交联羧甲基魔芋葡甘聚糖微球的制备与表征

采用魔芋葡甘聚糖颗粒(KGG)在醇水溶液中合成了羧甲基魔芋葡甘聚糖微球(CMKGG)，进而合成了交联羧甲基魔芋葡甘聚糖微球(CCMKGG)，讨论了合成过程中的影响因素。通过应用正交设计的方法确定了碱用量为魔芋葡甘聚糖(KGM)量的20％，氯乙酸用量为KGM量的10倍，温度55℃，反应8h制得的羧甲基魔芋葡甘聚糖的羧甲基程度较好。交联产物具有较好的交换容量。红外光谱、光学显微镜和扫描电镜的结果表明，该颗粒为蜂窝状多孔微球，粒度均匀。经测试其阳离子交换容量为0．9538mmol／g，不溶于水，对酸、碱稳定。     

羧甲基魔芋葡甘聚糖/壳聚糖凝胶化性能研究

羧甲基魔芋葡甘聚糖 /壳聚糖通过改变共混比例制备了混合凝胶 ,当多糖总质量分数为 4 %、盐离子浓度为 1 .6mol·L-1时 ,羧甲基魔芋葡甘聚糖对壳聚糖的共混质量比为 2 0 /80 ,在 70℃共混并恒温 30min ,可达凝胶强度最大值 ;研究了制备温度、恒温时间、体系中盐离子浓度及壳聚糖粘均分子质量与脱乙酰度对凝胶化影响。同时从FT IR谱图上分析了这两种多糖凝胶化作用机理     

杨梅单宁膜吸附材料的制备及其对铜、锌离子的吸附特性研究

以杨梅单宁、魔芋葡苷聚糖和大米淀粉为原料,通过交联反应制备杨梅单宁膜吸附材料,分析其红外光谱(FT-IR),并系统地研究了其对Cu2+和Zn2+的吸附特性。结果表明:杨梅单宁膜吸附材料在pH值5.0时对Cu2+和Zn2+的吸附容量最高;当初始质量浓度为200mg/L,pH值5.0,反应温度为25℃,吸附剂用量为0.1 g时Cu2+和Zn2+的平衡吸附容量分别为12.79和6.13 mg/g;吸附容量随着温度的升高而增大,但影响不大;Freundlich方程可以很好地拟合吸附等温线;吸附动力学均可用拟二级速率方程进行拟合。在铜、锌混合溶液中,杨梅单宁膜材料可以优先去除铜离子。     

苯甲酸对魔芋精粉化学改性的初步研究

经用苯甲酸对魔芋葡甘聚糖进行化学改性试验，所得的改性较好条件为：苯甲酸与魔芋精粉的用量比（Ｗ／Ｗ）为０６∶１００；反应温度４５℃；反应时间３ｈ；ｐＨ值为４～５；烘干时间为６ｈ；干燥温度为５０℃。实验结果表明：魔芋葡甘聚糖经苯甲酸改性后，具有与用其他方法改性制品相似的性质，其成膜性、稳定性与未改性者相比，均有明显的改善，粘度提高了２倍多，且具有相当的抑菌效果。通过对改性魔芋葡甘聚糖进行保鲜试验，结果表明改性后的魔芋葡甘聚糖保鲜效果较好，可作为保鲜剂。     

大豆蛋白基复合凝胶球对亚甲基蓝的吸附研究

以绿色天然高分子大豆蛋白和海藻酸钠为原料，采用双交联技术，制备了大豆蛋白基复合凝胶球。采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、原子力显微镜（AFM）、Zeta电位分析、傅立叶变换红外光普（FTIR）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）表征了大豆蛋白基复合凝胶球组成和微观结构，并进一步研究了其对亚甲基蓝染料吸附性能。结果表明：大豆蛋白基复合凝胶球为多孔纳米结构，凝胶球表面Zeta电位随溶液环境pH值升高降低，弱碱性环境（pH=8）有利于吸附带正电荷亚甲基蓝染料分子。大豆蛋白基复合凝胶球对亚甲基蓝具有优良的吸附能力，最大脱除效率可达91%，吸附行为符合准二级动力学模型和langmuir等温吸附模型。Langmuir吸附模型计算出的最大吸附容量可达596 mg/g。大豆蛋白基复合凝胶球表现出良好的再生循环使用性能。     

壳聚糖复合水凝胶对水溶液中铜离子(Ⅱ)的高效吸附

以甲基丙烯酸(MAA)、丙烯酰胺(AM)和烯丙基磺酸钠(SAS)同时对壳聚糖进行接枝改性,合成了一系列对水溶液中的二价铜离子具有高效吸附性能的壳聚糖水凝胶。研究了吸附剂粒径、投料量、溶液pH值对吸附容量的影响,同时进行了对金属铜离子的吸附性能研究。结果显示,粒径0.074~0.2 mm的吸附剂,在25 mL铜离子(II)质量浓度4 000 mg/L,pH值6的硝酸铜溶液中,投入量为0.1 g时,壳聚糖复合水凝胶最大吸附量为823 mg/g,同时吸附容量随溶液pH值增加而增加,随投料量的增大而减小。吸附等温线研究表明,Freundlich吸附模型能更好地描述吸附剂对铜离子(II)的吸附行为,说明其吸附过程是不均匀的多分子层吸附过程。     

苯甲酸对魔芋精粉化学改性的初步研究

经用苯甲酸对魔芋葡甘糖进行化学改性试验,所得的改性较条件为：苯甲酸与魔芋精粉的用量比（Ｗ／Ｗ）为０．６：１０．０;反应温度４５℃;反应时间３ｈ;ｐＨ值为４－５;烘干时间为６ｈ;干燥温度为５０℃。实验结果表明：魔芋葡甘聚糖经苯甲酸改性后,具有与用其他方法改性制品相似的性质,     

芦苇半纤维素基水凝胶的制备及对重金属离子的高效吸附

以芦苇半纤维素为基材,丙烯酸(AA)为单体,N,N,N',N'-四亚甲基乙二胺(MBA)为交联剂,通过自由基聚合法制备出水凝胶材料,采用FT-IR对其结构进行表征,并考察了AA和+MBA用量、pH值、吸附时间和金属离子初始质量浓度对水凝胶吸附Pd2、Cd2+和Zn2+性能的影响,同时探讨了水凝胶对金属离子的吸附动力学和吸附机制。结果表明,AA用量、MBA用量和pH值对水凝胶的吸附性能均有较大影响,水凝胶对金属离子的吸附量随着pH值的增加而增大,1.0 g半纤维素中添加0.1 g MBA,9 g AA制得的水凝胶可在60 min内达到吸附平衡,金属离子溶液初始质量浓度为200 mg/L,Pb2+溶液pH值5.5,Cd2+、Zn2+溶液pH值6.5时,对Pd2+、Cd2+和Zn2+的最大吸附量可达699、521和265 mg/g。水凝胶吸附金属离子过程属于离子交换机制,吸附行为符合动力学准二级模型和Langmuir方程,该水凝胶经过吸附-解吸8次循环后,对金属离子仍有较高的吸附效率,Pd2+、Cd2+和Zn2+的吸附量仍达616、479和243 mg/g,回收率分别为96.7%、97.1%和97.6%。     

交联魔芋葡甘聚糖微球的制备与表征

用正交设计的方法对交联魔芋葡甘聚糖球(CKGG)的制备条件进行研究，确定了在30％乙醇水溶液中碱用量与魔芋摩尔比1：2，环氧氯丙烷用量与魔芋摩尔比1：1，温度45℃，反应时间6h制得的CKGG具有较好的交换容量。该种颗粒为蜂窝状多孔微球，色泽好，粒度均匀，阳离子交换容量为0．2114mmol／g，不溶于水、酸和碱。     

向日葵秸秆对U(VI)和Pb(Ⅱ)的选择吸附性能及机理研究

以含有单一的U(VI)、Pb(Ⅱ)溶液以及U(VI)和Pb(Ⅱ)混合溶液为吸附质,系统探讨了pH值、吸附剂量、吸附时间和初始离子浓度对向日葵秸秆吸附效果的影响。采用准一级动力学方程、准二级动力学方程、粒内扩散模型、Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程对实验数据进行拟合,从分配系数和分离因子角度对吸附选择性进行分析,并对吸附机理进行探讨。结果表明:吸附20 mg/L的U(VI)-Pb(Ⅱ)溶液的最佳pH值为4.0、吸附剂量为2.0 g/L、吸附时间为720 min,U(VI)和Pb(Ⅱ)的去除率分别为77.55%、87.44%;U(VI)和Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附动力学在单离子和复配体系下均符合准二级动力学模型;吸附等温线均符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,单离子最大吸附量分别为327.0和67.59 mg/g,且当U(VI)高于200 mg/L时Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附过程也能用Freundlich模型描述。当离子初始浓度较低时向日葵秸秆对Pb(Ⅱ)具有更高的吸附选择性,而较高时则相反。向日葵秸秆吸附前后的SEM、EDX和FT-IR图谱表明,吸附U(VI)和Pb(Ⅱ)的主要方式为络合和离子交换。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.