CO2浓度增加对小麦和玉米品质影响的实验研究

通过3种CO2浓度(700×10-6、 500×10-6、 350×10-6) 模拟实验表明： CO2浓度增加使小麦籽粒的蛋白质、 赖氨酸、 脂肪含量增高, 淀粉含 量下降, 品质得到提高; 玉米则相反, 其蛋白质、 赖氨酸、 脂肪含量随CO2浓度升 高而减少, 淀粉含量略有增高, 品质有所下降。 700×10-6的小麦籽粒粗蛋白、 赖氨酸、 粗脂肪、 粗淀     

CO_2浓度增加对C_3、C_4作物生理特性影响的实验研究

通过对 C3小麦、大豆、大白菜和 C4 玉米在不同 CO2 浓度 ( 350× 10 -5、 50 0× 10 -6、 60 0×10 -6、 70 0× 10 -6)条件下的生长模拟实验和生理特性研究表明 ,CO2 浓度增加 ,促使作物光合速率增长 ,光合时间略有延长 ,光补偿点明显下降 ,蒸腾系数减小 ,叶气温差增大 ,叶温升高。 70 0× 10 -6和50 0× 10 -6比 350× 10 -6小麦光合速率分别增长 30 .7%和 11.7% ,大豆增长 63.4 %和 4 2 .7% ,大白菜增长 68.0 %和 39.0 % ,玉米增长 15.7%和 4 .7% ,C3作物比 C4 反应明显 ;蒸腾系数小麦下降 14.3%和 7.7% ,大白菜下降 2 7.1%和 2 3.1% ,玉米下降 16.8%和 10 .4 %     

CO2浓度增加对C3、 C4作物生理特性影响的实验研究

通过对C3小麦、 大豆、 大白菜和C4玉米在不同CO2浓度(350×10-5、 500×1 0-6、 600×10-6、 700×10-6)条件下的生长模拟实验和生理特性研究 表明, CO2浓度增加, 促使作物光合速率增长, 光合时间略有延长, 光补偿点明显下 降, 蒸腾系数减小, 叶气温差增大, 叶温升高。 700×10-6和500×10-6比 350×10-6小麦光合速率     

优质蛋白玉米的发展前景

优质蛋白玉米 (又称为高赖氨酸玉米 )是全籽粒赖氨酸含量在 0 .40 %以上、胚乳硬质度在 2 .0级以上的高营养玉米。196 4年美国普渡大学的麦茨教授在《科学》杂志上发表了题为“突变基因改变了玉米胚乳蛋白组成和增加了氨基酸含量”的著名论文 ,表明利用奥帕克 - 2 (o2 )基因可使玉米胚乳的赖氨酸含量增加 6 9% ,如以全籽粒计算则增加 1倍 ;后来的研究结果证明色氨酸也增加 1倍 ,精氨酸增加30 %～ 5 0 %。这一重要发现开辟了玉米品质育种的新纪元。利用这种玉米进行的营养实验 ,表明其蛋白质品质相当于牛奶蛋白 ,接近于鸡蛋蛋白 ,其生物价为 …     

玉米自交系粒重与品质性状的相关分析

测定了111份玉米自交系的百粒重、容重、蛋白质、淀粉、油分、赖氨酸的含量,分析了玉米粒重与品质性状的相关性。结果表明,不同玉米自交系的粒重间存在显著差异,而同一自交系重复间差异不显著。玉米籽粒百粒重与蛋白质和油分含量之间呈负相关,与淀粉和赖氨酸含量之间呈正相关;玉米籽粒容重与蛋白质和油分含量之间呈正相关,与淀粉和赖氨酸含量之间呈负相关。     

玉米胚乳突变基因与互作对籽粒成份的影响——Ⅱ.O_2基因与su_1、sh_2、bt_2、wx基因的互作效应

研究了 O_2基因与 su_1,sh_2,bt_2,wx 基因互作对玉米籽粒百粒重、蛋白质、赖氨酸含量及碳水化合物组分(淀粉、可溶性糖、蔗糖、还原糖、水溶性多糖)的影响。结果表明:O_2与 su_1,sh_2,bt_2,基因互作显著降低百粒重及淀粉含量,增加蛋白质、赖氨酸、可溶性糖、蔗糖和还原糖含量,但增加幅度受遗传背景的影响。与正常型及单突变体相比,籽粒发育过程中这些双突变体一般表现为:粒重增长较慢;蛋白质含量下降幅度较小;淀粉早期含量较低,后期增长缓慢;可溶性糖和还原糖早期含量较高,后期下降速度随基因型而异。o_2 基因与 wx 基因互作对籽粒成份影响较小。研究分析了籽粒各成份之间的相互关系并讨论了这些基因互作对玉米品质育种的利用价值。     

普通小麦×硬粒小麦杂种蛋白质含量及其电泳分析

本文分析了普通小麦×硬粒小麦杂种14个选系的籽粒蛋白质含量及7个选系籽粒氨基酸组成。科春_(14)×D_(213)杂种7个选系的平均蛋白质含量为18.45%,比双亲平均数(15.04%)高。肯尼亚×阿波罗各选系蛋白质含量比其亲本平均提高3.44%。籽粒中氨基酸含量随着籽粒蛋白质含量的提高而增加。选系 KA_(20)的蛋白质含量为20.13%,比母本     

小麦-玉米轮作体系下长期定位秸秆还田对籽粒产量及品质的影响

以莱阳潮土区长期定位秸秆还田小麦-玉米轮作为研究对象,探讨秸秆还田条件下施用氮肥以及单施有机肥对小麦、玉米产量以及籽粒品质的影响。采用氨基酸组成分析法、半微量凯氏定氮法以及残余法,对不同秸秆还田施肥处理下籽粒品质做出分析,得出2季秸秆还田施氮肥(WCN)处理小麦、玉米籽粒粗脂肪含量较1季秸秆还田施氮肥(WN)处理显著提高5.72%和9.49%。秸秆所占比例越大越有利于提高籽粒粗脂肪含量。WCN处理小麦、玉米籽粒蛋白质含量较2季秸秆还田(WC)处理显著提高32.53%,72.44%,表明氮肥所占比例越大越有利于提高蛋白质含量。单施有机肥与2季秸秆还田施氮肥能显著提高小麦、玉米产量。不同秸秆还田处理对小麦籽粒赖氨酸、胱氨酸、丙氨酸影响较小,对玉米籽粒胱氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸影响也较小,除天门冬氨酸、亮氨酸、缬氨酸、赖氨酸、胱氨酸、丙氨酸外,长期不同秸秆还田处理对其他氨基酸的影响趋势与氨基酸总量的变化规律类似。综上所述,在秸秆还田的基础上配施氮肥能够得到较高的产量,提高籽粒品质。     

玉米高赖氨酸和糯性基因聚合材料营养品质分析

为评价玉米高赖氨酸和糯性基因聚合材料的营养品质,本研究以玉米高赖氨酸(o2、o16)和糯性(wx)基因不同聚合类型材料及其亲本为试材,利用近红外分析仪和全自动氨基酸分析仪对籽粒油分含量、总淀粉含量、蛋白质含量和氨基酸含量等指标进行分析。结果表明,与轮回亲本CML 530相比,o2、o16和wx三基因聚合材料,W 1(o2o16wx)籽粒油分含量降低了20.69%,总淀粉含量提高了4.22%,赖氨酸含量提高了72.57%。4份o2和o16两基因聚合材料,W 2(o2o16)、W 3(o2o16)、W 11(o2o16)和W 12(o2o16)籽粒总淀粉含量平均提高了2.92%;赖氨酸含量分别提高了68.55%、67.68%、49.77%、56.08%。7份o16和wx两基因聚合的材料中,W 4(o16wx)和W 5(o16wx)籽粒蛋白质含量平均增加了8.10%;W 6(o16wx)、W 7(o16wx)和W 9(o16wx)籽粒赖氨酸含量分别增加了9.84%、12.30%和8.66%。可见,这些优质基因聚合材料是品质性状遗传改良和育种应用的重要材料。     

玉米品质改良与高赖氨酸育种

一、玉米品质育种的进展:谷物品质的优劣,既取决于蛋白质的含量,又取决于蛋白质的品质。玉米籽粒蛋白质含量一般10%左右,低于小麦(13—14%),高于水稻(7—9%)。由于玉米籽粒中醇溶蛋白占粗蛋白总量的50—60%,而醇溶蛋白中缺乏人、畜体内所需的赖氨酸和色氨酸,所以,玉米籽粒的营养品质不佳。通过育种手段改良玉米蛋     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.