在森林二类调查中用TM影象代替航片的研究实例

简述了在内蒙古两个林业局的森林二类调查中用ＴＭ影象代替航片进行区划、调绘、定位和面积量算、测树因子估测的试验方法和结果。试验与生产同步展开，进行了对照，数据表明，用１：５万ＴＭ影象代替航片进行区划、调绘、求积，其精度均能满足规程要求，但在测树因子估测方面尚不理想。     

航天遥感资料在森林资源二类调查中的应用研究

该研究首次利用陆地资源卫星ＴＭ数据及通过数字图象处理的１：５万比例尺ＴＭ影象。航片，对近６１万ｈｍ~２林地进行了森林资源二类调查。调查结果表明，蓄积量的估测精度在林业局和林场一级达到了精度要求；完全使用航天资料估测小班测树因子取得了一定进展，建立了树高、胸径及郁闭度等测树因子与航天遥感数据之间的数学模型，估测精度达到林业局、林场一级规程要求。与传统调查方法相比，外业工作量减少了２／３，经费节省近１／２。     

航天遥感资料在森林资源二类调查中的应用研究

该研究首次利用陆地资源卫量ＴＭ数据及通过数字图象处理的１：５万比例尺ＴＭ影像，航片，对近６１万ｈｍ＾２林地进行了森林资源二类调查，调查结果表明，蓄积量的估测精度在林业局和林场一级达到了精度要求，完全使用航天资料估测小班测树因子取得一定时展，建立了树高，胸径及郁闭度等测树因子与航遥感数据之间的数学模型，估测精度达到林业局，林场一级规程要求，与统计调查方法相比，外业工作量减少２／３，经费节省近１／２。     

基于高清航片森林资源二类调查技术研究

对调查区域范围内小班调查因子通过建立判读解译标志、目视判读、判读复核、实地验证等环节,完成小班调查。参照航片及地形图等相关资料在室内预区划小班界线,小班测树因子调查采取测树因子航片估测法。利用航片判读技术进行森林资源二类调查较传统方法,可以提高地类面积精度,减少调查工作量,减轻劳动强度,提高工作效率,降低调查费用。     

大比例尺航片主要测树因子量测分析*

该项研究采用吉林长白山林区1：2600比例尺黑白航片，进行主要测树因子量测试验。为解决航片量测与实验结果的可比性，该试验在样地野外每木检尺的同时，划定树木生长级并排序。以航片量测株数为准，取等量实测立木对比（从上层顺取） 这样，不仅对比株数相等，对比用的单株也大体在同一范围，并在查明样地被压木数量与航片漏测立木的比率后，根据航片立木漏测规律，编制漏测木蓄积量补偿表，以提高森林蓄积量估测精度。本试验测高业均方误±1．07m，蓄积量估测精度均方误±6．0m^8。展示了用大比例尺航片量测的实用前景。     

TM影像图在森林资源二类调查中的应用

ＴＭ影像图应用于森林资源二类调查，是林业勘察技术的一项新的内容。我院在１９９４年对巴林、南木林业局进行二类调查时，在调查地区试用了陆地卫星ＴＭ图像，采取全面试验重点研究的方法，全面采用旧航片与ＴＭ影像图相结合的调绘方法，并根据调查地区的林分特点，分别选取了６个小流域进行ＴＭ影像图在二类调查中应用的重点研究，取得了一定的经验。１９９５年在进行五岔沟林业局森林资源二类调查中，也采用了类似上述的调绘方法。通过实践证明，此种调查方法应用效果较好。     

四川森林航测和林业遥感回顾与展望（上）

1953～1959年林业部航测队在四川省袭江下游、金沙江下游、青衣江上游以及川、陕、鄂交界的大巴山林区进行航测航调工作,1956～1958年林业部三、八森林经理调查大队使用航片在四川小金、会东等县及甘、青交界的祁连山林区完成323hm~2的森林经理调查;1959～1983年间森勘一大队使用航片调查总面积达1432万hm~2、森勘二大队调查1211万hm~2;营林调查队1959～1962年使用航片调查设计达128万hm~2。使用航片节省劳力提高工效,便于野外调查作业和小班区划调绘,不受地形限制以及有利于室内检核调绘质量等优点。放大航片象幅,蒙片调绘,内业航片加密,辐射隔网和透视格网转绘技术可提高航片实用性和精度     

TM卫星影像图在新林林业局森林资源二类复查中的应用

对ＴＭ卫星影像图在新林林业局森林资源二类复查中的使用效果进行了分析。表明应用ＴＭ卫星影像图进行目视判读森林土地类型具有较高的准确率，在与旧航片结合使用时可提高小班区划质量。     

采用1:3000大比例尺航片编制云南油杉一元材积表试验

用1:3000大比例尺航片,在金殿云南油杉(Keteleeria evelyniana)林内随机抽取50株林木,在航片上和现地对主要测树因子进行量测试验,试验结果经检验其冠幅量测精度97%,胸径与冠幅呈线性相关,相关系数0.91,航片量测冠幅和材积亦呈线性相关,相关系数0.92,用冠幅跟材积这种相关关系编制出的航片一元材积表精度达91.5%.     

采用1∶3000大比例尺航片编制云南油杉一元材积表试验

用1∶3000大比例尺航片,在金殿云南油杉（Keteleeria evelyniana）林内随机抽取50株林木,在航片上和现地对主要测树因子进行量测试验,试验结果经检验其冠幅量测精度97％,胸径与冠幅呈线性相关,相关系数0.91,航片量测冠幅和材积亦呈线性相关,相关系数0.92,用冠幅跟材积这种相关关系编制出的航片一元材积表精度达91.5％。     

Economic utility of 3D remote sensing data for estimation of site index in Nordic commercial forest inventories: a comparison of airborne laser scanning,digital aerial photogrammetry and conventional practices

ABSTRACT

Forest productivity is a crucial variable in forest planning, usually expressed as site index (SI). In Nordic commercial forest inventories, SI is commonly estimated by a combination of aerial image interpretation, field assessment and information obtained from previous inventories. Airborne laser scanning (ALS) and digital aerial photogrammetry (DAP) data can alternatively be used for SI estimation, however the economic utilities of the inventory methods have not been compared. We compared seven methods of SI estimation in a cost-plus-loss analysis, by which we added the expected economic losses due to sub-optimal treatment decisions to the inventory costs. The methods comprised direct and indirect estimation from combinations of ALS, DAP and stand register data, and manual interpretation from aerial imagery supported by field assessment and information from previous inventories (conventional practices). The choice of method had great impact on both the accuracy and the economic value of the produced estimates. Direct methods using bitemporal ALS and DAP data gave the best accuracy and the smallest total cost. DAP was a suitable and low-cost data source for SI estimation. Estimation from single-date ALS and DAP data and age obtained from the stand register provided practical alternatives when applied to even-aged stands.     

Satellite remote sensing for forest inventory—experiences in the nordic countries

Satellite data were used in developing methods for forest inventory and mapping in a cooperation project involving Finland, Norway and Sweden. A goal was to improve the technical competence in forestry remote sensing in those countries. Landsat TM‐ and simulated SPOT‐imageries were classified using, e.g., filtered input data and contextual classifiers. The relative area distribution of usual forest classes was estimated at an acceptable accuracy. A two‐phase sampling scheme was introduced for compartmentwise (in‐place) inventories. The first phase involves analysis of satellite data, the second phase measurement of field plots. Correlations between satellite‐ and field‐measured values of various forest characteristics were relatively high, close to those obtained using aerial photo interpretation.     

Forest stand age classification using time series of photogrammetrically derived digital surface models

In this research, we developed and tested a remote sensing-based approach for stand age estimation. The approach is based on changes in the forest canopy height measured from a time series of photo-based digital surface models that were normalized to canopy height models using an airborne laser scanning derived digital terrain model (DTM). Representing the Karelian countryside, Finland, CHMs from 1944, 1959, 1965, 1977, 1983, 1991, 2003, and 2012 were generated and allow for characterization of forest structure over a 68-year period. To validate our method, we measured stand age from 90 plots (1256?m²) in 2014, whereby producer's accuracy ranged from 25.0% to 100.0% and user's accuracy from 16.7% to 100.0%. The wide range of accuracy found is largely attributable to the quality and characteristics of archival images and intrastand variation in stand age. The lowest classification accuracies were obtained for the images representing the earliest dates. For forest managers and agencies that have access to long-term photo archives and a detailed DTM, the estimation of stand age can be performed, improving the quality and completeness of forest inventory databases.     

大比例尺航空照片测高估测森林蓄积量的研究

本文用我国自行拍摄的1:2 200比例尺的黑白航片,与地面样地配合,研究了室内仪器测高与实测高的相关关系。结果表明相关系数可达0.8以上,可用其在某些调查中代替实测。用室内仪器测高估测全局畜积量,其精度为81.84％,如用航片和野外两期样地对全局蓄积量进行联合估计,估测精度为85.81％。这些为在森林调查中减少地面工作量和利用已往资料,进行了有益的探索。为进行森林经理调查(二类调查)乃至伐区调查又辟出了一条可循之径。     

我国森林生态系统植被碳储量估算研究进展

文章从时空尺度、分布特征以及影响因子三方面总结了我国森林生态系统植被碳储量估算研究进展.阐述了在国家尺度、区域尺度和林分尺度的研究现状;分析了我国森林生态系统植被碳储量的地域分布、在不同植被类型中的分布、龄级分布、林分内的分布以及时间动态变化;探讨了经济和人口、气候条件、造林和抚育、林龄、林型种类等对植被碳储量的影响....     

Landslide densities associated with rainfall,stand age,and topography on forested landscapes,southwestern Washington,USA

Elevated landslide rates in forested landscapes can adversely impact aquatic habitat and water quality and remove and/or degrade soil resources required for forest regeneration. As a result, understanding the associations between management actions, natural factors, and landslide rates is important information needed for land managers. An unusual and powerful storm in early December, 2007, caused record flooding and thousands of landslides across southwest Washington and northwest Oregon, USA, and provided a rare opportunity to examine the effects of both natural factors and forest management practices on landslide density. Landslide inventory data were collected from both aerial photos and systematic field surveys to provide a broad survey database that was used to develop estimates of landslide density and to examine associations between landslide density, precipitation, topography, and forest stand age across a 152,000 ha forested landscape in the Willapa Hills, Washington. We estimated the probability of detecting landslides on aerial photos for six strata defined by forest stand age and a broad range of rainfall intensity, expressed as percent of the 100-year, 24-h, maximum rainfall. Key findings are that landslide detection probability decreased with increasing stand age, but was similar across rainfall intensities. The overall fraction of field-detected landslides that were not detected on 1:12,000-scale aerial photos was 39%. Very few landslides occurred in the 0–100% of 100-year rainfall category, regardless of stand age or slope gradient class. At higher rainfall intensities, significantly higher landslide densities occurred on steep slopes (>70% gradient) compared to lower gradient slopes, as expected. Above ∼150% of 100-year rainfall, the density of landslides was ∼2–3 times larger in the 0–5 and 6–10 year stand age categories than in the 11–20, 21–30, 31–40, and 41+ categories. The effect of stand age was strongest at the highest rainfall intensities. Our results demonstrate that ground-based landslide inventory data are required in order to correct for detection bias from aerial photos, develop reasonable estimates of landslide density across environmental gradients such as rainfall magnitude and topography, and make unbiased interpretations of relationships between forest management associations and landslide occurrence.     

基于CASA模型的人工植被生物量的估算及特征分析

利用改进的CASA模型,结合Landsat TM遥感影像及气象数据,估算榆林飞播林2010年7月的植被净初级生产力。通过实测植被生物量,验证CASA模型在研究区的估算结果。结果表明:CASA模型适用于榆林飞播林植被净初级生产力估算;CASA模型估算的不同地区NPP区别明显,榆林市横山县与榆阳区交界处的植被NPP值最高,其值介233.21～414.15gC/m2之间;榆林飞播林生态系统属于较低生产力的生态系统;沙柳的NPP水平最高,以柠条+沙柳+沙蒿为播种模式的人工林地生物量最高;除沙柳、花棒和沙蒿外,其他飞播植物生物量与含水量无明显的相关性;不同飞播年代的同种植被生物量与含水量、土壤养分以及气候等因素之间具有密切的相关性。     

基于Weibull分布的林分结构可视化模拟技术研究

林分结构是林分生长和林分经营的理论基础,具有重要的生产实践和科研价值。以杉木人工林为研究对象,以30 m×30 m样地大小为例,以Weibull分布拟合林分直径结构,并进行x2检验。在已知林木算术平均胸径和林木株数的前提下,以C#语言为基础,结合Weibull分布模型、测树因子间关系模型、生物量估计模型、GDI+技术与MOGRE技术,实现了林分结构统计图表可视化模拟,并对林分进行了2维3维可视化模拟。结果表明:Weibull分布可有效拟合林分直径结构分布,可视化模拟技术使林分结构得到了更加直观高效的表达,为研究林分结构提供了新的技术手段,为提高森林经营管理水平提供了可视化决策平台。     

Simultaneous Estimations of Forest Parameters using Aerial Photograph Interpreted Data and the k Nearest Neighbour Method

Information about the state of the forest is of vital importance in forest management planning. To enable high-precision modelling, many forest planning systems demand input data at the single-tree level. The conventional strategy for collecting such data is a plot-wise field inventory. This is expensive and, thus, cost-efficient alternatives are of interest. During recent years, the focus has been on remote sensing techniques. The k nearest neighbour (kNN) estimation method is a way to assign plot-wise data to all stands in a forest area, using remotely sensed data in connection with a sparse sample of field reference plots. Plot-wise aerial photograph interpretations combined with information from a stand register were used in this study. Nearness to a reference plot was decided upon using a regression transform distance. Standing stem volume was estimated with a relative root mean square error (RMSE) equal to 20% at the stand level, while age could be estimated with a RMSE equal to 15%. A cost-efficient data-capturing strategy could be to assign plot data with the presented kNN method to some types of forest, while using traditional field inventories in other, more valuable, stands.