奶犊牛的饲养管理

<正>犊牛的科学饲养管理是一项复杂而细致的工作,需要考虑多方面的因素。本文根据黑龙江省奶牛的生产情况,就规模化奶牛场新生犊牛的护理、初乳和常乳的饲喂,及其相关的饲养管理和主要疾病的预防等问题进行简述,以期为规模化奶牛养殖场对犊牛的饲养管理提供技术指导。1犊牛的生理特点新生犊牛刚刚从母体环境进入到自然环境,在生理上不能完全适应。首先,犊牛没有免疫能力,抵抗力     

犊牛不同生长阶段饲养管理技术

养牛业在新疆畜牧业发展中占有非常重要的位置,养牛生产中的管理水平直接影响犊牛的成活率,而犊牛的成活率又直接决定养牛业的经济效益,所以提高犊牛的饲养管理水平对整个畜牧业的发展至关重要。实践证明犊牛具有生长速度快、新陈代谢旺盛、体温调节能力差、消化功能发育不完善等生理特点,管理过程中需要根据不同生长阶段的发育特点,提供相应的饲养管理技术,不仅能满足犊牛生长发育需要,最重要的是保证犊牛健壮体质,为今后肉牛或种牛饲养奠定坚实基础,促使广大养牛场或养殖户获取丰厚的收益。该文总结了犊牛新生期、哺乳期与断奶期3个生长阶段的饲养管理技术。     

新生犊牛养殖管理技术

<正>新生犊牛脱离母体以后会受到外界环境的直接影响,再加上其各个器官还没有发育完全,因此对环境的适应能力比较弱,稍不注意就会影响新生犊牛的健康成长,因此在这一阶段中,需要养殖户能够依据犊牛的生理特点对犊牛进行科学的饲养管理,尽可能地满足新生犊牛的生长需求,提高犊牛的生活率,这对促进养殖场的规模化发展有十分重要的现实意义。     

犊牛腹泻的综合防治

犊牛是养牛基础,加强犊牛管理,重视犊牛饲喂,减少感染病害概率,为科学养牛的前提。犊牛腹泻,是犊牛期致死率高的主要病因。分析此病诱因,与妊娠期母牛饲养饲料营养不全、犊牛饲养管理不善等而导致犊牛消化不良;犊牛特殊的生理特点,出生后最初几天,机体免疫力低,抵御外来不良应激和疾病能力差;寄生虫病感染;病原菌侵入机体,影响犊牛抗体水平,等都有着很大的关系。针对诱因,文章提出了:确保母牛膘情,加强干奶期管理;及时清扫消毒,确保产房卫生;产圈、运动场等,及时清扫,严格消毒;做好接产工作,加强犊牛护理等一系列的综合防治措施,以供参考和借鉴。     

犊牛的饲养管理

犊牛的饲养管理是养牛业的难点,也是重点.从犊牛的生理特点、哺喂初乳、哺喂全乳、早期断奶等方面阐述了犊牛饲养管理中的一些要点和一些注意事项.     

犊牛培育与健康养殖技术

在牛养殖业发展的过程中,犊牛培育是养殖的重要组成部分,直接影响牛养殖业的经济效益.为此,应该采取科学的技术手段做好犊牛培育工作,保证各项机能的发育完善.尤其是犊牛的消化机能和免疫力比较差,很容易患各种疫病.要结合犊牛的生长特点和生理特点进行科学的培育,加强犊牛的饲养管理,提高犊牛的身体素质,推动我国牛养殖业的健康发展.     

新生犊牛饲养管理技术

新生犊牛是一个特殊的群体,由于年龄比较小,身体机能、器官没有发育完全,需要对其进行特殊的饲养管理。为此,本文介绍了新生犊牛的特点:容易发病,对营养需求较高,对环境要求较高;简述了新生犊牛的饲养管理要点和新生犊牛的常见疾病:犊牛脐炎、犊牛衰弱、犊牛窒息等,并提出了相应的治疗方法。     

犊牛的饲养管理技术

犊牛是指从出生到6月龄之间的小牛.犊牛由于消化系统、免疫系统、体温调节系统等发育还不完善,因此对于外界环境的刺激、病原菌的感染等抵抗力较弱,一旦饲养管理不当,很容易诱发犊牛某些疾病的产生,影响犊牛的健康生长.现阐述犊牛的生理特点及饲养技术和管理技术,为养殖户在犊牛的饲养管理上提供一定的借鉴.     

犊牛腹泻的原因与防治

<正>1发病原因犊牛腹泻是造成犊牛死亡的主要疾病之一,本病一年四季均可发生,冬春季节多发,以出生1月龄内犊牛发病率和死亡率最高。犊牛腹泻的致病因素主要有以下几点:①犊牛自身免疫力低下。新生犊牛免疫器官发育不完善,犊牛出生后没有及时吃到足够的初乳,或及时吃到初乳,但由于妊娠母牛营养不良,造成初乳中免疫球蛋白含量不足,致使犊牛免疫力低下,对疾病抵抗力降低而发生腹泻。②饲养管理     

肉用犊牛和育成牛的饲养管理

本文分析和讨论了肉用犊牛和育成牛的一些饲养管理方面的技术要点。肉用犊牛的饲养管理部分介绍了新生犊牛的饲养管理、哺乳期犊牛的饲养管理和断奶至6月龄犊牛的饲养管理要点。种用育成牛饲养管理部分介绍了母牛和公牛的饲养管理要点。饲养管理主要谈及了犊牛的初乳哺喂、饲喂、饮水、去角、环境控制、日粮配制等方面。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein