漆树查尔酮合酶基因家族生物信息学分析

查尔酮合酶(CHS)是黄酮类化合物合成过程中的关键酶。为了进一步探索CHS基因家族在调控黄酮类物质合成中的功能,本研究对12个漆树CHS基因编码蛋白的理化性质、亚细胞定位、蛋白二级结构以及系统进化等方面进行初步生物信息学分析。保守结构域分析发现12个TvCHS基因均含有CHS-Like保守序列;12个TvCHS基因除了TvCHS10在叶中不表达和TvCHS11在根中不表达,其余10个基因在漆树根茎叶都有表达;12个CHS蛋白中有4个疏水蛋白、8个亲水蛋白。在系统进化分析中,漆树CHS基因家族12个基因被划分为两个组。信号肽预测分析发现12个TvCHS基因均为非分泌蛋白;磷酸化位点预测分析发现丝氨酸和苏氨酸磷酸化位点数量最多,络氨酸最少。本研究对漆树CHS基因家族进行鉴定和分析,为进一步研究漆树CHS基因家族的功能提供了一定的参考和依据。     

植物查尔酮合成酶超基因家族组成及分子进化

本研究共收集来自于39个不同植物物种的59个查尔酮合成酶基因(CHS)序列,采用生物信息学方法对参试的CHS序列进行基因组成及结构分析,进而通过邻接法构建CHS超基因家族系统进化树。结果显示,CHS广泛分布于不同物种,整个超基因家族序列具有较高同源性;CHS超基因家族在其进化过程中分为2个亚家族,2大亚家族之间遗传距离为0.048,其进化分异程度呈保守态势。参试的所有CHS基因在其指导蛋白合成从而实现性状表达水平较为统一。     

糯玉米种质waxy基因的Eco-TILLING分析

本研究利用Eco-TILLING分析技术结合测序技术,对糯玉米种质材料的waxy基因序列变异进行分析。结果显示,在waxy基因从第9外显子到第14外显子总长为1 752 bp的序列中共发现72个突变位点;我们将156份糯玉米材料划分为13个单倍型,发现不同来源糯玉米种质糯质表现型的遗传基础表现出较大差异,在DNA序列上表现为SNP、InDel等不同类型的突变。对waxy基因序列进行进化分析表明,中国不同生态区糯玉米waxy基因序列具有不同的进化来源和进化方向,主要分为种群Ⅰ、种群Ⅱ两个大的种群,其中种群Ⅱ为中国西南地区特有的糯质玉米类型。研究探索了中国糯玉米种质遗传机制,发掘了有育种价值的有利等位基因资源,为糯玉米育种提供了理论依据和技术支持。     

栽培四倍体棉种及其二倍体祖先种的Histone3 基因片段序列分析

组蛋白是植物基因组的重要组成部分。根据Genebank中登录的Histone3基因的全长cD NA序列,设计PCR引物,进行了异源四倍体栽培陆地棉、海岛棉及其二倍体祖先种非洲棉和雷蒙德氏棉中Histone3基因片段序列分析。不同物种中获得的基因片段分别由2个内含子、部分外显子区和3'端非翻译区组成。共存在77个单核苷酸多态性位点,其中外显子区9个,内含子Ⅰ区22个,内含子Ⅱ区21个,3'端非翻译区25个。外显子的SNP变化不影响Histone3基因的转录和翻译。分子聚类结果表明,不同物种A、D基因组的序列定向进化同源性明显,其中AvsD序列相似性为91.6%,AvsATB序列相似性为95.8%,AvsATH序列相似性为95.2%,DvsDTB序列相似性为98.5%,DvsDTH序列相似性为98.0%。A、D染色体组基因序列部分同源性分析表明,陆地棉中ATHvsDTH序列相似性为91.0%,海岛棉中ATBvsDTB序列相似性为92.5%。聚类结果再现了A、D基因组多倍体化后其基因序列与二倍体祖先种平行演化的特点以及A、D染色体组间进化速率在四倍体棉种中与二倍体祖先种中表现的一致性。本文也讨论了基因序列在不同物种中的相似性比较不仅是研究进化的有效方法,也可用于发现基因在不同物种中SNP序列及应用前景。     

艾纳香BbCHS基因的克隆及其原核表达载体的构建

查尔酮合酶(chalcone synthase, CHS)是艾纳香(Blumea balsamifera DC.)黄酮类化合物代谢途径的关键酶之一。本研究以产自贵州省罗甸县道地艾纳香为研究材料,参照艾纳香叶的转录组数据,设计PCR引物,成功克隆得到查尔酮合成酶基因的完整cDNA序列,利用生物信息学分析软件对其进行相关分析,包括氨基酸性质、信号肽、跨膜域、多序列比对、进化树构建以及蛋白的二、三级结构预测等,并且构建了CHS原核表达载体,在BL21宿主菌中可以表达目的蛋白,为黔产艾纳香中CHS的生物学研究提供依据,同时为艾纳香黄酮类物质的生物合成提供理论指导。     

芒果CHS基因的克隆及其表达分析

为了研究芒果CHS基因的功能及其在果实着色中的分子机理,以芒果果实的c DNA和DNA为模板,采用同源克隆的方法克隆得到了一个CHS基因,该基因的开放阅读框1 194 bp,编码397个氨基酸,等电点为6.03,分子重量为43.29 k Da。基因组扩增得到了1 315 bp的片段,通过序列比对发现该基因含有1个内含子,对其在幼嫩叶片和成熟叶片中的表达进行分析,发现该基因在不同时期的叶片中都有表达,在红色幼嫩的叶片中表达量较高,成熟叶片中表达较低,初步推断该基因可能的叶片中黄酮类物质合成有密切的关系。通过聚类分析发现该基因编码的蛋白与兜兰、白芨等的CHS蛋白序列亲缘关系较近,可以与白芨、问荆草、甘蓝等聚为一类。     

甘薯查尔酮合成酶基因IbCHS1的克隆和表达分析

查尔酮合成酶(chalcone synthas,CHS)是黄酮类次生代谢物生物合成途径中的一个关键酶。为了解CHS与花青素含量的相关性,本研究根据转录组数据,利用RT-PCR技术在甘薯中克隆了一个CHS基因(Ib CHS1),并对其表达特征进行了分析。结果表明:Ib CHS1基因c DNA长1 556 bp,包含1个1 167 bp的开放阅读框,编码388个氨基酸。Ib CHS1蛋白具有典型的植物CHS结构特征,和其他植物中的类似蛋白具有很高的同源性。表达分析显示,Ib CHS1主要在紫肉甘薯中表达,其表达水平与不同品种甘薯中的花青素含量正相关。     

莲查尔酮合酶基因的克隆及序列分析

查尔酮合酶(chalconesynthase,CHS)是植物花色素苷等类黄酮化合物生物合成途径中的一个关键酶,而这些类黄酮化合物在花瓣中的含量可以改变花的颜色,所以CHS在植物中的表达量直接影响花的颜色。用RT-PCR方法,从中国莲(Nelumbonucifera)幼叶RNA中成功扩增出chs外显子2的部分序列,经克隆测序,得到长度在844bp￣936bp的序列共7个,编码282￣312个氨基酸。在GenBank中与黑核桃,山茶花,红杜鹃等其它物种CHS进行比较,其核苷酸序列相似性为82%￣83%,氨基酸序列相似性为86%￣97%。莲chs的成功克隆为莲的花卉基因工程研究等打下了良好的基础。     

GnIH基因多态性与鹅产蛋和体组成性状的关联分析

为研究促性腺激素抑制激素基因(GnIH)的系列特征,以及其SNP多态性位点对四川白鹅产蛋和体组成等性状的影响,克隆了GnIH基因DNA序列,并与哺乳动物和其他禽类进行生物信息学分析;该基因DNA序列比对到鹅参考基因组序列筛选SNP位点,随后采用Sanger方法直接测序PCR产物的方法,检测四川白鹅群体(208个体)中该基因序列,该序列包含3个外显子和2个内含子,CDS区长522 bp, 173个氨基酸的前体蛋白GnIH氨基酸序。通过多重比对分析后,统计该基因在四川白鹅群体中SNP位点的基因型及其频率,进而与鹅产蛋和体组成等11个重要经济性状进行关联分析。获得了3 735 bp的GnIH基因DNA序列,遗传进化分析显示,四川白鹅GnIH基因与绿头鸭的序列相似度最高(99%);序列比对到鹅参考基因组序列发现该基存在26个SNP位点;SNP位点基因型频率与性状关联分析结果表明:该基因11个SNP位点(g.811TC、g.1892TC、g.1320GA、g.1809GT、g.2164CG、g.1708AG、g.2164CG、g.1809GT、g.1892TC、g.1929CA和g.2164CG)与初产蛋质量、体斜长、颈长、胸宽和胫围等性状显著或极显著相关(P0.05或P0.01),所有SNP位点而与48周产蛋数、64周产蛋数、出生质量、半潜水长、龙骨长、骨盆宽等无显著相关(P0.05)。四川白鹅GnIH基因序列与绿头鸭亲缘关系最相近;本研究克隆的3 735 bp的DNA序列中存在26个SNP位点,其中11个SNP位点可作为四川白鹅初产蛋质量、体斜长、颈长、胸宽和胫围等经济性状的潜在的分子标记之一。     

亚洲杂草稻红色果皮分子鉴定及其Rc-bHLH序列多态性分析

多数杂草稻的果皮是红色,该特征可用于稻田中杂草稻的早期的初步鉴定,也可用于水稻果皮Rc/rc基因的起源进化研究。本研究利用红色果皮Rc基因第六外显子的In Del标记RID14对来自亚洲不同稻作区的199份杂草稻(O.sativa f.spontanea)、24份栽培稻(O.sativa)和9份野生稻(O.rufipogon)进行基因型鉴定并与表型比对;同时对9份代表性杂草稻Rc-b HLH位点的DNA序列进行测序,并将其与下载的29份栽培稻(籼,粳)和14份野生稻的对应序列进行比对分析。研究结果表明:(1)亚洲杂草稻的果皮颜色的表型多样,多数(84.4%)为红色或褐色(由浅至深)、少数(15.6%)为白色,其基因型与表型鉴定结果高度一致;杂草稻红色果皮Rc基因第六外显子均为无14 bp缺失的类型,仅有一份中国东北杂草稻除外(为14 bp缺失型),揭示用RID14标记可以早期快速的鉴定稻田中红色果皮杂草稻;(2)测试的9份杂草稻其Rc-b HLH位点的DNA序列均较为保守,其中出现4个突变位点;(3)在Rc-b HLH部分区域(1~115 bp),红色果皮的籼型栽培稻、杂草稻和野生稻的DNA序列相同,但红色果皮粳型栽培稻与白色果皮籼型栽培稻和杂草稻在106 bp处存在一个A/G替换;(4)通过对比野生稻和栽培稻,杂草稻在Rc-b HLH位点核苷酸多态性多态性最高,但是野生稻在该位点Tajima'D检验值呈显著,说明Rc-b HLH位点在野生稻中有选择性;通过聚类分析发现分为2个类群,类群1由白色果皮的杂草稻、籼型栽培稻和红/白果皮的粳型栽培稻组成;类群2由红色果皮的栽培稻(籼型)、杂草稻和野生稻组成。该结果暗示:在粳稻区,白色果皮的亚洲杂草稻可能由栽培稻退化返祖而形成的;在籼稻区,红色果皮的亚洲杂草稻可能经由栽培稻及野生稻杂交(如籼籼交或栽野交)演化而来。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.