施肥对浙北平原桑园地表径流中氮磷流失的影响

为了研究浙北平原区桑园氮磷径流流失负荷与肥料流失系数,开展了典型桑园原位定位试验,设置了常规施肥区和不施肥区对照处理,通过一个施肥周期(2年)内的径流氮磷流失量监测分析,研究了桑园氮磷养分的径流流失负荷与肥料氮磷流失率。结果表明,桑园年平均降雨径流系数约为0.253,一次施肥周期内常规施肥区TN和TP累积流失总负荷达到36.13 kg·hm~(-2)和3.49kg·hm~(-2),其中由施肥引起的N、P养分径流流失量分别达到6.415 kg·hm~(-2)和1.090 kg·hm~(-2),肥料N、P径流流失系数分别为0.744%和3.047%。常规施肥区径流氮流失以可溶态为主,其中NO_3-N和NH_4-N分别占比约38.3%和14.4%;而常规施肥区径流液磷的流失以颗粒态为主,占比约为68.9%。施肥后前期的肥料氮磷养分流失较为严重,且磷流失风险比氮更大,施肥周期内桑园由降雨地表径流引起的氮、磷养分累计流失量与产流次数呈幂函数增加(R~20.95)。     

太湖流域典型蔬菜地地表径流氮磷流失

以太湖流域典型蔬菜地为研究对象,采用田间径流池法进行田间小区试验,研究不同施肥模式下蔬菜地地表径流氮磷流失特征。结果表明：地表径流总氮流失量为45.76～60.45 kg/hm^2,总磷流失量为2.67～3.95 kg/hm^2。与常规施肥相比,优化施肥可使地表径流氮磷流失量分别减少2.48,0.31 kg/hm^2;而增氮施肥和增磷施肥处理的地表径流总氮流失量分别增加了7.76%,3.83%,总磷流失量增加2.84%,9.55%。总氮、总磷流失量与径流量呈显著线性相关,且总磷流失量与径流量的相关性更强（R2=0.913）。应加强汛期时段的田间管理和对磷的监控,减少磷流失量。有机肥与化肥以1：1配施,可有效降低菜地氮磷排放,提高蔬菜产量和氮肥利用率分别为25%,23%。     

云南坡耕地红壤地表径流氮磷流失特征定位监测

选取南方典型坡耕地红壤为试验区,采用田间小区试验方法,在自然降雨条件下,于2008—2010年连续3 a对不同农业管理方式下地表径流及氮磷流失特征进行田间实地监测。结果表明,试验区域干湿季极其分明,3 a平均降雨量为838.6 mm,主要集中在5月到10月,坡耕地红壤地表径流、养分流失时间、流失量与降雨量之间具有显著的相关性,在常规施肥处理下径流量和氮磷流失量之间呈极其显著的指数相关性,相关系数分别为R=0.897 4＊＊和R=0.529 7＊＊。坡耕地红壤地表径流量、径流系数及氮磷流失量变化规律一致,不施肥条件下,总氮、总磷流失量最大,优化施肥、揭膜、横坡垄作及秸秆覆盖等农艺措施能降低氮、磷流失量,尤其是横坡垄作种植,相对于顺坡垄作氮、磷流失总量降低了2/3左右。不同处理之间径流中各种形态氮磷含量无显著差异,说明不同农业措施主要通过地表径流流失量而影响坡耕地地表径流氮磷流失量的多少。坡耕地红壤地表径流氮磷流失以颗粒态为主,TDN占TN比例年均为24.58%,TDP占TP的比例年均为7%,TN流失量是TP的3倍左右;优化施肥和揭膜条件下可溶性氮磷所占比例增加,横坡垄作和秸秆覆盖条件下降低。在可溶性氮素中,NO3-N、NH3-N占TN的比例年均分别为8.41%、12.65%,但是2009、2010年NH3-N均小于NO3-N。因此,关于坡耕地地表径流不同流失氮素形态的影响因素较多,目前研究结果不确定,且年际之间差异较大,尚需要进一步研究。     

施肥与耕作对红壤坡地养分流失的影响

采用田间小区试验方法,通过田间实地监测,在自然降雨条件下,对南方典型红壤坡耕地采取不同施肥量及不同耕作方式对作物养分利用率及地表径流的影响进行了研究。结果表明,萝卜优化施肥（减氮增钾）和花生优化施肥（减氮增磷）,作物对氮磷养分吸收量均不会减少,同时提高了氮素养分利用率,萝卜提高15%,花生提高3.3%,优化施肥对磷素利用率没有影响且利用率较低,萝卜为8.55%～8.73%,花生为2.47%～2.63%。花生垄作氮肥利用率提高12.15%～12.77%,磷肥利用率提高1.24%～1.28%;同时期的径流量与降雨量呈显著正相关,相关系数达0.86;垄作使径流总量降低0.43×105L·hm-2,垄作＋秸秆覆盖比单纯垄作径流总量降低0.14×105L·hm-2;除对照（CK）外,径流水中TN、TP浓度处理间差异不显著,但可溶性养分（NO3--N、NH4＋-N、STP）后期有所不同,不同时期径流水中养分浓度变化较大,主要与施肥、农事活动及降水养分浓度有关;径流水氮磷养分流失总量与施肥量呈正比;旱地土壤氮素主要以泥沙结合态流失,NO3--N是可溶性无机氮流失的主要形态,占TN的10.53%～12.48%,NH4＋-N次之,占TN的6.19%～8.33%,磷素也以泥沙结合态流失为主,STP占TP的29.38%～40.74%。     

基于稻田控水减排的氮肥运筹试验研究

为改善江汉平原地区稻田水肥管理措施,采用田间小区试验,研究了常规淹灌(CF)和浅灌深蓄(SIDS)条件下,农民习惯施肥(FFP)、30%尿素+70%控释参混肥(30%N+70%CRF)和优化减氮施肥(OPT-N)对水稻各生育阶段稻田氮磷流失特征、养分吸收和土壤养分积累的影响。结果表明:与CF处理相比,SIDS处理田间灌溉水量、总用水量、径流量和渗漏量分别降低41.7%,18.5%,45.8%和21.9%,降雨利用率增加16.2%,TN和TP径流流失量分别降低32.6%~35.9%和36.4%~53.1%,渗漏流失量分别降低22.8%~32.0%和16.2%~33.3%,水稻返青期—拔节孕穗期分别占稻田氮磷径流和渗漏流失总量的70%以上。30%N+70%CRF处理、OPT-N处理较FFP处理,TN径流流失量分别降低19.7%~29.2%,15.1%~25.2%,渗漏流失量分别降低25.4%~51.7%,20.9%~26.4%,TP渗漏流失量分别降低18.4%~24.5%,20.4%~31.6%,但TP径流流失量差别很小。从水稻养分吸收和土壤养分积累来看,SIDS处理实际产量相对CF处理可增产4.4%,但对0—40cm土层氮磷养分累积影响不大,30%N+70%CRF处理和OPT-N处理相对FFP处理可增产5.6%和0.4%,且0—20cm土层速效态氮磷养分能维持在一个较高且相对稳定的水平。综上,浅灌深蓄结合30%N+70%CRF施用有利于稻田节水、减少氮磷流失、水稻增产以及土壤肥力改善。     

三峡库区橘园种植绿肥对土壤养分流失的影响

在自然降雨条件下,采用径流小区法研究三峡库区橘园种植绿肥作物光叶苕子、白三叶和鼠茅草对土壤养分流失的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,橘园连续3a种植光叶苕子、白三叶和鼠茅草,其径流水总量分别减少11.0%,11.4%和24.0%;总氮流失量分别减少8.3%,16.7%和40.8%;总磷流失量分别减少7.5%,25.3%和58.0%;可溶性总氮流失量分别减少15.1%,28.0%和52.1%;可溶性总磷流失量分别减少24.3%,30.6%和53.8%;铵态氮流失量分别减少10.1%,23.7%和50.9%;硝态氮流失量分别减少21.9%,35.8%和55.1%。各形态的氮、磷养分浓度较对照也有一定程度的降低。橘园种植绿肥,尤其是种植鼠茅草,可有效地减少地表径流量以及地表径流水中的养分浓度,且二者共同作用,对养分流失量的减少效果更为明显。     

三峡库区坡耕地免耕秸秆覆盖下氮磷流失特征

为有效防治三峡库区坡耕地氮磷流失,在三峡库区长坪小流域连续进行两年野外径流小区监测试验。在自然降雨条件下进行免耕秸秆覆盖(SM)和对照(CK)两个处理的田间试验,研究了免耕秸秆覆盖措施对地表径流和氮磷养分流失的影响。结果表明：(1)降雨量与径流量极显著正相关,径流主要由几次暴雨事件造成,需要重点防范玉米季暴雨造成的水土流失。免耕秸秆覆盖能减少地表产流产沙,相比对照处理,免耕秸秆覆盖减少19.1%的径流流失,减少63.6%的泥沙流失。(2)免耕秸秆覆盖分别降低了21.3%,25.8%的总氮和总磷流失量,径流量和氮磷流失量呈极显著正相关,免耕秸秆覆盖主要通过减少径流量来减少氮磷流失。(3)坡耕地油菜—玉米种植制的氮磷流失风险期为6—7月初,该时期CK处理41.3%的径流量贡献了81.4%,52.1%的总氮和总磷流失,SM处理38.4%的径流量贡献了75.2%,48.2%的总氮和总磷流失,在该时期通过免耕秸秆覆盖可分别减少17.5%,31.7%的总氮和总磷流失。研究表明,免耕秸秆覆盖是控制三峡库区坡耕地氮磷养分流失的良好水土保持措施。     

重庆市农田氮磷流失系数初探

结合重庆市农业生产的实际情况,在全市设置监测点12个,以一个种植季为监测周期,采集每次降雨后产生的径流和淋溶水,测定其产生量和氮、磷浓度,测算出氮磷流失系数。结果表明,氮主要以地下淋溶途径流失进入水体,磷主要是以地表径流途径流失进入水体。各监测点总氮流失系数在0.011%~10.82%之间,总磷流失系数在0.013%~0.894%之间。氮的流失以硝态氮为主,最高占总氮流失的61.214%。从地表径流看,氮磷流失系数与地面坡度、施肥量成正相关,坡度越高、施肥量越大,氮磷流失系数就越大。从地下淋溶看,养分流失主要受土壤性质的影响,砂质土壤在灌溉或者降雨后,更容易造成养分的流失。     

有机养分替代对小麦产量、土壤肥力及麦田氮磷径流流失的影响

为探讨不同有机肥替代率对小麦减肥增效及减少麦田氮磷流失的效果,在等氮有机养分替代条件下进行田间小区监测试验,设置8种不同处理,分别为空白对照(CK),常规施肥(CF),100%、50%、30%猪粪有机养分替代氮肥(M1、M2、M3)及100%、50%、30%秸秆有机养分替代氮肥(F1、F2、F3),研究有机肥替代率对小麦产量、麦田氮磷流失、肥料利用率和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,100%有机养分替代处理与常规施肥处理相比小麦产量均显著降低,但减少了麦田氮径流流失,提高了土壤肥力。麦田不同处理下总氮流失量为21.90~33.66 kg·hm^-2,与常规施肥处理相比,不同比例猪粪、秸秆有机养分替代处理总氮流失量减少了8.44%~25.94%;总磷流失量为0.60~2.00 kg·hm^-2,100%有机养分替代处理相比于常规处理总磷流失量升高了24.64%~44.93%。不同处理下小麦氮、磷肥利用率分别为17%~35%、5%~19%,其中30%~50%猪粪有机养分替代处理下氮、磷肥利用率较高,而100%猪粪、秸秆有机养分替代氮、磷肥利用率较常规施肥处理均显著降低。有机养分替代能够缓解土壤酸化,使土壤pH值维持稳定,与常规施肥处理相比,有机养分替代处理下土壤肥力有所提高。综合不同比例猪粪、秸秆有机养分替代对小麦产量、土壤肥力及麦田氮磷径流流失的影响,30%~50%猪粪有机养分替代在保证小麦高产稳产的同时,能有效降低麦田氮径流流失量,且维持较低水平磷径流流失量,是一种适宜的资源有效利用、节肥增效的有机养分替代模式。本研究结果为小麦生产中合理利用养分资源、减少化肥投入、控制麦田氮磷径流流失提供了参考。     

碎石含量对三峡库区坡耕地土壤氮磷流失特征的影响

坡耕地是三峡库区水土流失的主要来源,导致土壤养分的损失,严重影响库区生态环境建设与社会经济可持续发展。库区坡耕地土壤浅薄化和砾质化特征明显,但目前对含碎石坡耕地土壤侵蚀和养分流失特征的研究尚不多见。该研究通过设置3个降雨梯度（60、90、120 mm/h）和4种碎石含量（0、10%、20%、30%）,开展人工模拟降雨试验,分析各试验条件下含碎石土壤产流产沙和氮磷流失特征。结果表明：1）碎石主要通过改变土壤结构以增大产流产沙量来促进氮磷流失,而对相应流失速率与流失浓度的变化规律影响较小,不同碎石含量下泥沙产量的变异系数更高,且泥沙中不同碎石含量下的氮磷流失量显著性差异更强（P<0.05）;2）泥沙中累计磷流失量略微大于氮流失量,有效磷几乎不随泥沙流失,有效氮约占全氮流失量的15%;径流中氮素流失量几乎为磷素的10倍且以有效氮为主,占总氮流失量的75%,有效磷占总磷流失量的25%;3）不同碎石含量下有效氮流失规律大致相同,径流中硝态氮约占有效氮流失量的70%,而泥沙中则以铵态氮为主,约占65%;4）不同碎石含量下土壤中氮磷元素均以随侵蚀产沙流失为主,累计产沙量与氮磷元素随侵蚀产沙流失...     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.