荷斯坦奶牛体型线性性状与产奶量的相关性分析

对新疆荷斯坦奶牛的产奶量与体型线性性状进行了相关。通径分析。结果表明，荷斯坦奶牛的乳房纵沟深，后乳房宽，后乳房高与产奶量呈中等正相关，体高，体长，尻宽，尻长与产奶量呈弱相关；后乳房宽，乳房纵沟深是直接影响产奶量的重要性状，且是正身作用；后乳房高对产奶量起负面影响。其间接作用大。     

荷斯坦牛体型线性性状与产奶量的相关性研究

本研究对新疆荷斯坦奶牛的产奶量与体型线性性状进行了相关、通径分析。结果发现，荷斯坦奶牛的乳房纵沟深、后乳房宽、后乳房高与产奶量呈中等正相关；体高、体长、尻宽、尻长与产奶量呈弱相关；后乳房宽、乳房纵沟深是直接影响产奶量的重要性状。     

宁夏荷斯坦牛体型外貌线性评定分析

本研究利用2010～2012年宁夏30个牛场、46头荷斯坦种公牛的2 969个后代女儿为参考群体,利用SAS程序统计分析了23个体型性状、5个部位评分和1个总体得分性状的表型参数.研究结果表明,宁夏荷斯坦牛23个体型性状的平均分范围从4.6(后肢侧视)到6.87(棱角性),各性状的标准差范围从0.67(前乳头位置)到1.14(悬韧带)；5个部位性状的平均分范围从81.93(泌乳系统得分)到85.97(体躯容积得分),各部位的标准差范围从2.71(泌乳系统得分)到4.15(乳房得分).个体总体得分平均值为83.19.以VG、GP等级的个体居多,占97.4％；在2 969头鉴定牛中,VG等级699头,占评定总数的23.55％,GP等级2 193头,占评定总数的73.86％,G等级77头,占评定总数的2.59％.没有EX、F和P等级的个体.     

安徽荷斯坦牛的体型线性评定分析

本文根据 1996年中国奶牛协会颁布的《中国荷斯坦牛体型线性鉴定实施方案 (试行 )》 ,采用线性评定 1～ 5 0分制 ,对安徽荷斯坦牛进行体型线性评定。结果表明 ,在一级线性性状中 ,体高、胸宽、尻宽、后房高度、乳头长度的评分随胎次增加而增加 ,而前房附着、乳房深度、后房高度的评分随胎次增加而减少。安徽荷斯坦牛平均体高段 137～139cm ,尻宽性状有显著的地区差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,在后房高度、乳头长度性状上不同地区表现一致且上乘 ,在乳房深度、前房附着性状上的表现存在着明显的地区差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,且均未达到奶牛体型的理想结构     

四川荷斯坦奶牛体型外貌线性评定分析

对4个场165头奶牛进行了体尺测定和体型外貌线性评定.成年奶牛平均耆甲高135.1 cm,尻高139.0 cm,尻高高于耆甲高约4 cm,平均坐骨端宽19.8 cm,平均成年体重600.4 kg.个体整体评分4个牛群的平均值集中在75分左右,最高的为76.4,以好、中两个等级的个体居多,占95%左右;在165头评定奶牛中,佳6头,占评定总数的3.64%,好103头,占62.42%,中56头,占33.94%,没有优、良和差等级的个体.     

淮南地区荷斯坦奶牛15个一级体型性状的线性评定

选择安徽淮南乳品公司为试验点,随机抽取荷斯坦奶牛493头(1~11胎)进行奶牛15个一级体型性状即体高、胸宽、体深、楞角性、尻角度、尻宽、后肢侧视、蹄角度、前房附着、后房高度、后房宽度、悬韧带、乳房深度、乳头位置、乳头长度的线性评定。结果表明:淮南地区荷斯坦奶牛15个一级性状评分分别是13.38分、35.69分、31.46分、31.16分、40.36分、40.49分、32.61分、41.14分、31.95分、46.98分、29.09分、37.47分、15.08分、39.74分和20.82分;功能分各为68分、92分、81分、81分、70分、90分、72分、89分、82分、92分、79分、88分、65分、88分、74分;评定等级分别是中、优、佳、佳、中、优、中、良、佳、优、好、良、中、良、中。同时,在1胎～≥6胎各胎次奶牛平均的整体评定等级各为佳(80.90分)、佳(81.47分)、佳(80.28分)、佳(79.50分)、好(78.57分)、佳(79.60分),而淮南地区荷斯坦奶牛总的平均整体评定等级为佳(80.27分),表现较为理想。     

对中国荷斯坦牛体型线性评定的浅见

对中国荷斯坦牛体型线性评定的浅见黑龙江省家畜繁育指导站（１５００６０）葛星明，杨红，李洪铎近年来，我国荷斯坦牛体型线性评定已在各奶牛场相继开展。１９９０年中国奶牛协会主持召开首届奶牛体型线性评定研讨会，会议决定全面普及推广奶牛的体型线性评定（详见《中...     

荷斯坦奶牛产奶量与乳房性状的通径分析

对荷斯坦奶牛的产奶量与乳房性状进行了相关，通径分析。结果表明：荷斯坦奶牛的后乳房深，后乳房宽，后乳房高，乳房纵沟深，乳头直径与产奶量呈中等正相关，乳头长与产奶量呈弱相关；后乳房宽，乳房纵沟深，乳头直径是影响产奶量的重要性状，且是正向作用，后乳房高对产奶量起负面影响，其间接作用大。     

加拿大荷斯坦牛增强型体型评定方案

加拿大荷斯坦牛增强型体型评定方案北京农业大学动物科技学院（１０００９４）储明星编译师守审校１引言体型评定是荷斯坦牛育种方案的重要组成部分。加拿大的体型评定系统对加拿大荷斯坦牛品种的改良作出了较大的贡献。加拿大荷斯坦牛协会对１９９２年夏季和秋季度量的约...     

荷斯坦奶牛体型线性性状对305天产奶量的通径分析

进行荷斯坦奶牛体型线性性状时305 d产奶量的通径分析,建立体型线性性状对305 d产奶量的最优回归方程.随机抽取荷斯坦奶牛395头,测量体高、体斜长、胸围、腹固、管围、尻高、尻宽、腰角宽、乳房深度、后房高度、前房附着、乳头长度、乳头外径等13个体型线性性状,收集395头奶牛305 d产奶量.结果表明:前房附着,乳头外径与305 d产奶量相关极显著(P0.05);体斜长、胸围、尻宽、后房高度和前房附着对305 d产奶量的通径系数达到显著水平(P相似文献   

Stillbirth parturition reduces milk production in Holstein cows

Stillbirth is defined as calf mortality shortly before, during, or shortly after parturition. Economic losses to the dairy industry in the U.S. just due to the loss of replacement heifers were estimated to be $125 million per year. Our objective in this study was to evaluate the effect of stillbirth on the dam's subsequent lactation. Data were collected from 20 farms in the U.S.A. (19 from NY, one from IN) from May 2005 until September 2006. Calving-ease scores (scale of 1-5; no problem and extreme difficulty, respectively) and stillbirths were recorded by farm personnel. We used 32,299 calvings for the final analysis where 6.5% of the calvings were stillbirths. The incidence of stillbirths for primiparous cows was 10.7% (of 11,891) and 4% (of 20,408) for multiparous cows. Stillbirth parturition significantly reduced milk production (-1.1 kg/day). The losses in milk production were evaluated in a generalized mixed linear model analysis. The daily milk production for cows with stillbirths was 34.2 kg, compared to 35.3 kg for the cows that had a live calf. Milk-production reduction was greatest early in lactation and declined afterwards. Economic losses from stillbirths include not just the lost calf, the reduced survival, and increased days open but also the decreased milk yield.     

The relationship between udder health and milk production in SMR cows

Analyses made of seven dairy units revealed that clinically manifest udder inflammations had occurred once or repeatedly to 23.9 per cent of all cows in their first lactation and to 34.0 percent during the fourth lactation. Cows with no clinical udder inflammation in the first and second lactations were superior by 205 kg of milk to animals in whom such inflammations developed during the second lactation. Correlation coefficients between udder health and milk yield were between -0.22 and 0.32 and were likely to suggest that in the long run improvement of the genetic potential for milk yield was accompanied by deterioration of udder health. Therefore, udder health should be included by stabilising selection in Friesian dairy cattle breeding in the GDR. A sufficient breeding potential will be left for milk yield parameters, as was shown by simulated selection experiments.     

Relationships between lactational incidence of displaced abomasum and milk production traits in German Holstein cows

The objective of this study was to analyse the heritabilitiy of the lactational incidence of displaced abomasum (DA) and the relationships of DA with milk production traits in German Holstein cows. Data were recorded between February 1999 and January 2000 in cooperation with five veterinary practitioners. Their veterinary practices were located in the northern part of Lower Saxony. The investigation included 160 dairy farms under the official milk-recording scheme with 9,315 cows. The lactational incidence of the left abomasal displacement amounted to 1.21%, and of the right abomasal displacement to 0.41%, respectively. The linear heritability estimates for the lactational incidences of left and right DA were h(2) = 0.05 +/- 0.012 and h(2) = 0.004 +/- 0.005, respectively. Using the Dempster-Lerner-transformation the corresponding heritabilities were h(2) = 0.53 and 0.09, respectively. Milk losses for the lactation when DA was diagnosed were significant and reached 1016 kg milk, 41 kg fat, 36 kg protein and 0.07% protein. Fat content significantly increased by 0.18%. The analysis could not show significant differences between cows diagnosed with DA and cows not diagnosed with DA in the 305-day milk production traits of the lactation preceding the diagnosis of DA. There was also no indication for an unequal distribution of breeding values for milk performance traits between cows with and without DA. The additive genetic correlations between 305-day milk performance and left DA were low. The results indicated that cows with a high milk production and superior breeding values for milk performance were not exposed to an increased risk for DA.     

Genome-wide association for milk production and lactation curve parameters in Holstein dairy cows

The aim of this study was to identify genomic regions associated with 305-day milk yield and lactation curve parameters on primiparous (n = 9,910) and multiparous (n = 11,158) Holstein cows. The SNP solutions were estimated using a weighted single-step genomic BLUP approach and imputed high-density panel (777k) genotypes. The proportion of genetic variance explained by windows of 50 consecutive SNP (with an average of 165 Kb) was calculated, and regions that accounted for more than 0.50% of the variance were used to search for candidate genes. Estimated heritabilities were 0.37, 0.34, 0.17, 0.12, 0.30 and 0.19, respectively, for 305-day milk yield, peak yield, peak time, ramp, scale and decay for primiparous cows. Genetic correlations of 305-day milk yield with peak yield, peak time, ramp, scale and decay in primiparous cows were 0.99, 0.63, 0.20, 0.97 and −0.52, respectively. The results identified three windows on BTA14 associated with 305-day milk yield and the parameters of lactation curve in primi- and multiparous cows. Previously proposed candidate genes for milk yield supported by this work include GRINA, CYHR1, FOXH1, TONSL, PPP1R16A, ARHGAP39, MAF1, OPLAH and MROH1, whereas newly identified candidate genes are MIR2308, ZNF7, ZNF34, SLURP1, MAFA and KIFC2 (BTA14). The protein lipidation biological process term, which plays a key role in controlling protein localization and function, was identified as the most important term enriched by the identified genes.     

Genetic association between milk yield,stayability, and mastitis in Holstein cows under tropical conditions

The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for milk yield, stayability, and the occurrence of clinical mastitis in Holstein cows, as well as studying the genetic relationship between them, in order to provide subsidies for the genetic evaluation of these traits. Records from 5,090 Holstein cows with calving varying from 1991 to 2010, were used in the analysis. Two standard multivariate analyses were carried out, one containing the trait of accumulated 305-day milk yields in the first lactation (MY1), stayability (STAY) until the third lactation, and clinical mastitis (CM), as well as the other traits, considering accumulated 305-day milk yields (Y305), STAY, and CM, including the first three lactations as repeated measures for Y305 and CM. The covariance components were obtained by a Bayesian approach. The heritability estimates obtained by multivariate analysis with MY1 were 0.19, 0.28, and 0.13 for MY1, STAY, and CM, respectively, whereas using the multivariate analysis with the Y305, the estimates were 0.19, 0.31, and 0.14, respectively. The genetic correlations between MY1 and STAY, MY1 and CM, and STAY and CM, respectively, were 0.38, 0.12, and ?0.49. The genetic correlations between Y305 and STAY, Y305 and CM, and STAY and CM, respectively, were 0.66, ?0.25, and ?0.52.     

The relationship between endogenous cortisol, blood micronutrients, and neutrophil function in postparturient Holstein cows

Neutrophil function, blood micronutrients, and cortisol concentrations were measured in 43 clinically healthy postparturient Holstein cows. Estimated 305-day mature equivalent milk production and neutrophil function were related to results of the blood micronutrient concentrations and neutrophil function tests. Cattle had low to normal zinc concentrations; normal to high selenium, vitamin E, and cortisol concentrations; and normal copper concentrations. Blood selenium (P = .03) and zinc (P = .027) concentrations were both significant predictors of neutrophil adhesion, and selenium (P < .001) was a significant predictor of neutrophil cytochrome C reduction (superoxide production). Fourteen of 20 (70%) cattle with blood selenium concentrations > 300 ng/mL had neutrophil adhesion, and 15 of 20 (75%) had cytochrome C reduction above the mean value for this group. There was also a significant correlation (r = 0.331; P = .037) between cytochrome C reduction and estimated milk production. These findings suggest that neutrophils from postparturient dairy cows with higher blood concentrations of selenium have greater potential to kill microbes, and that cattle with greater superoxide production may have higher milk production.     

The relationship between production and infertility in dairy cows

Extract

Each year increasing numbers of livestock are transported by land, rail, sea and air, vet documented observation of the behaviour of stock during transit has seldom been recorded. The trans-shipment of weaner calves between the North and South Islands of New Zealand provided an opportunity to gather information on conditions of travel and general adaptation to a journey of 1600 kilometres by road and air.     

Gastrointestinal parasites presence during the peripartum decreases total milk production in grazing dairy Holstein cows

Parasitism in cattle is known to impair growth and development. Recent findings suggest that productivity of adult animals is also affected, but little is known about the physiological mechanisms involved. Furthermore, development of nematode resistance to drugs makes imperative the search of management practices that avoid whole herd treatment. We undertook an epidemiological and endocrine study in a grass based dairy farm in Argentina to study the effect of parasites on milk production and the underlying mechanisms involved, and identify individual animals that would benefit from antiparasitic treatment. All the cows in the dairy were followed monthly for egg parasite output in feces. Samples were cultured for genera determination. Milk production and reproductive results were recorded and periodical bleedings for hormone determination were performed. Nematode egg output (EPG) was maximal in late Summer and Autumn and minimal in Spring in coincidence with the Ostertagia inhibition-disinhibition cycle as this genus had the highest prevalence in all the study. The highest proportion of positive samples was found in the high producing herd and maximal counts were found in the peripartal period. Milk production did not correlate with EPG mean values but, when cows were grouped by EPG positivity around parturition, a significant difference in total milk production between EPG null and positive cows was observed. Positive cows produced 7%, 12% or 15% less milk than null EPG cows, depending on the sampling month/s chosen for classification. The highest difference was seen when both prepartum and postpartum samples were taken into account. No difference in lactation length and a marginal effect on partum to first service interval were encountered. Endocrine studies revealed a decrease in serum growth hormone (GH), type I insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) and prolactin during lactation in cows with positive EPG in the first postpartum sample with respect to null EPG cows at that time. GH levels decreased and prolactin and IGF-I levels increased in both groups of cows from month 0 to 6 in milk. Serum insulin levels remained stable throughout lactation and were similar in both groups of cows. In conclusion, EPG around parturition may be a useful tool for identifying cows that will have a decrease in productivity due to parasite effects and would possibly benefit from an antiparasitic treatment. Besides, our results suggest that detrimental effect of parasites on milk production may be mediated by GH, IGF-I and prolactin serum levels.