bacteremia without antibiotic treatment. In conclusion, the study suggests that a previous hemoplasma infection, even when the cat has ostensibly recovered, may influence subsequent infections, lead to an enhancement phenomenon and other differences in infection kinetics.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13567-015-0240-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

A mixed population of Helicobacter pylori,Helicobacter bizzozeronii and “Helicobacter heilmannii” in the gastric mucosa of a domestic cat

Background

The presence of Helicobacter within the gastric mucosa is responsible for producing pathology in many animal species, including man. Since humans have been shown to harbour many of the same bacterial species as domestic carnivores, concern over their zoonotic potential has been growing. Helicobacter pylori, a class 1 carcinogen responsible for cases of gastritis and gastric cancer in humans, produces similar pathology in pet carnivores and is considered an example of anthroponosis. The case here presented refers to a 13 year-old mixed breed spayed female cat seen at necropsy.

Findings

Stomach samples were analysed for the presence of Helicobacter spp. by cytology, histopathology and PCR. Mild mucosal atrophy was observed in the fundus and antrum, while lymphoplasmocytic infiltrates where noted in the lamina propria of the antrum. Helicobacter-like organisms were observed in the corpus and antrum, occupying gastric glands and surface mucosa. It was possible to detect Helicobacter spp., H. pylori, H. heilmannii and H. bizzozeronii in the fundus, corpus and antrum by PCR, while in the antrum PCR samples were positive for H. pylori.

Conclusions

The spayed female under study could represent either a yet un-described population of domestic cats infected with H. pylori or a case of anthroponosis.