麦茬复种饲料油菜对耕层土壤团聚体的影响

通过田间小区试验，研究了不同油菜种植密度与施氮肥对麦茬复种饲料油菜耕层（0～20cm）土壤颗粒组成、水稳性团聚体、微团聚体、粘粒分散率和团聚度的影响。试验结果表明，麦茬复种油菜能提高耕层土壤水稳性团聚体，改善土壤颗粒组成状况；与对照（CK）相比，耕层土壤粘粒分散率呈显著或极显著性降低，〈0．001mm的土壤团聚体破坏率和特征微团聚体比例（〈0．01mm／〉0．01mm）显著降低，而土壤团聚度在油菜苗期为降低趋势，收获期呈显著或极显著性增加，〉0．25mm的土壤团聚体百分含量除收获期的水稳性团聚体外均呈不显著性降低。复种油菜对土壤水稳性团聚体改善贡献高于土壤微团聚体。种植密度和施肥处理均能不同程度地影响和改变耕层土壤水稳性团聚体、微团聚体和粘粒分散率的含量，处理间规律性不强，差异性并不十分显著。说明麦茬复种饲料油菜对农田土壤肥力的改善和提高具有积极作用。     

岩溶山区植被破坏前后土壤团聚体分形特征研究

土壤结构性是影响土壤肥力的一个重要因素。本文运用分形模型对不同植被类型土壤水稳性团聚体进行了研究,探讨了分形维数与土壤肥力的关系。结果表明:土壤团聚体粒径分布的分形维数与水稳性团聚体含量之间存在呈显著线性回归关系,林地和不同开垦年限农地土壤的物理性质随土壤团聚体的分形维数变化而变化,即分形维数越小,>0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量越高,土壤容重越小,总孔度大,毛管孔隙和通气孔隙占总孔隙的比例大,自然含水量和田间持水量相应较高;有机质、全N、碱解N与分形维数呈极显著的负相关,分形模型为土壤肥力研究提供新方法。上述结果在一定程度表明,植被遭到破坏、不合理的人为开垦,是土壤退化和生态环境恶化的主要原因。     

不同利用方式和开垦年限下红壤水稳性团聚体及养分变化研究

本文就不同开垦年限下旱地、水田、菜园和荒地土壤水稳性团聚体、有机C和各养分的变化规律及其相互关系进行了研究.结果表明,荒地开垦为旱地、水田和菜园后,>5 mm的水稳性团聚体含量迅速下降,但随着利用年限的延长,>0.25 mm的水稳性团聚体总量呈增加趋势.旱地和菜园土壤有机C的积累速度高于全N,而水田土壤中全N和有机C含量同时迅速上升.土壤全P含量随开垦年限增加快速升高,但土壤K素淋失严重,随着熟化程度的提高而降低.红壤各粒级水稳性团聚体含量与有机C和全N含量之间均达到了显著相关关系,而与全P和全K间相关性不显著.可见,土壤团聚体稳定性程度保持在何种水平,主要取决于农田有机C库及N的平衡状况.     

铵、钾同时存在时, 土壤对铵的优先吸附

The water stability of aggregates in various size classes separated from 18 samples of red soils under different managements, and the mechanisms responsible for the formation of water-stable soil aggregates were studied. The results showed that the water stability of soil aggregates declined with increasing size, especially for the low organic matter soils. Organic matter plays a key role in the formation of water-stable soil aggregates. The larger the soil aggregate size, the greater the impact of organic matter on the water stability of soil aggregates. Removal of organic matter markedly disintegrated the large water-stable aggregates (> 2.0 mm) and increased the small ones (< 0.25-0.5mm) to some extent, whereas removal of free iron(aluminium) oxides considerably destroyed aggregates of all sizes, especially the < 0.25-0.5 mm classes. The contents of organic matter in water-stable aggregates increased with aggregate sizes. It is concluded from this study that small water-stable aggregates (< 0.25-0.5 mm) were chiefly cemented by Fe and Al oxides whilst the large ones (> 2.0 mm) were mainly glued up by organic matter. Both free oxides and organic matter contribute to the formation and water stability of aggregates in red soils.     

短期放牧对高寒草甸土壤水稳性团聚体构成及稳定性的影响

土壤水稳性团聚体是土壤肥力的基础。以青藏高原东北边缘地区高寒草甸为对象,采用放牧控制试验研究不同放牧强度下各粒级水稳性团聚体含量、根系和微生物数量的变化特征,以期阐明短期放牧对水稳性团聚体及其稳定性的影响。结果表明,中牧能够增加土壤内水稳性大团聚体的含量。土壤水稳性团聚体有机碳含量随土层深度增加而减少,中牧时在0—10cm土层,粒径1mm的土壤水稳性团聚体有机碳含量显著低于对照,但在10—20cm土层,粒径1mm土壤水稳性团聚体有机碳含量大于对照和其他放牧处理;随着放牧梯度的增大,地下生物量也递增,在0—10cm土层表现最为明显;中牧处理下土壤中真菌数量最大,而放线菌的数量随着放牧强度的增大而增大。     

Soil aggregates formed in vitro by saprotrophic Trichocomaceae have transient water-stability

The contribution of fungi to aggregation of soil is thought to be mediated via hyphal enmeshment of particles and increased adhesion between particles. The role of saprotrophic fungi in soil aggregation remains uncertain. This study explored the role of saprotrophic Trichocomaceae in water-stable aggregation of soil. Eighty-five isolates derived from agricultural and undisturbed Australian soils were identified by morphological and molecular (ITS1–5.8S rRNA–ITS2) methods. The formation and stabilisation of soil aggregates by each isolate either through increased adhesion between particles, mediated by extracellular materials, or enmeshment during hyphal growth, and the effects of nutrition on aggregation were examined. The creation of water-stable aggregates by Trichocomaceous fungi was uncommon and largely transient, whether measured by adhesive materials alone or growth of the fungus in soil. Water-stable aggregation by adhesion was increased significantly by only one isolate. The adhesive properties of extracellular materials produced by this isolate were affected by the source of carbon. When grown in soil only six isolates increased water-stable aggregation by more than 12% after three weeks. When grown on compost (complex carbon) selected isolates were capable of forming water-stable aggregates although these aggregates were generally not persistent. Mean weight diameter peaked after three weeks and declined thereafter with increased period of fungal growth. The potential to create water-stable aggregates by adhesion or soil enmeshment was isolate specific: the potential varied within species and was unrelated to extensive hyphal growth in culture. Saprotrophic Trichocomaceae are capable of aggregate formation by physical enmeshment; however the aggregates formed are not stabilised beyond the short growth period of the fungi. Any increase in water-stable aggregation by Trichocomaceae as a group is likely to be transient.     

耕作方式对东北黑土坡耕地土壤物理性状及根系垂直分布的影响

为了明确耕作方式对东北薄层黑土坡耕地土壤物理性状以及玉米根系垂直分布的影响,该研究以东北薄层黑土坡耕地土壤为研究对象,设置免耕和翻耕2种耕作方式,研究耕作方式对不同坡位土壤水稳性团聚体粒径分布与稳定性、土壤容重、土壤孔隙度、土壤贯入阻力以及玉米根系在垂直方向主要分布深度的影响,并进一步探究各指标间的相互关系.结果表明,...     

南方茶园土壤酸化特征及交换性酸在水稳性团聚体中的分布

通过采集浙江省杭州西湖龙井茶园土壤,研究茶园土壤剖面的酸度特征、养分变化以及交换性酸在水稳性团聚体中的分布特征,以了解南方茶园土壤的酸化过程。结果表明:茶园表层土壤(0-20cm)酸化严重,最低的pHH2O值达到4.0,并且有明显的深层化趋势;表土的有机质和速效磷含量较高,速效磷含量最高可达138.2mg/kg;表土团聚体分级表明茶园土壤有良好的团聚体结构,具有良好的水稳性;除了交换性H+在0.5～0.25mm和0.25～0.106mm水稳性团聚体之间没有明显差别外,交换性酸总量、交换性H+和交换性Al 3+含量均随着水稳性团聚体粒径的减小而降低;水稳性大团聚体中交换性Al 3+相对交换性H+占有明显的优势,而在0.106～0.05mm水稳性微团聚体中交换性H+占有明显的优势。交换性酸总量、交换性H+和交换性铝主要分布于>2mm和2～0.5mm水稳性团聚体中,同时在不同粒级团聚体中的分布随粒径的减小而降低。     

黑土开垦后水稳性团聚体与土壤养分的关系

Water-stable aggregates, which are an index for the evaluation of the structural properties of the soil, are affected by many factors. Zhaoguang Farm, Longzhen Farm, and Jiusan Farm were chosen as the representative study sites in the region of black soils, a typical soil resource in Northeast China. The variation in the content of 〉 0.25 mm water-stable aggregates and its relationship with the nutrients in black soil were investigated after different years of reclamation. The results showed that the 〉 0.25 mm water-stable aggregates were more in the surface than in the subsurface soil and they changed in the following order： Longzhen Farm 〉 Zhaoguang Farm 〉 Jiusan Farm. The water-stable aggregates decreased sharply at the initial stage of reclamation and then became stable gradually with time. They were significantly correlated with the contents of organic C, total N, total P, and CEC in black soil, with the correlation coefficients r being 0.76, 0.68, 0.61, and 0.81 （P 〈 0.01）, respectively; however, their relationships with available P, available K, and total K were unclear. These showed that organic matter was the cementation of soil water-stable aggregates. Increasing decompositions and decreasing inputs of organic matter after reclamation were responsible for the amount of reduction of the water-stable aggregates. Thus, to maintain good soil aggregate structure, attention should be paid to improvement of soil nutrient status, especially the supply of organic C and N.     

石灰岩区土壤分形特征及其与土壤性质的关系

研究了岩溶坡地不同生态系统土壤颗粒组成和团粒结构的分形特征.结果表明,土壤颗粒组成分形维数与黏粒及物理性黏粒含量显著正相关,与砂砾含量显著负相关.团粒结构分形维数与水稳性团聚体含量显著负相关,与团聚体湿筛后的破坏率显著正相关,即分形维数愈高,>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体和水稳性大团聚体含量愈低;团粒结构的分形维数与土壤有机质有负相关趋势,与土壤阳离子交换量显著负相关,与土壤体积质量(容重)呈正相关趋势.次生灌丛岩溶生态系统退化后,土壤黏粒减少,体积质量上升,土壤水稳性团聚体含量及其稳定性下降,土壤颗粒组成分形维数降低,土壤团粒结构分形维数则呈上升趋势.颗粒组成分形维数与团粒结构分形维数对土壤质量和岩溶生态环境状况的反映是一致的.     

耕作方式对黄绵土水稳定性团聚体形成的影响

研究了不同耕作方式对黄绵土水稳性团聚体形成的影响。结果表明,>0.25mm土壤水稳定性团聚体含量:免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)>免耕(NT)>传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)>传统耕作(T),团聚体稳定率:免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)>免耕(NT)>传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)>传统耕作(T)。水稳定性团聚体数量以及团聚体的水稳定性均与耕作方式有关。免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)、免耕(NT)和传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)有利于土壤水稳定性团聚体的形成。分析结果同时说明,采用适当耕作方式的同时增加土壤有机质更有利于土壤团聚体的形成和稳定性的增加。     

Determination of erodibility of a subtropical clay soil: a laboratory rainfall simulator experiment

Erodibility of tropical soils changes according to land use and management. It is important to monitor these changes so that farming practices can be designed to conserve the soil. On a fersiallitic clay soil in Zimbabwe, the mean weight diameter of water-stable aggregates was highly significant in explaining variations in both soil loss and runoff. Percent water-stable aggregates > 2 mm diameter was also significant and had the practical advantage of being easier to measure. Organic carbon in the soil largely explains the proportion of water-stable aggregates. These indices will aid management decisions on arable and grazing lands on this soil type, within the limits of the ranges tested.     

黄土高原植被自然恢复中土壤团聚体特征

Field investigations and laboratory analysis were conducted to study the characteristics of soil water-stable aggregates during vegetation rehabilitation in typical grassland soils of the hilly-gullied loess area. The relationship between water- stable aggregates and other soil properties was analyzed using canonical correlation analysis and principal component analysis. The results show that during the natural revegetation, the aggregates 〉 5 mm dominated and constituted between 50% and 80% of the total soil water-stable aggregates in most of the soil layers. The 2-5 mm aggregate class was the second main component. The mean value of water-stable aggregates 〉 5 mm within the 0-2 m soil profile under different plant communities decreased in the following order： Stipa grandis 〉 Stipa bungeana Trin. 〉 Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb. 〉 Thymus mongolicus Ronn. 〉 Hierochloe odorata （L.） Beauv. Clay, organic matter, and total N were the key factors that influenced the water stability of the aggregates. Total N and organic matter were the main factors that affected the water stability of the aggregates 〉 5 mm and 0.5-1 mm in size. The contents of Fe2O3, Al2O3, and physical clay （〈 0.01 mm） were the main factors which affected the water stability of the 1-2 and 0.25-0.5 mm aggregates.     

喀斯特植被恢复过程中的土壤分形特征

基于粒径的重量分布表征分形维数的计算方法,对喀斯特山区植被恢复过程中的土壤颗粒、团聚体、微团聚体粒径分布的分形维数进行研究,并分析其与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明,随着植被的不断恢复,>0.25mm水稳性团聚体不断增多,土壤结构不断改善;土壤颗粒分形维数除与土壤水解氮呈显著正相关外(P<0.05),与其他因子的相关性较小,均未达显著性水平;土壤微团聚体和水稳性团聚体分形维数与有机质和全氮、水解氮呈显著负相关,与结构体破坏率呈显著正相关。土壤微团聚体及水稳性团聚体分形维数能较好地反映植被恢复过程中土壤理化性质的演变,可以作为定量评价喀斯特植被恢复过程中土壤结构演变的指标;坡耕地的土壤结构最差,退耕还林有利于喀斯特山区水土保持。     

Enzymatic activity inside and outside of water-stable aggregates in soils under different land use

A method is presented for assessing the distribution of enzymatic activity inside and outside of water-stable aggregates. Two samples of water-stable aggregates >1 mm have been isolated from dry aggregates of 1–2 mm. To determine the enzymatic activity, a substrate has been added to one of the samples without disaggregation; the other sample has been preliminarily disaggregated. Enzymatic activity within waterstable aggregates has been assessed from the difference between the obtained results under the supposition that the penetration of substrate within the water-saturated aggregates is hampered, and enzymatic reactions occur only at the periphery. The levels and distributions of enzymatic (peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and catalase) activities in water-stable aggregates of soddy-podzolic soils under forest and plowland and typical chernozems of long-term field experiments have been studied. The peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and catalase activities of water-stable aggregates vary from 6 to 23, from 7 to 30, and from 5 to 7 mmol/(g h), respectively. The ratio between the enzymatic activities inside and outside of soil aggregates showed a higher dependence on soil type and land use, as well as on the input of organic matter and the structural state, than the general activity level in water-stable aggregates.     

不同土地利用方式对岩溶山地土壤团粒结构的影响

研究了 5种利用方式对岩溶山地土壤水稳定性团聚体的影响。结果表明 :>0 .2 5 mm水稳定性团聚体为草坡 >林地 >弃耕地 >果园 >耕地 ;林地、草坡的土壤表层和亚表层水稳定性团聚体以 >2 mm为主 ,而果园、弃耕地、耕地土壤 >2 mm的水稳定性团聚体较小。水稳定性团聚体以及团聚的水稳性均与有机质的含量呈正相关 ,林地、草坡开垦后 ,土壤有机质分解加快或补充减少是土壤团聚体水稳定性下降及数量减少的主要原因。坡耕地退耕后 ,土壤团聚体可得到恢复。     

不同改良剂对黄绵土水稳性团聚体的改良效果及其机制

通过室内土柱培养,采用聚丙烯酰胺(Polyacrylamide,PAM)、沃特保水剂、β-环糊精、腐殖酸等4种土壤结构改良剂对黄绵土水稳性团聚体进行改良。结果表明:4种改良剂均可促进>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的形成,在浓度0.05%～0.40%范围内,其改良效果表现为PAM>β-环糊精>沃特保水剂>腐殖酸,且黄绵土团聚体分形维数显著降低,尤以PAM改良效果最明显;在低浓度条件下,4种改良剂均可有效地降低土壤密度;土壤粒径分布表明,PAM改良黄绵土水稳性团聚体的机制是使<1 mm粒径的团聚体团聚为更大的团聚体,尤其是团聚为>5 mm的团聚体,PAM在4种改良剂中对黄绵土改良效果最好。阐明不同改良剂对黄绵土水稳性团聚体的改良效果及机制,可为合理利用改良剂改良土壤结构提供理论依据。     

侵蚀环境人工刺槐林土壤水稳性团聚体演变及其养分效应

采用时空互代法,以典型侵蚀环境纸坊沟流域生态恢复过程中不同年限的人工刺槐林为研究对象,选取坡耕地和天然侧柏林为参照,分析了植被恢复过程中土壤水稳性团聚体变化规律及其与土壤养分状况之间的相互关系。结果表明,侵蚀环境下的坡耕地由于人为耕作干扰,土壤水稳性团聚体含量低下,抗蚀性能较差。营造刺槐林前5a土壤水稳性团聚体含量较坡耕地显著快速增加,随后增幅变缓,成对数增长,恢复25a后土壤水稳性团聚体含量已经达到天然侧柏林水平。在植被恢复过程中土壤小粒径的水稳性团聚体逐渐聚集转变形成大粒径的团聚体。相关性分析和回归分析表明,植被恢复过程中〉0．25mm土壤水稳性团聚体与有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾、容重等相关性达到显著（P〈0．05）或极显著水平（P〈0．01）,与全磷和速效磷相关性较弱。坡耕地退耕营造刺槐林后可以减少人为干扰,增加碳素和氮素供给,提高水稳性团聚体含量,使土壤抗蚀性能提高。     

喀斯特山区退耕地水稳性团聚体演变特征及土壤养分效应

以贵州省六盘水市钟山区喀斯特山区不同年限退耕还林地为研究对象,以中度石漠化样地和自然恢复松林为对照,采用时空替代法,分析探索了其水稳性团聚体演变特征及与土壤养分的协调效应关系.＃结果表明,喀斯特山区坡耕地退耕还林5～8 a后,>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体在土壤中的含量明显提高,最低含量已达60%以上,粒径多集中在5～2 mm,且有向大粒径明显转化的趋势.通过对水稳性团聚体与土壤养分相关性和回归分析显示,>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体与土壤有机质、全氮、全钾及速效钾显著相关,相关系数达0.7～0.97;与碱解氮、全磷相关性不显著.在喀斯特山区退耕还林过程中,适当考虑种植对土壤磷素返还作用明显的植物,避免人为干扰,将有利于退耕地林木的健康生长.     

我国五种主要土壤水稳性团聚体含量研究

认识土壤水稳性团聚体含量对于研究土壤肥力、质量及侵蚀程度具有重要的意义。采用非真空快速浸润法、非真空快速滴水浸润法和非真空慢速气溶胶浸润法3种方法,测定了黑土、褐土、黄土、红壤、紫色土等5种土壤的水稳性团聚体含量。通过对不同方法所测结果的稳定性和差异性进行分析,可知非真空快速浸润法测定的土壤水稳性团聚体含量最小,非真空慢速气溶胶浸润法测定的含量最大,非真空快速滴水浸润法所测结果介于前2种方法所测结果之间。根据5种土壤的水稳性团聚体含量在3种方法间的差异,将5种土壤分为黑土与紫色土、黄土、褐土与红壤3种类型;5种土壤在3种方法下所测定的土壤水稳性团聚体含量的排序分别为:黄土<黑土<褐土<紫色土<红壤,黄土<褐土<红壤<黑土<紫色土,黄土<褐土<黑土<红壤<紫色土。