上海地区长毛兔冬夏季的体温和皮温变化

本试验分别于冬季和夏季,测试了上海地区长毛兔的直肠温度、腋下温度和体表温度,并对不同被毛长度间作比较。结果表明:(1)长毛兔的体温,冬季((?)):39.44℃,夏季((?)):39.64℃,夏季高于冬季,差异较显著(P<0.05);另外,被毛长度4cm以上组比0.5～1cm组均高出0.24℃,差异显著(P<0.01)。(2)腋下温度,冬季((?)):39.14℃,夏季((?)):39.33℃,两季间差异较显著;而不同被毛长度间的腋下温度差异不显著(P>0.05)。(3)直肠温度与腋下温度间存在高度相关,回归系数显著(P<0.01),可根据相关回归直线,由腋下温度估计体温。(4)体表温度(皮温),夏季明显高于冬季,差异显著(P<0.01);被毛长度4cm以上组的皮温均高于被毛长度0.5～1cm组的皮温,差异显著(P<0.01)。     

湿度和风速对高温条件下肉仔鸡体热平衡及其血浆相关激素水平的影响

在夏季高温季节，湿度和风速是影响鸡舍温热环境的重要因素。为了定量探讨湿度和风速对鸡体热平衡影响的相对程度和交互作用，本试验采用2×2因子设计（两个湿度处理：80％和40％相对湿度和两个风速处理：0.07和0．44m／s），综合探讨在30℃高温条件下湿度和风速对肉仔鸡直肠温度和体表温度以及血浆T3、T4、胰岛素水平的影响。结果表明，在本试验条件下，高温与低湿比，鸡冠温、翅温、胫温、趾温升高极显著（P＜0．01），直肠温度、胸温升高显著（P＜0．05）；高风速比低风速能极显著降低鸡直肠温度和所测体表温度（除腹温）（P＜0．01）；处理时间对鸡直肠温度没有显著影响，对所测体表温度均有极显著影响（P＜0．01）；湿度、风速和处理时间对鸡直肠温度和所测体表温度均有极显著的交互影响（P＜0．01）。各处理组血浆T4水平之间差异极显著（P＜0．01），而血浆T3水平、胰岛素水平及T3／T4比值之间没有显著差异。     

环境因素对雏鸡生长及增重效果的影响

试验测定了雏鸡舍温度、湿度、气流速度和有害气体(NH3)浓度。研究了主要环境因素对伊莎雏鸡生长发育和增重的影响。结果表明,在高温、低温时死亡率比适温分别高15.7%和14.7%(P<0.01),试验期日增重低于本品种日增重。     

不同温度育雏与雏鸡白痢发生率关系的试验研究

选择1日龄新罗曼褐壳商品代蛋雏鸡300只,随机分为3组,即对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组。在相同的采食、饮水、饲养管理条件下,采用不同环境温度进行育雏,对照组正常温度育雏;试验Ⅰ组高温育雏(比正常育雏温度高2℃);试验Ⅱ组低温育雏(比正常育雏温度低2℃)。结果表明,高温育雏能明显降低雏鸡白痢发生率,提高雏鸡成活率;低温育雏有使雏鸡白痢发生率增高的趋势。经统计分析,高温育雏组雏鸡白痢发生率与对照组之间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。     

温度、水分对贮藏中配合饲料蛋白质的影响

试验采用2因素3水平正交组合设计,设定3个温度水平(38℃、18℃、4℃),3个水分含量水平(18%、12%、9%),测定在贮藏过程中,温度和水分对配合饲料蛋白质营养价值的影响。试验表明:温度和水分对蛋白质溶解度的影响极显著(P<0.01);对有效赖氨酸(ALys)的影响显著(P<0.05);对配合饲料粗蛋白含量和真蛋白含量的影响不显著(P>0.05)。贮藏时间的长短对粗蛋白和真蛋白的含量都不显著,但在高温(38℃)、高水(18%)条件下,影响均显著(P<0.05);对蛋白溶解度的影响极显著(P<0.01);对有效Lys的的损失影响显著(P<0.05)。     

热应激对奶牛体温和呼吸机能的影响

试验旨在研究热应激对奶牛直肠温度、体表温度、平均体温及呼吸频率的影响并探讨热应激对奶牛生理机能影响的机理。选用不同泌乳阶段且胎次相近的荷斯坦奶牛18头,按照同一泌乳阶段奶牛泌乳天数和产奶量相近的原则,平均分为3组,泌乳前期组、中期组和后期组,根据实测试验期牛舍温湿指数(temperature humidity index,THI)的变化,进行热应激与非热应激的对照试验。结果表明:奶牛热应激时,其直肠温度、平均皮肤温度、平均体温及呼吸频率极显著提高(P<0.01),且以上指标均与THI有较强的正相关性(P<0.05);不同泌乳阶段奶牛的直肠温度、体表温度、平均体温及呼吸频率差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果提示,奶牛热应激时,随着THI的升高,奶牛的直肠温度、体表温度、平均体温及呼吸频率显著升高,且处于同一环境下不同泌乳阶段奶牛的以上指标无显著差异。     

环境温度和湿度对蛋鸡粪便含水率、氮素和pH的影响

为了研究温度、湿度因子对存放期蛋鸡粪便含水率和氮素变化的影响,试验在人工气候箱内采用单因素试验设计,分别研究存放0~6d在15、20、25、30℃的温度水平和65%、75%、85%、95%的湿度水平下蛋鸡粪便的成分特性变化。结果表明,在不同环境温度下,0~6d内随着时间延长,蛋鸡粪便含水率均下降;最初1~2d内含水率变化较小,从第3天开始,高温环境(35℃)贮放粪便不利于含水率的降低。环境温度越高,12h~4d粪便pH值上升越快;高温(35℃)会加快粪便降解和氮素损失,而在25℃环境下,环境湿度对存放期粪便的含水率、pH值以及氮素变化没有显著影响。     

中药添加剂对热应激肉仔鸡热调节能力影响的研究

在人工气候室研究了中药添加剂和热环境对肉仔鸡热调节能力的影响。将20日龄的肉仔鸡随机分为四组，试验组温度保持在29℃以上，对照组为室温(19—25℃)，测定不同生长阶段肉用仔鸡体表温度并计算耐热指数。结果表明，肉用仔鸡30—60日龄内，随着日龄的增加，肉鸡耐热力下降。高温环境可显著提高各日龄肉仔鸡体表温度。在常温条件下，相对湿度变化对肉仔鸡体温天显著影响。在高温环境中，提高空气相对湿度可显著提高肉仔鸡体表温度，同时，在日粮中添加中药添加剂，可降低高温环境中肉仔鸡体表温度。这表明，中药添加剂可缓解高温对肉仔鸡的不良影响。     

环境温度与日粮营养水平对蛋用鸡脂肪代谢影响的研究

分别用滨白蛋用雏鸡和星杂288蛋鸡研究了温度(17.4,21.0,25.2,29.3,33.1℃)和饲粮营养水平对与脂肪代谢有关的血液生化指标的影响,以及这些指标间的相互关系。雏鸡血液中极低密发脂蛋白水平很低,肝素-Mg~(++)比浊法不能检出,血脂含量为243.3mg/100ml。产蛋鸡的血脂与极低密度脂蛋白水平显著高于雏鸡(P<0.01)。短期适中温度(17.4～25.2℃)暴露处理(24小时)后,蛋鸡血脂无显著变化(P>0.05);游离脂肪酸水平显著升高(P<0.01),21.0℃处理下,极低密度脂蛋白含量显著     

怎样提高野鸡的育雏成活率

(一)温度及湿度 控制好温、湿度是育雏成功的关键所在,一般要求室温达到33～35℃,相对湿度控制在60％～70％之间,在不影响温度的情况下,保持空气清新,严防贼风。也不要硬性依照温度表行事,应当“看鸡施温”,切勿“看表施温”。 (二)初饮及开食 雏鸡出壳后3小时供给温水,建议水中加入8％的红糖,0.1%维生素C、0.01%的高锰酸钾或饮速补一18溶液。饮水供应不能间断,以免发生抢水猛饮引起湿毛、拉     

制订生物制品冻干曲线的探讨

探讨了生物制品冻干过程中,不同阶段油温、板温、苗温、箱温的变化规律,并将其同冻干时间有机结合起来,用于制订冻干曲线。     

我国南方冬季和夏季肉牛体感温度研究

针对我国南方夏季炎热和冬季阴冷潮湿的气候特点,得到此环境气候下的肉牛体感温度公式,并以此指导实际生产。选取6头15月龄西门塔尔牛,测定其环境干球温度(DBT)、湿球温度(WBT)和风速(V)及其皮温。结果表明:干湿球温度与皮温呈正相关(冬季:rd=0.92,P0.01;rw=0.86,P0.01;夏季:rd=0.75,P0.01;rw=0.60,P0.01)。在我国南方冬季气候环境下,肉牛的体感温度公式为ET=0.81DBT+0.19WBT-2.99V(r=0.87,P0.001);夏季体感温度公式为ET=0.28DBT+0.72WBT-1.93V(r=0.93,P0.001)。     

外温动物热适应性的研究方法及其影响因素

对外温动物的最适温度研究方法、逃避温度研究方法、临界温度研究方法以及不同方法对试验结果的影响和对外温动物热适应性的影响因素5个方面进行了综述,以期为外温动物热适应性的研究提供方法基础.     

Temperature regulation in horses during exercise and recovery in a cool environment

Background

Clipping the winter coat in horses is done to improve heat dissipation during exercise and make grooming easier. It is often combined with blanketing to keep the horse warm. The aims of the present study were to investigate how clipping and the use of blankets affect thermoregulation during exercise and recovery in horses.

Methods

One Gotland pony, one New Forest pony, and one warm-blooded horse exercised one after the other on a 6450 m long track. The horses walked, trotted and cantered according to a predetermined scheme, which took about 50 minutes including three stops. The scheme was repeated on five consecutive days when horses were: 1) unclipped 2) unclipped + blanket during recovery, 3) left or right side clipped, 4) clipped, and 5) clipped + riding blanket + blanket during recovery. Heart rate (HR) was measured with telemetry, respiratory rate (RR) by counting flank contractions, skin temperatures by thermistor probes, and rectal temperature with a digital thermometer. Skin wetness (SW) was estimated by ocular inspection (dripping = 5, dry = 0).

Results

Mean outdoor temperature varied from -1.1 to - 8.7°C. HR increased progressively during exercise with no difference between treatments. Maximum RR was 77 ± 30 breaths/min (unclipped) and 49 ± 27 breaths/min (clipped). The lowest skin temperature was 17.5 ± 2.7°C in a hind leg during exercise, which increased to 34.5 ± 0.1°C during recovery. Rectal temperature was elevated during recovery in unclipped, but not in clipped horses and skin temperature at base of tail was elevated during recovery except in unclipped horses without blanket. Moisture after exercise scored 3.2 ± 0.8 in unclipped and zero in clipped horses.

Discussion and conclusion

Leg skin temperature initially dropped at onset of exercise in clipped horses, and then increased after about 30 minutes due to internal heat from the working muscles. These changes were not significant when clipped horses had riding blankets, whereas unclipped horses became overheated as judged from respiratory rate and elevated rectal temperature. Providing clipped horses with blankets dampened the changes in leg skin temperature during exercise.     

Comparison of peripheral and core temperatures in anaesthetized hypovolaemic sheep

OBJECTIVE: To compare rectal (C(R) degrees ), coronary band (P(CB) degrees ) and ear base (P(E) degrees ) temperatures with pulmonary arterial temperature (C(PA) degrees ), and to investigate the relationship between core-peripheral temperature difference ([C - P]t degrees ) and cardiac output (Qt) in an acute ovine trauma model (PIL 60/9064). STUDY DESIGN: Observational study. ANIMALS: Thirteen mixed-breed male sheep, body mass (mean +/- SD) 45.50 +/- 4.21 kg, aged approximately 1 year. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anaesthesia was induced with intravenous etomidate 0.5 mg kg(-1) and midazolam 0.5 mg kg(-1) and following endotracheal intubation maintained with halothane in a 2:1 N(2)O:O(2) mixture. The lungs were mechanically ventilated to maintain normocapnia. Core temperature was measured using a pulmonary arterial thermistor. Rectal temperature and peripheral temperatures at the thoracic limb coronary band and ear base were recorded using thermistor probes with a multi-channel recorder. Cardiac output was measured by continuous thermodilution. Recordings were taken hourly over a 24-hour period. After baseline data collection, hypovolaemia was induced by haemorrhage from bilateral femoral fractures. The development of hypovolaemic shock was confirmed by falling Qt, central venous pressure, mean arterial pressure and urine output. Resuscitation was attempted using intravenous fluids, inotropes and vasoconstrictors. Nine sheep received lumbosacral extradural bupivacaine. RESULTS: The rectal temperature correlated closely with pulmonary arterial temperature in all sheep (r(c) = 0.924). There was no consistent statistically significant relationship between Qt and [C - P]t degrees . CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Rectal temperature accurately reflected core temperature in anaesthetized sheep but [C - P]t degrees was unrelated to Qt, under the conditions described in this study.     

环境温度对矮脚肉种公鸡体温和血浆睾酮含量的影响

本试验分二期研究了环境温度对鸡直肠温度、冠温和血浆睾酮水平的影响。结果表明,鸡直肠温度和冠温与环境温度均呈正相关变化,但冠温变化幅度和个体变异明显大于直肠温度,说明冠温对环境变化比较敏感,而置肠温度在一定环境温度条件下,则能保持相对稳定。血浆睾酮水平在5～9℃低温下极显著升高(P<0.01)。     

A comparison of auricular, rectal and pulmonary artery thermometry in dogs with anesthesia-induced hypothermia

Objective: To determine if a correlation exists among auricular, rectal and pulmonary artery (PA) temperatures in hypothermic dogs. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Angiography suite at a college of veterinary medicine. Animals: Sexually intact female research hounds (13.9–25.4 kg; n=8). Measurements and main results: Dogs were anesthetized for instrumentation with a percutaneously placed, thermistor‐tipped, PA catheter. Anesthesia was maintained until the core body temperature decreased to 36.6°C (97.8°F). Anesthesia was discontinued, and auricular and rectal temperatures were obtained every 15 minutes until the PA temperature reached 38.3°C (100.9°F). A strong correlation was noted among the 3 methods of temperature measurement (P<0.001; R≥0.846). No statistical difference was detected among measurement methods at baseline, the minimum temperature attained, nor the median temperature attained. However, at the maximum temperature attained, auricular measurements (37.7±0.4°C or 99.8±0.7°F) were lower than either the rectal (38.3±0.3°C or 100.9±0.5°F) or PA (38.3±0.3°C or 100.9±0.5°F) temperature measurements (P=0.001). Conclusion: There is a strong correlation among rectal, auricular and PA temperatures. Auricular temperature may be used to monitor core body temperature during postoperative rewarming; however, it might be slightly lower than core temperature as normothermia is reached.     

广东罗坑自然保护区鳄蜥生理体温调节能力研究

为进一步探讨鳄蜥(Shinisaurus crocodilurus)的生理性体温调节能力,2018年8月,以广东省罗坑自然保护区鳄蜥研究中心成体饲养池内的鳄蜥为研究对象,探讨鳄蜥在20.0～30.0℃时,调节体温(T_b)与环境温度(T_e)的关系。结果表明:以2.5℃梯度变温时,鳄蜥的调节体温与环境温度呈正相关,升温时,T_b=0.533T_e+13.084 (F_1,48=327.65,R²=0.872,P<0.001);降温时,T_b=1.150T_e-3.454(F_1,48=1 476.48,R²=0.969,P<0.001)。降温时,鳄蜥体温与环境温度的相关系数(1.150)大于升温时(0.533)。升温和降温时,鳄蜥热交换的平衡点分别为28.01、23.03℃,环境温度高于或低于平衡点时,鳄蜥的调节体温均低于环境温度。研究表明,降温时,鳄蜥对环境的依赖性更强,...