大网目底拖网主要结构参数对拖网性能的影响

文章以国内较典型的单船底拖网(72◇×18 m)为研究对象,基于L_9(3~4)正交试验表,设计了网具总长度与网口周长之比(L/C)、浮沉子纲长度之比(S_1/S_2)、网身长度与网具总长度之比(L_b/L)"三因素三水平"的正交试验,并利用平均值和极差分析方法检测3种主要结构参数对网具阻力、网口垂直扩张和能耗系数的影响趋势,旨在对大网目底拖网结构进行优化设计。结果表明,不同水平扩张下,3种因素对网具阻力的影响由主到次均为L/C S_1/S_2L_b/L,对网口垂直扩张的影响由主到次均为S_1/S_2L/CL_b/L,对能耗系数的影响由主到次均为L/CS_1/S_2L_b/L。拖网L/C相对于小网目拖网应偏小,且比值越小阻力越小,但L/C=0.2是网口垂直扩张和能耗系数作为指标时的最佳水平;S_1/S_2相对于小网目应更大,且比值越大网口垂直扩张越好;S_1/S_2在试验范围(0.83～0.99)内对阻力影响不显著,而S_1/S_2=0.99是能耗系数作为指标时的最佳水平;L_b/L随着网目尺寸增大而减小,但减小幅度随之逐渐降低,L_b/L=0.65应更适应于中低速拖网,L_b/L=0.75更适应于高速快拖。     

网袖长度对底层大网目拖网性能的影响的研究

为掌握拖网网袖对大网目底拖网网具性能的影响, 本研究针对东海区典型的大网目底拖网(72 目×18 m), 设计试验6种纵向拉直长度不同的网袖, 分析比较了不同袖长比L_w/L(L_w–网袖纵向拉直长度, L–网具纵向拉直长度)对网具阻力、网口高度和水动力性能的影响。结果表明, (1) 随着L_w/L的增大, 网具阻力增加, 但增加到36.45%之后, 阻力几乎不再变化; (2) L_w/L对阻力的影响与拖速有关, 速度越大, 阻力随L_w/L的变化越大; (3) 网口高度随L_w/L的增大而提高, 在L_w/L为36.45%~38.69%时达到最佳, 随后降低; (4) L_w/L对网口高度的影响与拖速有一定关系, 低速下网口高度变化小, 高速下网口高度随L_w/L有明显的变化; (5) L_w/L在大于36.45%之后水动力性能相对较高, 增大L_w/L, 水动力性能会有小幅度降低, 反之会有较大幅度的下降; (6) 此规格拖网网袖长度不宜过短, L_w/L以36.45%为宜, 根据作业条件, 在设计网具时可适当增加网袖长度。试验结果可对大网目底拖网网袖部位的设计和改进提供技术参考。

     

大网目底中层拖网模型试验研究

利用1:22.82比例的2张网具模型,在拖曳水槽中进行底中层拖网的网具性能测试,得出网具阻力公式为:F=0.121(d/a)LCV~(1.62),网口高度的公式为:H=0.225CV~(-1.316),2张网具的作业性能良好,GM_2的垂直张开性能优良,拖速3节时的垂直扩张系数已接近7％,能耗系数在拖速3节时为0.2kw.h/10~4m~3,在同类渔具中较优;GM_1网的能耗系数比GM_2网低,在拖速3节时低于9％左右,作为中层拖网时的总体性能优良。     

大网目底拖网在稳定流场中的数值模拟

通过有限单元法构建大网目底拖网渔具的数学模型,以计算在定常流条件下底拖网渔具的受力情况、网口扩张和渔具的形态变化.为了提高计算效率,提出了适用于拖网的网目群化方法.群化后的拖网模型为单元数6513的model-1模型和单元数1787的model-2模型两种规格,分别进行数值计算,并与水槽物理模型试验结果进行比较.结果表...     

南海区双船大网目拖网网囊网目对带鱼的选择性

大网目拖网是我国海洋渔业捕捞带鱼的重要渔具。为提高拖网网囊选择性, 本研究在南海区采用套网法对双船大网目拖网 4 组网目尺寸(30、35、40 和 45 mm)的网囊进行实验, 在双重拔靴法的架构下, 拟合选择性参数、比较选择性的差异、估算捕捞方式指标。结果表明, 随着网目尺寸的增大, 网囊对带鱼的 50%选择体长增大, 对带鱼幼鱼个体的选择率显著下降, 带鱼幼鱼的渔获比例也呈下降趋势。结合带鱼最小可捕规格(23.0 cm)管理规定, 结果还表明网目尺寸为 40 mm 的网囊选择性较差, 其对带鱼的抛弃率大于 93%。为了进一步提高带鱼拖网渔业的资源养护水平, 还需要开展更多的选择性实验。     

拖网的网袖结构对其性能的影响

文章以国内较典型的单船底拖网 (72 ◇×18 m) 为研究对象,基于L₉(3⁴) 正交试验表,设计了网具总长度与网口周长之比 (L/C)、浮沉子纲长度之比 (S₁/S₂)、网身长度与网具总长度之比 (L_b/L)“三因素三水平”的正交试验,并利用平均值和极差分析方法检测3种主要结构参数对网具阻力、网口垂直扩张和能耗系数的影响趋势,旨在对大网目底拖网结构进行优化设计。结果表明,不同水平扩张下,3种因素对网具阻力的影响由主到次均为L/C> S₁/S₂>L_b/L,对网口垂直扩张的影响由主到次均为S₁/S₂>L/C>L_b/L,对能耗系数的影响由主到次均为L/C>S₁/S₂>L_b/L。拖网L/C相对于小网目拖网应偏小,且比值越小阻力越小,但L/C=0.2是网口垂直扩张和能耗系数作为指标时的最佳水平;S₁/S₂相对于小网目应更大,且比值越大网口垂直扩张越好;S₁/S₂在试验范围 (0.83~0.99) 内对阻力影响不显著,而S₁/S₂=0.99是能耗系数作为指标时的最佳水平;L_b/L随着网目尺寸增大而减小,但减小幅度随之逐渐降低,L_b/L=0.65应更适应于中低速拖网,L_b/L=0.75更适应于高速快拖。     

北海大网目拖网技术试验

报道了1996年2月～1997年11月期间北海市大网目拖网技术试验与推广的结果。拖网作业性能通过海上实测表明,新设计的80目×3000mm和66目×3000mm大网目拖网网口高度达14.2～15.1m,比普通生产网提高2倍以上。试验船的平均产量、产值和利税分别比普通生产船提高32.99％、61.11％和114.83％。由于捕捞效果明显,大网目拖网推广使用率达84.93％。     

捕虾桁拖网网囊网目的选择性研究

当网囊网目分别为４０ｍｍ,４５ｍｍ和５０ｍｍ时,哈氏仿对虾的５０％选择体长分别为８５．８８,９０．２６,９５．３２ｍｍ;中华管鞭虾的３０％选择体长为８７．５８,８８．０９,９２．５６ｍｍ;鹰爪虾的５０％选择丛长为８５．０４,８５．９６％,８８．３２ｍｍ。三种虾类的５０％选择体长和网囊网目内径的线性回归方程为,哈氏仿对虾Ｌ０．５－４８．０３＋０．９４Ｍｅ中华管鞭虾;Ｌ０．５＝６７．０＋０．４９８Ｍｅ     

东海区拖网网囊网目选择性研究

通过东海区拖网网囊网目对带鱼和小黄鱼的选择性试验,对拖网最适网囊网目尺寸进行了分析研究。结果表明：1．网囊网目45mm,小黄鱼和带鱼的逃逸率均较低,渔获中兼捕大量当年生经济幼鱼;2．网囊网目54mm,小黄鱼的50％选择体长尚小于其优势体长组范围,带鱼的50％,选择体长已部分进入其优势体长组范围;3．网囊网目65mm,选择体长范围与选择鱼种的优势体长组范围基本一致。综合分析认为：目前东海区最理想的拖网网囊网目不小于60mm。     

双船底拖网渔具设计参数的研究

本文通过多次拖网系列模型试验，分析比较了我国双船底拖网渔具设计参数对网具性能的影响，并指出选择设计参数的最佳范围。     

Escapement from the main body of the bottom trawl used for the Mediterranean international trawl survey (MEDITS)

Escapement through the body or under the footrope of the sampling trawl used for the Mediterranean international trawl survey programme (MEDITS) was assessed i) by means of visual observations performed with a towed operating vehicle equipped with a high-sensitivity video camera, and ii) by attaching small bags to the outside of the trawl body and under the footrope. Due to the small size of most of the individuals present in the study area and to the towing speed, fish behaviour in front of the trawl could not be frequently observed. In contrast, their behaviour was easily observed inside the net, especially upstream and inside the codend. Some species, such as horse mackerel (Trachurus sp.), showed greater swimming endurance compared with others such as annular seabream (Diplodus annularis). In three fishing trips conducted in different seasons in 1996 and 1997 to obtain data on several species in different areas of the Adriatic, six small net bags were mounted outside the body of the MEDITS trawl to quantify escapement through the trawl belly and under the footrope. Significant escapement of many species occurred in the near-bottom part of the side panels. Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) had the highest rate (64 %), mainly represented by small-size individuals. The escapement of greater forkbeard (Phycis blennoides) was also high (53 %). For hake (Merluccius merluccius), common pandora (Pagellus erythrinus) and poor cod (Trisopterus minutus capelanus), rates ranged from 10 to 16 %. The escapement of red mullet (Mullus barbatus) was very low despite their great abundance. Blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) escaped mainly through the mid-height part of the side panel. This great variability of escapement values could affect the proportion rates of the species sampled during a standard survey. Different escape behaviours among size classes were observed for M. poutassou, T. minutus capelanus and P. erythrinus, with smaller individuals tending to escape towards the bottom and larger ones towards the higher parts of the trawl body. In the species where the escape rate was size-dependent, therefore, the size-frequency distributions obtained from the codend catch may not reflect actual size-frequency distributions.     

应用微电脑设计制作对拖网具试验报告

本文根据1992年5—12月及1993年1月进行的捕捞生产及渔获效果的对比试验资料,分析了应用微电脑设计的网具与用手工设计的同规格的原生产网具,在同级渔船、同一渔场进行的生产对比验证。结果表明,应用微电脑设计的网具比用手工设计的网具具有良好的渔获效果。     

基于深度学习的刺网与拖网作业类型识别研究

渔船作业类型可分为多种,作为典型近海捕捞作业方式的刺网和拖网捕捞渔船可占总船数的72.6%,准确的渔船作业类型识别可辅助渔船管理。利用北斗渔船监控系统(vessel monitoring system,VMS)数据提出一种对刺网和拖网作业分类识别的方法,因拖网和刺网渔船作业轨迹存在一定的差别,研究先提取出每艘船的航次信息,然后根据航次信息将原始刺网和拖网每条船的VMS划分为多个航次数据,根据航次数据中的经纬度数据批量画出每个航次的航迹图,再利用深度卷积神经网络模型对航迹图进行训练学习,进而实现刺网和拖网作业类型分类识别。通过使用自定义的10层CNN模型及使用迁移学习和模型微调方法调整后的VGG-16模型进行对比实验,结果显示,自定义的CNN模型最终精度为94.3%,证明了本方法的可行性,模型可用于辅助刺网、拖网作业类型判断。     

单船中层拖网网具操作参数变化的研究

以上海远洋渔业公司960.00m×226.28 m(107.80 m)中层拖网为母型网,按田内网渔具模型试验准则,进行水池模型试验.结果表明,在其他条件相同时,大型单船中层拖网的手纲和叉纲长度至少在240 m和130 m以内增长,有利于提高网口垂直扩张和降低能耗系数.当拖曳速度小于4.0 kn时,下手纲应比上手纲长2 m,当拖曳速度大于4.0 kn时,下手纲应比上手纲长4.0 m.对于多个燕尾的网具,连接上、下纲的2根叉纲应比中间的叉纲长2～3 m.在不影响操作的条件下,浮、沉力配备越大,越有利于提高网具性能.     

Efficiency of the bottom trawl used for the Mediterranean international trawl survey (MEDITS)

The aim of the work presented in this paper was to assess the relative efficiency of the GOC 73 sampling trawl used for the Mediterranean international trawl survey programme (MEDITS) compared with that of a typical Italian commercial trawl. The latter was chosen because it is commonly used by fishermen in the central Adriatic, where the experiment was conducted, and therefore appeared as the best possible sampler of the commercial species present in those areas. Moreover, this trawl is similar to the various trawls used for the Italian national survey programme (GRUND). Four fishing trips were conducted between 1996 and 1997 in different areas and seasons to sample different species. Each trip was conducted in the same fishing area. A codend cover mounted on the commercial trawl ensured that the codends of the two nets had the same mesh opening. The two trawls were alternated daily. Net geometry (horizontal and vertical net opening) was measured during all tows. Catch data were converted into abundance per swept area before comparing the trawls. Efficiency comparisons were performed on ten fish species, one crustacean and four molluscs belonging to the MEDITS list of main reference species. The MEDITS trawl was significantly less efficient in terms of both weight and numbers of individuals fished for hake (Merluccius merluccius), common sole (Solea vulgaris) and Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus). A highly significant difference in favour of the commercial trawl was found in the weight, but not the numbers, of common pandora (Pagellus erythrinus). Efficiency differences were negligible for red mullet (Mullus barbatus), while the MEDITS trawl was significantly more efficient for the numbers of Atlantic horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus). For all the other main reference species differences were not significant. The commercial trawl was more efficient for large individuals of some species. The relative efficiency of the MEDITS trawl was especially low for small-size classes of N. norvegicus. The results confirm the lower efficiency of the MEDITS compared with the commercial Italian trawl for benthic species, and its greater efficiency for some others released from the bottom as well as for the pelagic ones. These data allow the results of the MEDITS surveys to be compared with those of the GRUND programme and with commercial-fleet catches in areas where the commercial trawls used are similar to the one studied here.     

舟山市单拖资源利用现状分析

根据2008-2010年的单拖渔业监测资料及2001-2006年舟山市渔业调查数据,从单拖渔业的发展状况、经济效益、渔获组成及资源密度变化等几方面进行研究.并针对舟山市单拖作业存在问题,提出了几点建议供管理部门参考.     

二片式底拖网网具阻力数学模型分析与计算

拖网阻力计算是拖网研究与设计中重要内容,对于二片式拖网,通常将网身部分简化为圆锥形以计算其阻力,误差较大.本研究提出了二片式拖网水下运行的动态模型,将拖网各部截面近似以椭圆形进行理论分析,根据对计算模型的分析并借助计算机迭加计算网具阻力,旨为能有效地应用于底拖网的理论研究和设计.经过理论分析,通过FT=FN×sinα+FT×cosα分别求出网片和网囊的阻力后,再加上纲索和主要属具的阻力,就可以得到拖网在水下运行的总阻力.     

南极磷虾拖网渔具系统动态变化

为了研究南极磷虾拖网系统在实际作业过程中的动态变化规律, 于 2020 年 1—4 月随“龙发”轮在南极 48.2 亚区(45°W~48°W, 60°S~61°S)进行海上试验, 采集了拖速、曳纲长度、曳纲张力、网具和网板深度等信息, 分析了投放和收绞曳纲的速率对拖网渔具的动态特性影响规律, 以及在稳定拖曳状态下拖速和曳纲长度与网口高度、曳纲张力、网位的关系。结果表明: (1) 放网阶段平均拖速为(2.96±0.36) kn, 收网阶段平均拖速为(1.35±0.26) kn; (2) 网具自然沉降阶段曳纲投放速率为(54.1±5.9) m/min, 起网阶段曳纲收绞速率为(47.15±7.02) m/min; (3) 随着投放速率的增大, 曳纲张力逐渐减小, 网口高度增加; 投放速率与网位下沉速率成正比; (4) 收绞速率与曳纲张力呈负相关关系, 网具上调阶段的曳纲张力要比起网阶段的曳纲张力大。随着收绞速率的增加, 网口高度增加; (5) 稳定拖曳过程中, 拖速和曳纲长度对网口高度均产生显著影响(P＜0.01), 随着拖速和曳纲长度的增加, 网口高度减小; (6) 在自然沉降阶段, 当投放速率过大, 网板带动网具急速下沉, 网板会出现“超调”现象。研究结果不仅有助于南极磷虾拖网网位的有效调整, 提高拖网瞄准捕捞效率, 还可为验证中层拖网性能的模型试验和数值模拟提供基础资料。