N Transformation of Green Manure Incorporated Directly of Returned into Soil After Feeding Pig and Its Efficiency

15N－labelled green manure was used to feed pigs.Its nitrogen recovery by pig body,feces and uring was 23.5%,23.8%and 28.8% respectively,totalling 76.1%.Feces and green manure coordinated respectively with equal amount of CO(NH2)2-N as well as urine alone were applied as basic fertilizer in microplot experiments,The 15N recovery from feces and urine was equivalent to 2.51%and 4.82%by rice grain,and 0.98% and 1.94% by straw respectively,and soil residual ^15N from them took 13.3% and 4.90% of the ^15N in green manure,After feeding pigs with green manure and returning their feces and uringe into soil,the ^15N recovery by pig body and rice grain was 30.8%,and that by pig body,and rice plant as well as soil residual took 52.7% of the 15N in feed.^15N loss was 23.9% in pig feeding and 23.4% in rice planting.When green manure was incorporated directly into soil,its 15N recovery by grain was 26.65%,that by rice plant plus soil residual was 65.2%,and the loss was 34.8%.     

Cadmium Uptake by Lettuce from Soil Amended with Phosphorus and Trace Element Fertilizers

Some phosphorus and trace element fertilizers may contain elevatedamounts of toxic metals such as cadmium (Cd) and repeated uses of the fertilizers at high rates over time may increase Cd uptake by plants. This greenhouse study investigated the availability to leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) (Royal Green) of Cd in a western phosphate rock (PR), and a zinc (G-Zn) and an iron (IR) fertilizers that are by products of industrial wastes. The water-soluble CdCl₂ was included in the study for comparison. Applications of Cd from the fertilizers orCdCl₂ up to 16 times the Canadian Standards for maximum annual Cd loading limit increased soil total Cd. This was true also for the labileCd extractable by DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) or 0.05 M CaCl₂ for all Cd sources except IR. Lime and Cd source and rate allaffected Cd availability in the soil and accumulation by the plant. Theadded Cd from CdCl₂ was more labile and readily available to the plant than the added Cd from the PR or G-Zn. Lettuce-Cd was best describedby CaCl₂-Cd (r² = 0.782), followed by DTPA-Cd (r² = 0.686), with soil total Cd being least effective in predicting lettuce-Cd (r² = 0.186). If soil total Cd has to be used in describing Cd accumulation bythe plant, it should be included with pH in a stepwise multiple regression. The Cd transfer coefficient for the fertilizers should be measured based on labile Cd extractable by CaCl₂ or DPTA, instead of soil total Cd. The labile-based Cd transfer coefficient could improve the assessment ofthe risk of human exposure to the metal in the fertilizers through consumption of the food crop.     

The Potential of Green Manure Mixtures to Provide Nutrients to a Subsequent Lettuce Crop

The objectives of this greenhouse experiment were to quantify the benefits of green manure (GM) diversity and to assess effect of GM on a succeeding lettuce crop. Species included barley (B), field pea (P), sunn hemp (S), and buckwheat (U). Treatments included single plantings of B and P and mixtures of B and P (BP), B, P, and S (BPS), and B, P, S, and U (BPSU). The pea GM had the highest shoot concentration of potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, zinc, and iron. Roots had higher concentrations of nutrients than shoots. Accumulation of nutrients in legumes was higher than in barley. The CO₂ flux from the soil suggests that the most intensive mineralization period occurred within two weeks after incorporation of GMs. The mixtures and single planting of P mixtures had a significant benefit over single planting of B regarding fresh and dry weight of the lettuce.     

冬种绿肥对水稻土硝化作用的影响

冬闲田种植绿肥是传统的水稻土培肥增产措施,但绿肥-水稻种植系统中,不同绿肥种类对硝化作用的影响规律及调控机制尚不明确.采用盆栽试验,研究了冬种紫云英、油菜、黑麦草对土壤性状及硝化作用的影响,并通过特异性细菌抑制剂(卡那霉素和大观霉素)研究了氨氧化细菌(AOB)和氨氧化古菌(AOA)对硝化作用的相对贡献.结果表明,冬种三...     

长期施用化肥和有机肥料对黑土酸度的影响

利用1979年在哈尔滨设立的"黑土肥力与肥效长期定位试验"的试验处理,分析了长期施肥条件下,黑土pH值变化规律。结果表明,氮肥(尿素)的长期施用能够使耕层(0～20cm)黑土pH值下降,施二倍量氮肥(尿素)使耕层黑土的pH值下降最明显,由1979年的7.22,下降到2006年的5.70,是导致黑土酸化的主要原因。然而施用化肥的同时配合施用有机肥料黑土pH值下降缓慢,比单独施用化肥对黑土pH值造成的影响要小的多。这说明有机肥料可以降低土壤酸化的速度,避免土壤酸化现象的加重。     

绿肥翻压对烟田土壤理化性状及土壤微生物量的影响

试验于2003年9月至10月河南烟区的襄城县、舞阳县、叶县、罗山县4个试验点种植绿肥,2004年3月进行翻压,以研究绿肥对土壤容重、土壤pH值等理化性质的影响以及对土壤微生物的影响。试验结果表明,绿肥翻压可以有效地降低土壤的容重和土壤的pH值,提高土壤的有机质,同时能促进土壤中微生物数量的大量增加。与空白对照相比,各个处理土壤容重降幅为0.03~0.1 g/cm3,土壤pH值的降幅一般都在0.1~0.6,土壤有机质含量提高0.08%~0.1%。因此利用烟田冬季休闲空间种植和翻压绿肥,可作为提高土壤肥力、改善烟田土壤环境、实现烟叶生产可持续性发展的一个重要措施。     

套种绿肥对茶园土壤理化性状的影响

通过田间小区试验,以不套种任何绿肥处理为对照,研究了白三叶(Trifolium repens L.)、多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)和两者混播的3种套种模式对茶园土壤理化性状及环境小气候的影响。结果表明:茶园套种绿肥有降低土壤体积质量、降低土壤紧实度、改善土壤气相和液相比例的趋势,套种绿肥可明显降低地表、5 cm、10 cm和15 cm土层温度,减小土壤温度变幅。最高温时,各土层降温效果均为:黑麦草白三叶混播。绿肥处理的土壤有机质含量、全氮含量、速效磷含量和速效钾含量较对照有所增加,增幅分别为6.67%~12.6%、0.8%~15.2%、24.1%~26.7%和6.8%~88.9%。绿肥处理与对照相比,土壤微生物数量明显增加:细菌数量、真菌数量、放线菌数量分别是对照的1.75倍~2.58倍、1.22倍~1.88倍和1.15倍~1.46倍。因此,茶园套种白三叶和套种黑麦草对土壤生态环境效应的改善和茶园土壤基本肥力的效果相对更佳,值得在生产上进一步推广应用。     

果园绿肥对土壤磷组分及磷素有效性的影响

以天津市桃园土壤为研究对象,采用Tiessen磷分级方法研究绿肥栽培并利用条件下土壤磷组分含量变化和磷素活化周转特征。试验共设3个处理：绿肥覆盖（SC）、翻压（BU）和清耕对照（CT）处理。分别于绿肥处理1,4,7年后采集0—20,20—40 cm的土壤样品,测定全磷、活性磷库（Resin—P_i和NaHCO₃—P）、中稳性磷库（NaOH—P）和稳定态磷库（Dil.HCl—P_i、Conc.HCl—P和Residual—P）含量。结果表明,与CT处理相比,SC和BU处理在各采样年份均提高了土壤全磷、Resin—P_i、NaHCO₃—P、NaOH—P和Residual—P含量,降低Dil.HCl—P_i和Conc.HCl—P含量,处理间差异性随绿肥利用年限的增加而增加;其中,各指标BU处理均优于SC处理,且0—20 cm土层变化最为明显。绿肥利用7年后,BU处理0—20 cm土壤Resin—P_i、NaHCO₃—P、NaOH—P和Residual—P含量较CT处理分别显著增加48.82%~128.41%,145.93%~231.16%,206.26%~590.06%和34.67%~37.66%,Dil.HCl—P_i和Conc.HCl—P含量分别显著降低12.37%~15.79%和43.72%~91.39%。综上,相对于清耕对照处理,果园绿肥栽培并利用可显著增加土壤活性磷库和中稳性磷库的比例,并显著降低稳定态磷库的比例;同时,随着绿肥利用年限的增加,土壤活性磷库和中稳性磷库的比例随之增加,稳定态磷库的比例随之降低。研究结果表明,果园绿肥栽培并利用可以有效促进土壤难溶性磷的活化周转,提高土壤磷素生物有效性。     

Nutrient Uptake and Leaching from Soil Amended with Cattle Manure and Nitrapyrin

We investigated whether nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin can reduce nutrient leaching and increase nutrient uptake by corn (Zea mays L.) in cattle manure amended soil. Amendments included non-amended check (CK), urea (Urea), REG (manure from cattle fed barley grain), and DDGS (manure from cattle fed 60% dried distillers grains with solubles), co-applied with or without nitrapyrin and leached or unleached with water. Nitrapyrin reduced (P < 0.01) leaching of nitrate by 56, 32, and 24% from DDGS, REG, and Urea treatments, respectively, and also reduced (P < 0.05) leaching of phosphate (58%), potassium (39%), calcium (39%), and magnesium (39%) from DDGS treatment. While nitrapyrin reduces the rate of ammonium conversion to nitrate, higher magnesium and phosphate levels in DDGS-amended soil favor struvite formation and reduce their leaching. Corn biomass and nutrient uptake were higher (P < 0.01) in DDGS and Urea than CK and REG treatments, but remained unaffected by nitrapyrin. The benefits of nitrapyrin should be further investigated under field conditions.

Abbreviations: DCD, dicyandiamide; DDGS, dried distillers grains with solubles; NI, nitrification inhibitor; TP, total P; TN, total N.     

Effect of Rapeseed Green Manure Amendment on Soil Properties and Rice Productivity

Green manure crops can be used as alternatives to mineral fertilizers because they improve soil structure and nutrient content of soil. Here, we evaluated the effect of partial replacement of mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer with rapeseed residue green manure on soil properties and rice productivity in a rice–rapeseed double-cropping system. The treatments were comprised of four levels of mineral N fertilizer and recommended levels of phosphate and potash fertilizers. Rice clum and panicle length did not differ between treatments. However, the proportion of ripened grains and 1,000-grain weight of rice plants were greater under rapeseed residue amendments than those under 100% conventional mineral N fertilizer treatments. Paddy soils treated with rapeseed residues had greater soil organic matter and exchangeable cations than those treated with mineral N fertilizer alone. Thus, rapeseed residues applied as green manure can serve as alternative N sources in sustainable rice–rapeseed double-cropping systems.     

Soil Phosphorus Distribution as Affected by Manure Compost Phosphorus Concentration and Incorporation

Phosphorus (P) from manure can become an environmental pollutant if applied to soil at rates in excess of plant uptake. This research examined the effects of composted beef cattle manures from two feeding regimens on soil P storage and forms. Composted manures were applied in the spring before planting (preplant) with incorporation, in spring after planting (postplant) without incorporation, or in winter without incorporation. Soils were sampled following 1 and 2 years of treatment at depths to 15.0 cm. All P fractions from both composted manures increased over pre-amended levels. High-P composted manure increased total P (TP) and inorganic P (IP) more than low-P composted manure. Total P and IP were greater in soils receiving low-P composted manure postplant than in those receiving manure preplant. Accumulation of TP and IP in uppermost depths was greater in the second year of composted manure application than in the first year. Appropriately managing composted manure requires integrating P concentration, time of application, and incorporation.     

生物炭与叶面硒肥联合施用对生菜吸收镉及土壤镉形态的影响

  目的  为探明生菜吸收富集镉的能力对生物炭与叶面硒肥的响应程度,抑制有毒有害元素镉的吸收。  方法  通过盆栽试验,以生菜为研究对象,在镉污染土壤中添加生物炭,并在生菜叶片上喷硒处理,探索了生物炭与叶面喷硒的联合施用对镉污染土壤理化指标（pH和有机碳）和土壤不同形态镉含量以及对生菜镉吸收累积的影响。  结果  ① 土壤中添加生物炭与叶面硒肥都可以有效降低生菜可食部镉含量,其中喷施低浓度硒的效果更好。当生物炭添加量为30 g kg?1,叶面喷硒浓度为1 mg L?1时,生菜地上部镉含量由0.314 mg kg?1降至0.049 mg kg?1,低于国家食品安全标准（GB 2762—2017）中规定的叶菜类镉限量值0.20 mg kg?1。② 镉胁迫下,添加生物炭与叶面硒肥的交互作用对生菜镉含量和镉富集与转运能力均产生了显著性的影响,相对于生菜根部镉含量,添加生物炭的效应高于叶面硒肥的效应,而对于地上部镉含量,叶面硒肥的效应高于添加生物炭的效应。③ 生物炭添加可通过改善土壤pH和有机碳含量降低酸可提取态、可还原态、可氧化态镉的比例,增加残渣态镉的比例,从而有效地降低生菜对土壤中镉的吸收累积,减少生菜中镉含量。  结论  综合来看,生物炭与叶面硒肥联合施用可以降低生菜镉含量,其效果明显高于两者单独施用的效果,为无公害蔬菜的种植提供理论指导。     

绿肥植物田菁的化感效应及对土壤肥力的影响

实验研究了自然条件下原位提取的田菁(Sesbania cannabina)淋溶液和田菁秸秆模拟还田对不同类型受体植物三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)、稗草(Echinochloa crusgalli)和萝卜(Raphanus sativus)的生长及土壤性质的影响,旨在从化感作用角度综合评价田菁作为绿肥栽培时的生态效应。结果表明:原位提取的田菁淋溶液和模拟还田的田菁秸秆(根、茎、叶)对发育初期的受体植物三叶鬼针草、稗草和萝卜的生长具有一定的抑制作用,尤其对于稗草的抑制效果表现最强;然而对于受体植物生长的土壤,其土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性显著增加,此外田间野外调查进一步证实了田菁对提高土壤肥力具有显著的促进效果。因此,合理利用田菁秸秆资源不仅能抑制杂草生长,还增加了土壤酶活性和土壤微生物量,促进了土壤的代谢,显著提高了土壤肥力水平。     

Humus-Rich Compost Increases Lettuce Growth, Nutrient Uptake, Mycorrhizal Colonisation, and Soil Fertility

Sandy soils, typical of Australia's west, either have little or no habitat protection for microbes including arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, which are essential for nutrient cycling. To minimize this problem, the application of organic matter, such as humus-rich composts, is necessary during vegetable crop production. This study aimed at determining the effects of humus-rich composts on either indigenous or inoculated AM fungal colonisation in roots, lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Quechua) growth, and soil fertility improvement. Four different humus-rich composts with varying humus contents were applied at the same standard rate to lettuce grown under glasshouse conditions for 10 weeks after sowing and compared with two low-humus composts and non-amended soil (control). Humus-rich composts significantly increased lettuce shoot growth, root growth, and AM fungal colonisation in roots. Humus contents in the composts were also correlated with lettuce shoot and root growth. Soil dissolved organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, and fertility were increased with the application of humus-rich composts. These humus-rich composts, especially the compost of higher humic acid with and without AM inoculation, might have a significant role in sustainable vegetable production, for example lettuce growth. Overall, the results indicate that supplementation with humus-rich compost is highly beneficial to enhance soil fertility and potentially maintain the sustainability of vegetable production.     

绿肥与化肥配施对植烟土壤微生物群落的影响

土壤微生物群落被认为是土壤生态系统变化的预警及敏感指标,指示着土壤质量的变化。本研究利用 3 年定位试验,通过测定磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)的含量,分析了连年绿肥和化肥配施对植烟土壤微生物群落结构的影响。研究结果表明：施肥明显地提高了土壤中 PLFAs 的种类和总量;在绿肥和化肥配施处理中,当翻压 15 000 kg/hm2 绿肥的基础上施用大于 85% 常规化肥时,明显提高了土壤中细菌、AM 真菌及微生物总的 PLFAs 含量;而当化肥的施用量减至常规施肥 70% 时,对土壤细菌、真菌及微生物总 PLFAs 含量的积累产生不利影响。从不同处理的主成分分析和聚类分析的结果可知,不同绿肥和化肥配施比例对土壤微生物群落结构变化有明显影响。经相关性分析表明,PLFA 分析方法和氯仿熏蒸法之间具有很好的一致性,且土壤速效钾和速效磷含量与革兰氏阴性菌的 PLFAs 含量呈显著相关,而与土壤真菌PLFAs 含量则无明显的相关性。     

Influence of Organic Manure and Lime on Cadmium Mobility in Soil and Uptake by Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)

Spinach grown in cadmium (Cd)-contaminated soils accumulates Cd compounds in toxic concentration contaminating the food chain leading to the chronic toxic effects on human and animal health. A study was conducted in a Cd-contaminated soil to examine the ameliorative effect of lime and organic manure on the mobility of Cd and its uptake in spinach. Application of lime or organic manure or both decreased the Cd concentration in soil and shoots and increased chlorophyll content of leaves. As compared to the control treatment, combined application of lime and organic manure decreased the level of Cd in soil by 54.7%, in spinach shoot by 61.3%, and the transfer factor of Cd by 35.0% and increased in leaf chlorophyll content by 29.4%. Combined application of lime and organic manure emerged as a viable option in reducing the mobility of Cd in contaminated soil for growing spinach.     

Growth and Heavy-Metal Uptake by Lettuce Grown in Soils Applied with Sewage Sludge Compost

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of sewage sludge compost (SSC) alone and applied with chemical fertilizer on growth and heavy-metal accumulations in lettuce grown on two soils, a Xanthi-Udic Ferralosol and a Typic Purpli-Udic Cambosol. The treatments included control; nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) fertilizer; sewage sludge compost applied at the rates of 27.54 (SSC), 82.62 (3SSC), 165.24 (6SSC) t hm^–2; and coapplication treatment (1/2 SSC + 1/2 NPK), where the N, P, and K inputs from NPK fertilizer, SSC, and coapplication treatments were normalized to the local recommend rates. The SSC application increased the biomass; copper, zinc, and lead contents in lettuce; and soil total and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable metals. However, SSC alone at the recommended rate caused less plant biomass than NPK fertilizer alone. Coapplication treatment obtained greater or similar biomass to NPK fertilizer alone and did not increase heavy-metal accumulation in soils and plants. The results demonstrated that SSC should be applied to soils with chemical fertilizers.     

连续种植不同绿肥作物的耕层土壤团聚体中氮分布及其固持特征

为探讨连续种植绿肥对土壤团聚体中氮分布的影响以及其中氮的固持特征,以箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa L.)、肥田萝卜(Raphanus sativus L.)、蓝花苕子(Vicia cracca L.)、毛叶苕子(Vicia villosa Roth)、光叶苕子(Vicia villosa var.)为对象开展研究。结果表明:光叶苕子能够显著提高土壤全氮含量。肥田萝卜、蓝花苕子提升耕层土壤团聚体各粒径中氮含量的效果较为明显,光叶苕子提升 2 mm粒径土壤团聚体中氮含量的效果较为明显。随着粒径减小土壤团聚体氮含量也呈现下降的趋势,各粒径中氮的富集系数在1.24与0.89之间。在 1 mm粒径中,几乎所有处理富集系数均大于1,处于积累状态,≥0.25 mm粒径的团聚体氮贡献率占了85%以上,其中 5 mm粒径的氮贡献率最大,0.5～0.25 mm粒径的氮贡献率最小。连续种植绿肥,土壤全氮的积累随着各粒径土壤团聚体中氮含量的增加而增加,全氮与 0.5 mm粒径的团聚体中氮含量显著正相关,且5～2 mm粒级土壤团聚体中氮的增加对土壤全氮的影响较为突出,连续种植绿肥促进了氮在大团聚体中的固持。     

绿肥阻控贵州山区坡耕地水土流失的应用

通过田间试验,研究绿肥阻控坡地水土流失,对土壤覆盖度、土壤侵蚀量、土壤水分及作物产量的影响,探索利用绿肥阻控坡地水土流失规律及技术。结果表明:种植和翻压绿肥能减少地表径流和土壤侵蚀量,提高旱坡地覆盖度,与对照组相比,苕子—玉米+菜豆模式在雨季减少地表径流62.6%,减少土壤侵蚀量78.4%,提高旱坡地覆盖度52.1%~66.7%。与对照相比,苕子—玉米处理玉米籽粒增产35.3%,秸秆增产34.1%,苕子—玉米+菜豆处理玉米籽粒增产25.8%,玉米秸秆增产39.7%,同时收获菜豆814.5kg/hm2,菜豆杆1 006.5kg/hm2。种植和翻压绿肥能够在雨量充沛时,减少水土流失,增强土壤的蓄水能力,雨量较少时能促进土壤提供作物水分,最终使得作物增产。