投饲率对草鱼生长、体组成和能量收支的影响

为了建立草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)的精准投喂模型管理系统,研究了不同投喂水平下草鱼的能量收支。实验在水温(27.5±2.0)℃条件下,选用初始体重(71.03±1.13)g的草鱼,共设5个不同投饲水平(饥饿、1%鱼体重(1%BW)、2%BW、4%BW和饱食),研究摄食水平对草鱼生长、鱼体组分和能量收支的影响。结果显示:随投喂水平的增加,草鱼鱼体水分减少,粗蛋白含量、粗脂肪含量和能量增加,灰分含量先减少后增加。特定生长率和热积温生长系数均随投喂水平的增加先增加再降低,在5%鱼体重时达到最大,且高于饱食投喂组。饵料转化率(FE)在投喂水平为体重2%组最高,且显著高于其他各组。干物质和能量表观消化率随投喂水平的增加而显著增加,蛋白质表观消化率在投喂水平为体重2%组显著高于其他组。生长能比例随投喂水平的增加而显著增加,而在体重2%组到饱食组间均无显著性差异;代谢能与生长能相反。在最大投喂水平下的能量收支方程为:100 C=21.72 F+4.25 U+45.85R+28.18 G或100 A=61.94R+38.06G。结果表明,5%鱼体重的投喂量为草鱼此阶段的最佳投喂水平。     

温度对真鲷能量收支的影响

真鲷系浅海暖温性底层肉食性鱼类,在中国浅海底层鱼类中有着较为广泛的代表性。本研究在以玉筋鱼为饵料生物和最大摄食水平条件下,采用室内流水模拟实验法定量了其能量收支各组分和能量收支分配模式的温度影响。结果表明,在实验温度范围内,真鲷的摄食率、生长率、总代谢率和排泄率均随温度上升呈减速增长趋势, 二者之间的定量关系均可用对数曲线加以定量描述;真鲷的能量收支分配模式。11.2±1.98℃：100C＝4.48F 9.55U 80.19R 5.78G;14.7±0.57℃：100C＝2.28F 8.99U 74.56R 14.16G;19.4±0.44℃：100C＝2.73F 8.00U 63.23R 26.03G;23.1±1.43℃： 100C＝2.94F 8.23U 65.76R 23.07G。从分配模式可以看出,真鲷能量收支各组分的分配率随温度显著变化,其中代谢分配率和排泄分配率随温度升高呈U形变化趋势,而生长分配率和排粪分配率则恰恰相反。由于不同温度下真鲷的代谢能分别占了同化能的69.72%～93.28%,生长能则占6.72%～30.28%,故与其他鱼类相比,真鲷基本上属于低生长效率、高代谢消耗型鱼类。     

摄食水平对几种重要海水养殖鱼类生长和氮收支的影响

本文研究了不同摄食水平（从饥饿至饱食）军曹鱼幼鱼（平均初始体重10.0g）、青石斑鱼幼鱼（平均初始体重5.5g）和卵形鲳鲹幼鱼（平均初始体重7.7g）的生长和氮收支,建立了生长和氮排泄与摄食水平的回归方程。结果表明,军曹鱼幼鱼特定生长率随摄食水平的增加呈显著增长趋势,在9%和饱食两个摄食水平之间无显著性差异,而青石斑鱼和卵形鲳鲹幼鱼的特定生长率随摄食水平增加呈线性增长趋势;饱食时,青石斑鱼和卵形鲳鲹幼鱼的生长速率接近而明显低于军曹鱼幼鱼的。军曹鱼幼鱼食物转化效率随摄食水平的增加呈先增长后下降的趋势,在9%/d摄食水平组有最大值,而青石斑鱼和卵形鲳鲹幼鱼食物转化效率随摄食水平的增加而持续增长,在饱食摄食水平时有最大值;饱食时,军曹鱼和青石斑鱼幼鱼的食物转化效率接近而明显高于卵形鲳鲹幼鱼的。3种海水鱼摄食氮、排粪氮、生长氮和氮排泄均随摄食水平的增加呈显著增长趋势;比较可知,军曹鱼幼鱼的摄食氮和氮排泄均最大,而青石斑鱼幼鱼的最小。军曹鱼、青石斑鱼和卵形鲳鲹幼鱼饱食和次饱食摄食水平时的氮收支方程分别为100CN = 7.7(6.0)FN + 22.6(31.31)GN + 69.7(62.68)UN、100CN = 2.7(2.8)FN + 20.9(8.4)GN + 76.4(88.8)UN和100CN = 1.8(1.4)FN + 12.8(9.3)GN + 85.4(89.3)UN（氮收支方程括号中的为次饱食数据）;3种海水鱼饱时和次饱食时摄食氮中用于排粪的比例较小且变化不大,军曹鱼次饱食时摄食氮中用于生长的比例较饱食时的大而用于排泄的比例较饱食时的小,青石斑鱼和卵形鲳鲹幼鱼的则相反。因此,鱼类的氮排泄率和氮收支方程存在种间差异,而当食物中氮含量较为接近时,摄食量增大是导致鱼类氮排泄增加的主要原因之一。综合考虑生长、食物转化效率、氮排泄和氮收支方程各因素,可得出在实验的生长阶段,3种海水养殖鱼中,军曹鱼幼鱼的最佳摄食水平为次饱食摄食水平（9%/d或约为饱食摄食水平的70%）,而青石斑鱼和卵形鲳鲹幼鱼的最佳摄食水平为饱食摄食水平。     

摄食水平对中华鳖幼鳖生长的影响

在 30℃水温下进行摄食生长实验 (实验周期为 5 6d) ,设饥饿、 1%、 2 %和饱食 4个摄食水平 ,研究了摄食水平对中华鳖幼鳖 (2 96 6 0～ 396 0 9)g生长的影响。结果表明 ,摄食水平对中华鳖幼鳖的特定生长率有显著影响 (P <0 0 1) ,其特定生长率随摄食水平的增加而增加 ,除湿重特定生长率外 ,干物质、蛋白质和能量的特定生长率摄食率之间的关系以二次方程表述可靠性最高 ,而湿重的特定生长率摄食率关系以对数方程表述时可靠性最高。方差分析表明 ,摄食水平对中华鳖幼鳖湿重和能量的转化效率有显著影响 (P0 0 5 ) ,除湿重的转化效率外 ,干物质、蛋白质和能量的转化效率在 2 %组均达到最大。     

温度对凸壳肌蛤能量收支的影响

凸壳肌蛤(Arcuatula senhousei)是虾蟹等养殖品种的优质饵料生物,也是极具养殖潜力的贝类品种。为了深入了解其生理代谢,利用室内静水法对不同温度(7℃、15℃、23℃、31℃)凸壳肌蛤的摄食率、排粪率、耗氧率、排氨率等生理指标进行了研究,并建立了能量收支方程。结果显示,23℃时的滤水率、摄食率、耗氧率、同化效率均显著高于其他温度梯度(P0.05),分别达到了1.09 L/(g·h)、24.46 mg/(g·h)、3.50 mg/(g·h)和62.93%;7℃时的滤水率、摄食率、耗氧率、排粪率、排氨率均低于其他温度梯度,分别为0.24 L/(g·h)、6.04 mg/(g·h)、1.02 mg/(g·h)、4.20 mg/(g·h)、2.33μmol/(g·h)。且滤水率、摄食率、耗氧率、同化效率随着温度升高都呈先升高后下降的趋势,在23℃时均达到最高值。不同温度下的能量收支方程为:100C=58.12F+46.74R+2.54U–7.40P(7℃);100C=44.28F+29.14R+1.85U+24.73P(15℃);100C=17.18F+41.81R+6.64U+34.37P(23℃);100C=53.35F+28.26R+14.66U+3.73P(31℃)。能量收支研究表明,生长能(P)、呼吸能(R)、排泄能(U)和粪便能(F)占摄食能(C)的比例分别为–7.4%~34.37%、28.26%~46.74%、1.85%~14.66%、17.18%~58.12%,23℃时生长能占摄食能的比例显著高于其他温度梯度(P0.05),达到了34.37%;7℃时最低,为–7.40%。研究结果为深入了解凸壳肌蛤的生理能量学提供了数据支撑。     

4种渤黄海底层经济鱼类的能量收支及其比较

真鲷、黑鲷、黑鮶和矛尾虎鱼均为渤、黄海近岸海域重要经济鱼种,属底层肉食性鱼类,在该海域有着较为广泛的代表性。本研究以玉筋鱼为饵料生物,在保持最大摄食水平和水温为14.7±0.5℃实验条件下,采用室内流水模拟实验法定量测定了其能量收支各组分,分别得到了4种鱼的能量收支分配模式。真鲷：100C＝2.28 F 8.99 U 74.57 R 14.16 G;黑鲷：100 C＝8.57 F 8.33 U 65.43 R 17.66 G;黑鮶：100 C＝4.11F 5.88 U 43.57 R 46.45 G;矛尾FDCC虎鱼：100 C＝8.18 F 7.16 U 47.28 R 37.43 G。式中C为食物能,F为排粪能,U为排泄能,R为代谢能,G为生长能。由于真鲷和黑鲷的代谢能分别占了同化能的84.04%和78.75%,生长能则仅分别占15.96%和21.25%,故与其他鱼类相比,真鲷和黑鲷均属于低生长效率、高代谢消耗型鱼类;而黑FDC6和矛尾FDCC虎鱼代谢能分别占同化能的48.40%和55.81%,生长能分别占51.60%和44.19%,与其他鱼类相比,显然属低代谢消耗、高生长效率型鱼类。     

体重对黑鮶能量收支的影响

以玉筋鱼为饵料及最大摄食量条件下,采用室内流水模拟实验法研究了体重对黑FDC6能量收支各组分和能量分配模式的影响。结果表明,黑鮶的摄食量、生长量、总代谢量、排泄量及生态转换效率均随体重增大而降低,二者之间的定量关系均可用线性方程定量描述;其中排泄量随体重变化幅度很小。 依据各收支过程的量化结果, 可得到真鲷的能量分配模式。 30.50±8.66g： １00C＝3.74F 5.92U 44.25R 46.09 G;１29.32±１5.１7g：１00C＝6.2１F 6.62U 49.55R 40.74G;20１.１7±2１.37g：１00C＝3.１5F 7.20U 53.39R 36.45G。黑FDC6的各能量收支分配率随体重增大有较显著差异; 代谢能分配率和排泄能分配率随体重增大呈线性增加变化趋势,而生长能分配率却恰恰相反。     

低盐和低温对脊尾白虾生长和能量收支的影响

研究了低盐和低温对脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda Holthuis)生长和能量收支的影响,实验周期60d。结果表明,随盐度的升高,脊尾白虾存活率、特定生长率、摄食量和饲料转换效率呈上升趋势;随温度的升高,白虾特定生长率、摄食量和吸收效率呈上升趋势,而饲料转换效率呈下降趋势。能量分配中,呼吸能的支出最大,占摄食能的68.78%~74.91%;其次是排粪能和生长能部分,分别占摄食能的10.23%~13.24%和6.97%~13.24%;排泄能和蜕壳能是能量支出中较小的部分,分别占摄食能的4.61%~5.56%和0.63%~0.73%。随盐度的升高,脊尾白虾生长能占摄食能的比例呈上升趋势,而排泄能和排粪能占摄食能的比例呈下降趋势。随温度的升高,白虾生长能和排粪能占摄食能的比例呈下降趋势,而呼吸能和排泄能占摄食能的比例呈上升趋势。     

低盐和低温对脊尾白虾生长和能量收支的影响

研究了低盐和低温对脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda Holthuis)生长和能量收支的影响,实验周期60 d.结果表明,随盐度的升高,脊尾白虾存活率、特定生长率、摄食量和饲料转换效率呈上升趋势;随温度的升高,白虾特定生长率、摄食量和吸收效率呈上升趋势,而饲料转换效率呈下降趋势.能量分配中,呼吸能的支出最大,占摄食能的68.78%～74.91%;其次是排粪能和生长能部分,分别占摄食能的10.23%～13.24%和6.97%～13 24%;排泄能和蜕壳能是能量支出中较小的部分,分别占摄食能的4.61%～5.56%和0.63%～0.73%.随盐度的升高,脊尾白虾生长能占摄食能的比例呈上升趋势,而排泄能和排粪能占摄食能的比例呈下降趋势.随温度的升高,白虾生长能和排粪能占摄食能的比例呈下降趋势,而呼吸能和排泄能占摄食能的比例呈上升趋势.     

密度对黑癇生长及能量分配模式的影响

在21℃条件下,研究了密度对黑癈生长及能量分配模式的影响.黑癈在密度为5 kg/m3和8 kg/m3下的能量收支模型分别为100 A=30.37 R+69.63 G和100 A=48.89 R+51.13 G.结果表明,黑癈在低密度条件下摄入的食物能量比在高密度条件下更多地分配到生长上.但黑癈高密度组的湿重、能量摄食率分别比低密度组的高40.78%和39.48%,湿重、能量特定生长率分别高46.40%和17.23%,由此可见,在本实验条件下,高密度对黑癈生长的影响被高的摄食率所补偿从而达到高的生长率.     

Effect of ration on the growth and energy budget of Chinese longsnout catfish, Leiocassis longirostris Günther

The effect of ration on growth and energy budget of Chinese longsnout catfish was investigated in a growth trial. Fish of initial body weight of 6.5 g were fed at six ration levels (RLs): starvation, 0.8%, 1.6%, 2.4%, 3.2% of body weight per day, and apparent satiation for 8 weeks. Fish were weighed biweekly to adjust feed amount. The results showed that specific growth rate in wet weight, protein and energy increased logarithmically with increased RLs. The relationship of specific growth rate in wet weight (SGRw, % day^?1) and RL (%) was a decelerating curve: SGRw=?0.62+3.10 Ln(RL+1). The energy budget equation at satiation was: 100 IE=12.94 FE+5.50(ZE+UE)+40.07 HE+41.49 RE, where IE, FE, (ZE+UE), HE, RE are food energy, faecal energy, excretory energy, heat production and recovered energy respectively. Body composition was slightly but significantly affected by ration size except for protein content. The most efficient ration based on the relationship between RL and feed efficiency ratio in energy (FERe) was 1.8% of body weight per day.     

Effects of ration level on growth,nitrogenous excretion and energy budget of juvenile yellow catfish,Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (Richardson)

Growth, nitrogenous excretion and energy budget of juvenile yellow catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (initial body weight 1.17 ± 0.28 g) at various levels (50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100% satiation per day) were investigated with feeding diet containing 40% protein. Specific growth rate of yellow catfish increased (2.79–3.34% day) significantly (P<0.05) with ration level (RL) increasing. Feed conversion efficiency, feed protein retention efficiency and feed energy retention efficiency increased with the increase in RL, peaked at 70% of satiation, and then decreased at higher ration, with the ranges of 78.97–97.28%, 31.31–37.93% and 26.55–31.88% respectively. Both nitrogenous excretion (u, mg g^?1 day^?1) and faecal production (f, mg g^?1 day^?1) increased significantly with the increased RL, and ranged between 0.94–1.38 and 0.69–1.24 mg g^?1 day^?1 respectively. Apparent digestibility coefficients in dry matter, protein, energy decreased significantly as ration increased, with ranges of 54.42–69.64%, 78.24–89.90% and 69.66–82.07% respectively. Energy budgets of juvenile yellow catfish at satiation RL was: 100C=30F+8U+33R+29G or 100A=54R+46G.     

条纹石鮨摄食强度与代谢及能量收支间的关系

设日摄食率为０．４％、１．５％、４．０％三种水平,分别测定条纹石鱼旨Ｍｏｒｏｎｅｓａｘａｔｉｌｉｓ幼鱼的代谢及能量的收支情况。处于饱食（日摄食率４．０％）及维持状态（日摄食率１．５％）下,该鱼代谢率增加的峰值分别于摄食后３ｈ及７ｈ内出现,为静止时代谢水平的２．１０倍和２．４６倍,ＳＤＡ（特殊动力作用）持续时间均为２１ｈ,ＳＤＡ总耗能量分别占摄入能的１３％和３５．８％。条纹石鱼旨在饱食时的转化效率Ｋ（湿重）为２０．８５％。三种摄食水平下条纹石鱼旨的能量收支方程分别为：饱食状态（日摄食率４．０％）时,１００Ｃ＝８．４Ｆ＋７．８Ｕ＋１３．０ＳＤＡ＋３６．９（Ｒｓ＋Ｒａ）＋３３．９Ｇ;维持状态（日摄食率１．５％）时,１００Ｃ＝７．８Ｆ＋４．１Ｕ＋３５．８ＳＤＡ＋５２．３（Ｒｓ＋Ｒａ）,其中Ｇ＝０;减重状态（日摄食率０．４％）时,（Ｆ＋Ｕ＋Ｒ）／（Ｃ＋Ｐ１）＝６７．３％,其中Ｃ＋Ｐ１＝１４．４Ｃ＋８５．６Ｐ１,Ｆ＋Ｕ＋Ｒ＝１．８Ｆ＋８．１Ｕ＋５７．４Ｒ。     

Effect of feeding ratio on growth and body composition of juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus fed extruded pellets during the summer season

The effect of feeding ratio on growth and body composition of juvenile olive flounder fed extruded pellets was determined during the summer season. Thirty juvenile olive flounder (initial body weight of 17 g) per tank were distributed into 21, 180-l flow-through tanks. Seven treatments that included triplicate groups of feeding ratio in 5% decrement were prepared for this study: 100% (satiation), 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75% and 70% of satiation. Fish in the control group were hand-fed to apparent satiation twice a day. Then feed allowance in the rest of the six groups was determined based on average feed consumption in the control group. The feeding trial lasted for 7 weeks. Survival was over 97% and was not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by the feeding ratios. Weight gain and SGR of fish fed to 100% of satiation were not significantly different from those fed to 95% of satiation but significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of fish fed to 90%, 85%, 80%, 75% and 70% of satiation. Weight gain, SGR and feed consumption of flounder linearly (P < 0.001) decreased with a decrease in feeding ratio. However, feed efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio and protein retention in fish body were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by the feeding ratio. The crude protein levels of the whole body without liver or liver were significantly affected by the feeding ratio. Hepatosomatic index and condition factor of fish were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by the feeding ratio. It can be concluded that optimum feeding ratio for growth of juvenile olive flounder could be lowered to 95% of satiation without growth suppression.     

饲料低蛋白、高脂肪和高消化能对斑点叉尾鮰

为了探讨高脂肪条件下不同的蛋白和能量水平对斑点叉尾鮰生长及体组成的影响,试验设2个蛋白水平(22%,28%),2个脂肪水平(10.0%,14.0%),2个消化能水平(12.56 kJ/g,14.23 kJ/g),共8组,分别为P28L10E14.23,P28L14E14.23,P22L10E14.23,P22L14E14.23,P28L10E12.56,P28L14E12.56,P22L10E12.56和P22L14E12.56。试验饲料配方使用鱼粉和豆粕调节蛋白含量,混合油脂(鱼油∶玉米油=1∶1)调节脂肪含量,α-淀粉、次粉和麸皮调节消化能含量,并以微晶纤维素为填充物,每组3个重复,每个重复20尾鱼(141.5?1.0) g。饲养60 d后,进行生产性能测定,并采集组织样本,测定相关指标。结果表明,鱼体末重(FW)、增重率(WG)、特定生长率(SGR)和饵料系数(FCR)不受饲料蛋白、脂肪和消化能单一营养水平影响(P>0.05);但与饲料蛋白、脂肪和消化能三者的交互作用(P<0.01)有关。胴体蛋白、脂肪含量与饲料脂肪和消化能水平相关(P<0.05)。由此可见,饲料过高脂肪和消化能对斑点叉尾鮰没有额外的促生长作用;饲料蛋白水平达到22%时,即可满足140~300 g斑点叉尾鮰的营养需要;饲料中22%的蛋白、10%的脂肪、12.56 kJ/g的消化能即可满足斑点叉尾鮰仔鱼的生长需要,同时又能保证其正常生理机能,建议可在实际生产配方中作参考值。     

Energy budget and metabolism in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., fed on different dietary protein levels and at different ration levels

The total energy budget of 65 ± 8.0 g common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., was studied in the laboratory. The pattern of energy allocation varied with dietary protein content and ration levels. The energy lost as heat of metabolism, R, was found to increase with dietary protein level and total ration. Energy lost as faeces, F, varied from 19% to 24% of consumption, C, but did not appear to be related to either protein content or ration levels. The energy equivalent of nitrogenous excretion, U, as a proportion of C increased with an increase in dietary protein but decreased with an increase of ration level. Regression equations were developed from the data to allow prediction of respiratory energy losses, faecal losses and excretory losses. The balance of energy budgets compiled from experiments conducted over an 18-day period was between 66% and 82%. Observed growth was always less than predicted growth, so the predictive models overestimated growth. The data presented form the basis for the first reported study of total energy budgets in Cyprinus carpio.     

Effect of feeding frequency on growth,feed efficiency and nutrient utilization of juvenile flounder (Platichthys flesus luscus)

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of optimal feeding frequency on growth performance, feed efficiency, nutrient utilization and body composition in juvenile flounder. Four feeding frequencies of one (F1), two (F2), three (F3) and four (F4) times a day were evaluated as treatments in triplicate for a period of 60 days. Forty-seven hatchery produced juveniles (2.5 ± 0.7 g) were stocked into 160-L rectangular fiberglass tanks and fed with a commercial diet containing 54 % protein to satiation. At the end of the experiment, the final weight of F1, F2, F3 and F4 were 5.06 ± 0.29, 5.91 ± 0.42, 6.24 ± 0.42 and 6.16 ± 0.46 g, respectively. Growth rates and feed consumption were highest in F3 and lowest in F1. Feed conversion ratios ranged between 0.83 ± 0.04 and 0.90 ± 0.03. There were no significant differences in either moisture or ash content of the fish groups. Protein content decreased with increasing feeding frequency, while lipid content partly increased with increasing feeding frequency. Nitrogen intake and lipid intake were significantly higher in fish fed under F3 and F4 treatment, whereas the nitrogen gain decreased and lipid gain increased with increasing feeding frequency. It is concluded that the flounder juveniles can achieve maximum growth performance and better nutrient utilization when they are fed a given ration two times a day. The findings have practical significance toward establishing an appropriate flounder nursery rearing and will directly benefit the nursery operations.     

Methionine Requirement of Juvenile Japanese Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

Abstract.— Growth studies were conducted to determine the dietary methionine requirement of juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus . A basal diet was formulated to contain 50% crude protein from casein and gelatin, as intact protein sources, supplemented with crystalline L-amino acids (CAA), to correspond to the amino acid pattern found in the whole body protein of the juvenile Japanese flounder, except methionine. Test diets contained six graded levels of L-methionine 0.53, 0.83, 1.13, 1.43, 1.73, and 2.03% of diet (dry matter basis) or 1.06, 1.66, 2.26, 2.86, 3.46 and 4.06% of protein. To prevent leaching losses of water-soluble amino acids, CAA were pre-coated with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and diets were further bound with both CMC and κ-carrageenan after addition of the pre-coated CAA. Weighing about 2.80 g, each triplicate group of the juvenile flounder were fed test diets twice a day (5% of body weight) for 40 d. Survival rate, specific growth rate, feed conversion efficiency and apparent protein retention were significantly ( P < 0.05) affected by dietary methionine concentrations. The optimum dietary level of methionine in the presence of 0.06% of dietary cystine for Japanese flounder juvenile was estimated by using break point analysis. The values determined based on weight gain and feed efficiency were 1.49% of diet (or 2.98% of protein) and 1.44% of diet (or 2.88% of protein), respectively. These requirement values are close to the methionine level of flounder whole body protein.