玉米秸秆生物炼制燃料乙醇的研究

以玉米秸秆为原料,研究了中酸预处理条件下水洗得到的残渣经酶水解后进行己糖发酵、水洗液经三烷基胺萃取脱毒后进行戊糖发酵的乙醇得率,并对整个工艺进行了物料衡算.结果表明:中酸预处理的最佳条件为温度100℃,硫酸质量分数3％,时间12h.残渣的酶水解液浓缩至葡萄糖质量浓度为138.72g/L进行乙醇发酵,在24 h时糖利用率...     

洗涤模式对蒸汽爆破玉米秸秆脱毒的影响

采用3种洗涤模式对蒸汽爆破预处理玉米秸秆进行脱毒,研究了其酶水解液的乙醇发酵性能,比较了不同用水量下逆流洗涤蒸汽爆破玉米秸秆酶水解液的乙醇发酵性能.结果表明,逆流洗涤脱除主要发酵抑制物的效果最好,批式分次洗涤效果次之,批式洗涤效果最差,3种洗涤方式对主要发酵抑制物乙酸的脱除率分别为100％、92.27％和77.66％.蒸汽爆破玉米秸秆经固液比1∶7.5(g∶ mL)逆流洗涤、酶水解和水解糖液浓缩后被酿酒酵母发酵24 h,糖利用率97.58％,乙醇得率93.74％.     

稀硫酸-氢氧化钙联合预处理玉米秸秆制乙醇

以玉米秸秆为原料,研究稀硫酸-氢氧化钙联合预处理秸秆制备燃料乙醇的方法。玉米秸秆经稀硫酸预处理、固液分离后得到的预水解液(主要含有木糖)进行戊糖发酵;而残渣采用氢氧化钙进一步预处理后,经酶水解得到的葡萄糖进行己糖发酵,从而实现戊糖和己糖分开发酵产乙醇。研究结果表明,玉米秸秆稀硫酸预处理最佳条件为:硫酸用量1.00%(以绝干玉米秸秆计),反应温度130℃,反应时间70 min,此时木聚糖水解得率为80.45%;采用树干毕赤酵母对玉米秸秆稀硫酸预水解液原液、浓缩液Ⅰ(浓度为原液的2倍)和浓缩液Ⅱ(浓度为原液的3.5倍)进行戊糖发酵,乙醇得率分别为82.52%、85.13%和73.64%。氢氧化钙进一步预处理玉米秸秆稀硫酸预处理渣的最佳条件为:氢氧化钙用量0.125 g/g(以绝干玉米秸秆计),反应温度90℃,时间24 h,此时纤维素酶水解得率为84.92%;采用酿酒酵母对两步预处理残渣的酶水解液原液、浓缩液Ⅲ和浓缩液Ⅳ(浓度为原液的2倍和3倍)进行己糖发酵,乙醇得率分别为92.22%、91.89%和85.54%。     

速生杨二步超低酸水解液发酵制取燃料乙醇的研究

以速生杨二步超低酸水解方法获得的水解液为原料,在28℃、100 r/min等发酵条件下,选择热带假丝酵母(C.2.637)和酿酒酵母(S.2.699)分别对第一步和第二步水解液进行了发酵制取燃料乙醇的研究,并考查了Ca(OH)2中和、过中和、活性炭吸附等预处理方法及菌种预适应驯化对乙醇转化率的影响。结果表明:热带假丝酵母能够更好地利用第一步水解液生成菌体,适合生产单细胞蛋白;菌种驯化后发酵速度和乙醇转化率均有提高,尤其是以酿酒酵母发酵第二步水解液,乙醇转化率由14.45%增至39.37%;Ca(OH)2过中和的方法处理后的水解液,乙醇转化率有所增加;以五碳糖为主同时含有六碳糖的速生杨第一步水解液,假丝酵母发酵产乙醇的效果好于酿酒酵母。     

树干毕赤酵母戊糖发酵影响因素的研究

研究了树干毕赤酵母(Pichia stipitis)CBS 5776以木糖为单一碳源发酵生成乙醇的影响因素.结果表明,树干毕赤酵母发酵体系的初始酵母质量浓度、pH值和通风条件对其发酵性能有很大影响,发酵的最佳初始酵母质量浓度为5～7 g/L,最佳pH值范围是4.7～5.5,250 mL摇瓶发酵的最佳持液量为75 mL,最佳摇床转速为150 r/min.在2L发酵罐中,通风量为0.075 L/min,即0.05L/(L·min)时,发酵时间为32 h,最高乙醇质量浓度18.29 g/L,乙醇得率83.2％;厌氧发酵的最高乙醇质量浓度19.09 g/L,乙醇得率86.5％.因此,最优通风量为0～0.075 L/min.pH值的提高和通风条件的改善可以使酵母对乙酸的耐受能力得到提高,在150 r/min的转速、pH值为5时,提高通风量后,酵母乙醇得率比厌氧时提高了166.6％.纯糖实验得到的结果用以玉米秸秆酸性爆破模拟水解液定向驯化的酵母在含有乙酸的模拟糖液中发酵得到验证.     

杨木稀酸预处理液木糖发酵产乙醇工艺条件的研究

以1.0%H2SO4在150℃预处理杨木屑20 min可水解溶出66.5%木聚糖和7.1%葡聚糖,生成以木糖为主、含有乙酸和甲酸等发酵抑制物的预处理液,脱毒后可采用Candida shehatae R发酵产乙醇,而Pichia stipitisNL23不能生长。减压蒸发加石灰中和法对预处理液的脱毒效果最佳,可脱除70.0%乙酸和40.0%甲酸,糖损失仅为5.0%~6.0%,C.shehataeR的耗糖率和乙醇得率可达到93.2%和83.6%。采用廉价的无机盐能够满足C.shehataeR发酵脱毒液的营养要求。由于包括乙酸和甲酸以外其它毒性物的抑制,C.shehataeR发酵脱毒液的适宜糖质量浓度为30.0 g/L,发酵12 h,耗糖率和乙醇得率为84.7%和75.3%,乙醇质量浓度达到最高值8.54 g/L,同时生成6.08 g/L木糖醇,C.shehataeR对木糖的利用未受葡萄糖的抑制。     

休哈塔假丝酵母对半纤维素戊糖和己糖的同步发酵

休哈塔假丝酵母(Candida shehatae)的改良菌种R能同时将半纤维素中的戊糖和己糖发酵成乙醇。当酵母细胞浓度高于8g/L和木糖含量高于总糖的20％时,较易代谢的己糖对木糖所产生的抑制作用可被消除。在30℃～40℃和限制供氧的条件下,90％以上的单糖得到了利用,乙醇得率为0.43～0.48g/g消耗的糖。厌氧发酵导致木糖的不完全利用和木糖醇的积累,而供氧过量则导致酵母细胞增殖并降低乙醇得率。该菌种对半纤维素水解液(如亚硫酸盐制浆废液、玉米秆水解液和落叶松浸提液)中的发酵抑制物有较高的忍耐能力,有重要的工业应用前景。     

玉米芯水解液发酵生产木糖醇的研究

假丝酵母（Candida sp.)菌株经驯化后显著地提高了对水解液中发酵抑制物质的耐受力，从而增加了木糖利用率和木糖醇得率，玉米芯水解液经过石灰中和后，在30℃下采用台化后的假丝酵母菌株直接发酵生产木糖醇，对发酵条件进行了优化，优化结果为：接种量10%（体积比），种子龄17h，氮源组成：1.5g/L的酵母浸膏，2.5g/L的胰蛋白胨，250mL三角瓶装液120mL，初始pH值5.5。在此条件下，木糖的利用率达79.8%，木糖醇得率达62.4%^，该方法大大降低了预处理的成本，显示了良好的应用前景。     

硫酸对过氧化氢-乙酸预处理巨龙竹酶解和发酵的影响

以巨龙竹(DS)为研究对象，对其进行过氧化氢-乙酸(PA)预处理，探讨预处理中硫酸添加量对竹材化学组成、酶解效率和乙醇产率的影响。研究结果表明：随着预处理过程中硫酸用量的增加，竹材中的木质素质量分数不断降低，而纤维素和半纤维素的质量分数有所增加。在预处理中，添加硫酸作为反应助剂，能够使酶解效率提升，当硫酸体积分数为0.5%时，72 h的葡萄糖和木糖得率分别为84.77%和85.05%,与未添加硫酸的过氧化氢-乙酸预处理的巨龙竹相比，分别增加了42.40%和33.72%;其水解液经酵母发酵后的乙醇质量浓度为13.52 g/L,比未添加硫酸的过氧化氢-乙酸预处理水解液增加了73.33%。在巨龙竹过氧化氢-乙酸预处理过程中以硫酸作为助剂，能够降低底物的疏水性和表面木质素覆盖率，增加结晶度和比表面积，添加0.5%硫酸，纤维素酶可及度从未添加硫酸时的282.15 mg/g增加到500.12 mg/g,进而增加了纤维素酶与纤维素之间的生产性吸附，因此使巨龙竹的酶解效率和发酵产率得到提升。     

树干毕赤酵母在水解液中的驯化及木糖发酵

通过在玉米秸秆蒸汽爆破水解液中的驯化,树干毕赤酵母(Pichia stipitis能够在大量抑制物存在的情况下进行木糖发酵,且驯化后P.stipitis的木糖利用率为94.1％,乙醇得率为82.1％.在此基础上,对初始木糖质量浓度为30、45和60 g/L的水解液进行发酵,结果显示45 g/L初始木糖发酵的平均乙醇生成...     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.