猪骨蛋白酶解物对冷藏大黄鱼肌肉脂质氧化的影响

为抑制冷藏大黄鱼肌肉的脂质氧化劣变,将不同浓度(0、0.5%、1.0%和1.5%)的猪骨蛋白酶解物添加到大黄鱼肌肉中,通过观察和分析4℃冷藏条件下鱼肉感官品质及酸价、过氧化值、硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)值的变化情况,研究猪骨蛋白酶解物对冷藏大黄鱼肌肉脂质氧化的影响。结果显示,与对照组相比,添加不同浓度猪骨蛋白酶解物的各处理组鱼肉酸价、过氧化值、TBA值均显著降低(P<0.05),鱼肉感官品质显著提高(P<0.05),但不同浓度处理组之间的差异并不显著;0.5%浓度的猪骨蛋白酶解物即可有效抑制冷藏大黄鱼肌肉脂质的初级氧化产物和二级氧化产物的生成,对控制大黄鱼冷藏期间的肌肉脂质氧化具有明显效果。     

散装油罐储藏油脂品质变化规律的研究

对不同品种、不同罐容散装油脂储存一年内品质变化分析,结果表明:不同品种油脂入库时酸价无显著性差异,水分及挥发物和过氧化值存在显著性差异;在储藏期间,油脂在不同月份的水分及挥发物、酸价和过氧化值均存在显著性差异,而油脂类别对品质变化趋势影响不显著;同时10000 t罐容储存油脂稳定性总体优于2000 t和5000 t罐容。     

铁甲草醇提物对客家腊肉的保藏效果

用95%乙醇提取铁甲草的活性物质并在客家传统腊肉的制作过程中加入。然后,将客家传统腊肉真空包装。包装后的腊肠样品存放于37℃恒温箱中使其加速氧化,每个星期检测客家传统腊肉的酸价及过氧化值。结果表明,铁甲草醇提物能在一定程度抑制客家传统腊肉的酸价及过氧化值的增长,但效果不是很明显,远不如亚硝酸钠对客家传统腊肉的酸价及过氧化值的抑制程度大。而且,同时添加亚硝酸钠和铁甲草的活性物质,其效果远不如单一添加亚硝酸钠对客家传统腊肉的酸价及过氧化值的抑制增长程度好。可以说,亚硝酸钠并没有影响铁甲草的活性物质对客家传统腊肉酸价及过氧化值的抑制效果,铁甲草的活性物质也没有影响亚硝酸钠对客家传统腊肉酸价及过氧化值的抑制效果。     

碧萝芷提取物对肉糜的抗氧化研究

以肉糜为试材,研究2~4 ℃储藏条件下碧萝芷、生姜、大蒜、阿魏酸、枳实提取物对其抗氧化作用。结果表明,在8 d的储藏期内,空白对照组的丙二醛（MDA）含量、过氧化值、酸价和挥发性盐基氮均呈明显上升趋势,添加碧萝芷提取物能显著抑制脂肪的酸败变质,在0~2 d,碧萝芷组的MDA值基本没有变化,4~8 d内MDA值反而有下降的趋势,表明碧萝芷不仅可以抑制氧化产物的产生,而且可能对已经产生的氧化产物MDA有降解作用。碧萝芷对过氧化值和酸价的抑制作用分别是空白对照组的1.5倍和2倍,但总体上对挥发性盐基氮的抑制效果不明显。表明碧萝芷提取物对2~4 ℃储藏的肉糜具很强的抗氧化作用。     

不同储藏方式下四级菜籽油品质变化研究

四级菜籽油样品分装后在40℃环境条件下,采用充氮、添加抗氧化剂TBHQ两种不同方式储藏,同时与40℃常规储藏作对照,模拟油罐密封储藏,研究油脂的色泽、酸价、过氧化值、溶剂残留、脂肪酸组成等储存品质变化情况。研究结果表明:不同储存温度下,随着储存时间的延长,酸价、过氧化值、色泽明显增加,溶残、脂肪酸组成基本没有变化。在同样的储存条件下,添加抗氧化剂TBHQ更有利于油脂储存。     

大豆原油充氮储藏保鲜效果研究

以酸值、过氧化值、茴香胺值和羰基值为评价指标,探讨了在20℃、25℃、30℃、40℃条件下,常规储藏、充入纯氮、98%氮气、95%氮气的大豆原油品质的变化。结果表明,在大豆原油储藏过程中,温度对油脂品质影响最为明显,其次是氮气浓度。整个储藏过程中,酸值变化较为平缓,过氧化值在储藏过程中出现先升高后逐渐降低的现象,茴香胺值和羰基值在整个储藏过程中不断升高。大豆原油在储藏过程中,储藏温度应保持在25℃以下。充氮储藏大豆原油,能很好地抑制酸值、过氧化值、茴香胺值和羰基值的升高,氮气浓度越高,抑制效果越好。     

四级菜籽油在不同储藏温度下品质变化研究

采用储备库四级菜籽油样品分装后分别在15℃、25℃、40℃环境条件下,模拟油罐密封储藏,研究油脂的色泽、酸价、过氧化值、溶剂残留、脂肪酸组成储存品质变化情况。研究结果表明:不同储存温度下,随着储存时间的延长,酸价、过氧化值、色泽明显增加,溶残、脂肪酸组成基本没有变化。在同样的储存条件下,低温更有利于油脂储存。     

花生油酸价、过氧化值和酸败三者相关性初探

一九八三年至一九八四年对花生油脂酸价、过氧化值、酸败劣变指标进行探讨。通过二次测定结果相关性表明:酸价与酸败没有相关性,而过氧化值与酸败则有着极密切的相关性。经一年室内储藏的观测,差异显著性结果表明:酸价的升高不显著,而过氧化值和酸败劣变极显著。初步认为:过氧化值在0.11～0.21%时油脂将近酸败,过氧化值在0.22～0.36%时油脂开始酸败,过氧化值在0.59%时油脂已严重酸败了。相关性和差异显著性结果一致表明:过氧化值和酸败的检测是鉴别油脂劣变的重要指标。     

苦杏仁油微胶囊制备工艺优化及氧化稳定性研究

以微胶囊包埋率为评价指标,采用响应面法优化苦杏仁油微胶囊制备工艺;同时为验证微胶囊化对油脂氧化稳定性的促进作用,以微胶囊化前后的苦杏仁油为对象,采用烘箱加速法进行加速氧化试验,每3 d测定1次苦杏仁油和微胶囊中过氧化值、碘值、酸价、皂化值、共轭二烯烃值,并利用傅里叶红外光谱进行扫描鉴定其中的官能团。结果表明,苦杏仁油微胶囊制备的最佳工艺条件为:壁材料液比1∶16(g/mL),乳化剂添加量2.1%,芯壁比1∶85(g/mL),微胶囊平均包埋率为84.07%±0.37%,符合预测值。苦杏仁油在(60±1)℃的条件下储藏至第12天时,其过氧化值超过国标中的最低限量标准(0.25 g/100 g);而微胶囊化后的苦杏仁油在整个储藏期间各项指标的变化幅度较小,表明微胶囊化有利于提高油脂的氧化稳定性。该研究结果为开发油脂微胶囊化保存手段奠定了理论基础。     

薏仁米储藏过程中陈化机理的研究

以兴仁薏仁米为试材,采用厚度为0.08 mm的PE自封袋包装,研究其在温度4~24℃、相对湿度74%~86%储藏条件下感官、理化、微生物、菌落总数、脂肪酸组成及含量、挥发性物质组成及含量和生化指标的变化。结果表明,随着储藏时间的延长,薏仁米色泽逐渐变暗变黄,储藏60 d时开始出现哈败味,形态变化从储藏120 d开始,时间越长薏仁米长虫现象越明显,劣变及哈败味越严重;薏仁米在储藏过程中,水分含量基本保持不变;脂肪酸值、过氧化值和菌落总数总体呈上升趋势,与之对应的薏仁米长虫、劣变及哈败味越严重;饱和脂肪酸含量呈上升趋势,不饱和脂肪酸含量呈下降趋势;丙二醛含量与过氧化物酶活性呈负相关关系。从薏仁米储藏期间感官及理化性质变化,结合挥发性物质与理化、生化指标的相关性分析得出:薏仁米储藏过程中的陈化主要与醇类、酯类物质的氧化、分解,醛类、酸类物质的形成相关,也与脂类氧化降解密切相关。脂肪酸值与过氧化值可作为判断薏仁米陈化的主要指标。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.