无患子有效化学成分的分析研究

为了加大无患子的利用率,作者对无患子果皮的化学成分进行研究,分别测定其果皮的三萜皂苷、脂肪油、蛋白质的含量。结果表明:无患子果皮其脂肪含量约为0.212%,总皂苷含量约为5.330%,蛋白质含量约为0.980%。皂苷及苷元均具有很强的表面活性作用,利用现代科学技术制成无患子洗涤产品,具有广阔的应用前景。     

高皂苷或高多酚含量川滇无患子优良单株的筛选

为筛选高皂苷或高多酚含量的川滇无患子优良单株,采用紫外分光光度法对采自云南省16个种源地共46份不同川滇无患子单株果皮的皂苷和多酚进行了含量测定。结果表明:不仅不同种源川滇无患子单株之间,而且相同种源单株之间的皂苷含量或多酚含量均存在显著差异;对21株皂苷含量在平均水平之上的单株和19株多酚含量在平均水平之上的单株分别进行了聚类分析,筛选出禄劝1号和孟定3号2株皂苷平均含量为平均水平1.38倍的优良单株,以及石林3号和嵩明7号2株多酚平均含量为平均水平5.44倍的优良单株;采用灰色关联度分析法分析发现,川滇无患子果皮皂苷含量与各影响因素间的关联序为年均气温经度年均日照纬度海拔年均降水量,果皮多酚含量与各影响因素间的关联序为年均降水量海拔纬度经度年均气温年均日照。     

不同产地无患子果皮率及其常春藤皂苷含量

通过不同产地无患子果实和果皮质量及果皮皂苷含量等主要经济性状的分析表明:不同产地的无患子不论在果实质量、果皮质量还是果皮中的皂苷含量都存在一定的差异,单粒果实质量最大的为福建三明,外果皮质量最大的为四川攀枝花,果皮占总果质量的百分比最高的为四川成都-2,而皂苷含量最高的为湖北襄阳,同时还表明同一产地的不同植株在果实质量和果皮皂苷含量方面也存在差异,说明无患子果实不仅受光照、土壤条件、温度等生态环境因子的影响,存在一定的地域差异,其自身生物遗传因素也有一定的作用.     

无患子不同种源选择和配置模式研究

对无患子(Sapindus mukorossi)20个地理种源综合经济性状进行比较,结合皂用示范林建设,以果实、果皮重量及皂苷含量为无患子优质丰产指标,筛选出湖南长沙-2、四川攀枝花、福建三明、湖南长沙-3、四川成都-2、湖北襄阳进行优良种源配置,预测优化配置后的示范林平均单粒果重3.60 g、平均单粒果皮重2.18 g、平均皂苷含量79.56 mg。     

利用近红外光谱快速分析制浆木片水分

针对实际生产中多采用混合品种木片制浆的情况,探讨了利用近红外光谱分析技术对混合木片的水分含量进行快速测定的可行性。通过国产便携式阿达玛光谱仪采集183个木片样品的光谱,经过预处理后,利用偏最小二乘法和完全交互验证方式建立4组木片的近红外光谱数据与其水分含量之间的关联模型。4个模型的相关系数均达到098以上,交叉验证均方根标准差在3%以内,相对分析误差值在68~103之间。利用建好的模型对预测集样品的水分含量进行预测,其中全局模型的预测标准差在127~240之间,结果较为精确。结果表明,尽管木材品种对木片近红外光谱水分特征吸收存在一定的影响,但在光谱预处理后,再以纯种木片与混合木片一起建立的全局模型,具有较好的适应性和较高的预测精度,可用于实际生产中快速测量混合木片的水分含量。     

无患子总皂苷减压提取工艺优化及其除草活性研究

以水为提取溶剂,采用减压提取法从无患子果实中提取总皂苷,通过分光光度法与超高效液相色谱法测定无患子总皂苷含量,在单因素试验基础上进行正交试验优化提取工艺,无患子总皂苷提取的最佳工艺条件为:提取温度60℃、提取时间1 h和料液比1∶14(g∶mL)。该条件下分光光度法测定无患子总皂苷的得率为15.34%。采用水琼脂培养基法测定无患子提取物的除草活性,结果表明:无患子提取物能有效抑制靶标植物红三叶的根系生长,且对红三叶根系的抑制率与无患子总皂苷含量呈正相关,当无患子总皂苷为15.34%时,其除草半数有效质量浓度(EC₅₀)为0.116 g/L。经薄层色谱化学显色定性分析,初步判断除草活性成分为三萜皂苷类化合物。     

支持向量机结合近红外光谱法测定杉木木质素的含量

采用支持向量机(SVM)结合近红外光谱(NIR)技术建立测定杉木中木质素的定量分析模型。以47个杉木样品作为实验材料,用常规方法测定了样品中木质素的含量,用近红外光谱仪采集相应的光谱,对光谱数据进行平滑、求导、小波压缩以及归一化,结合支持向量机,以径向基(RBF)作为核函数,建立了测定杉木中木质素含量的模型。校正相对误差的平方和为0.007433,预测相对误差的平方和为0.001219。结果表明,该方法测量比较准确,可以用于杉木中木质素含量的预测。     

近红外光谱法快速测定速生桉木化学成分含量

用常规方法测定了104个速生桉木样品的综纤维素、聚戊糖、酸不溶木素及苯醇抽出物含量并采集了样品的近红外光谱。对原始光谱进行多元散射校正后,运用偏最小二乘法和交互验证的方法,确定最佳主成分数并建立样品相关化学成分含量的校正模型。独立验证中综纤维素、聚戊糖、酸不溶木素和苯醇抽出物模型的决定系数 Rval2分别为0.9067、0.9033、0.9504、0.9570;预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.33%、0.50%、0.31%、0.17%;相对分析误差(RPD)值分别为3.22、3.20、4.43、4.73;绝对偏差(AD)分别为?0.53%~0.60%、?0.95%~0.77%、?0.55%~0.52%、?0.22%~0.29%,4个校正模型较好地预测了验证集样品的化学成分含量,基本满足制浆造纸工业中快速测定速生桉木原料的需求。     

四种算法用于近红外测定制浆材材性的对比研究

采集了常见制浆材(桉木、相思木及杨木)样品的近红外光谱,测定了样品的基本密度、综纤维素、木质素和苯醇抽出物含量,用人为控制水分的方法测定了样品的水分含量。对原始光谱进行预处理后,分别运用偏最小二乘法(PLS)、LASSO算法、支持向量机法(SVR)和人工神经网络法(BP-ANN)建立基本密度、水分含量、综纤维素、木质素和苯醇抽出物含量的预测模型。对预测模型进行独立验证,结果显示:LASSO算法建立的基本密度和综纤维素模型性能最优,其预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.006 3 g/cm~3和0.49%,绝对偏差(AD)范围分别为-0.008 8~0.009 6 g/cm~3和-0.85%~0.87%;PLS建立的水分含量模型及苯醇抽出物模型最优,RMSEP值分别为1.21%和0.24%,AD范围分别为-1.99%~2.03%和-0.35%~0.38%;SVR建立的木质素模型最优,RMSEP值为0.43%,AD范围为-0.76%~0.74%,均满足制浆造纸工业中对误差的要求。     

近红外光谱法快速测定制浆材化学成分含量

为实现制浆材化学成分含量的快速测定与实时分析,用常规方法测定了120个制浆材样品的综纤维素、聚戊糖、酸不溶木素及苯醇抽出物含量,并采集了样品的近红外光谱。对原始光谱进行多元散射校正后,运用偏最小二乘法和交互验证的方法,根据主成分数与PRESS值的关系,确定最佳主成分数分别为9,10,8,9,据此建立样品相关化学成分含量的校正模型。独立验证中综纤维素、聚戊糖、酸不溶木素和苯醇抽出物模型的决定系数R2val分别为0.918 8,0.949 3,0.946 6和0.928 4,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.70%,0.75%,0.72%和0.24%,相对分析误差(RPD)值分别为3.50,4.44,4.33和3.74,绝对偏差(AD)分别为-0.95%~1.22%,-1.42%~1.29%,-1.39%~1.14%和-0.34%~0.39%,4个校正模型较好地预测了验证集样品的化学成分含量,基本满足制浆造纸工业中快速测定的需求。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.