Association of Vertical Root-Pulling Resistance with Root Lodging and Grain Yield in Selected S1 Maize Lines Derived from a Tropical Low-Nitrogen Population

Root lodging and poor soil fertility are major constraints to maize production in the Guinea savannah of West Africa. Vertical root‐pulling resistance is an indicator of the rooting characteristics of maize cultivars and could be used to select cultivars which have higher resistance to root lodging, take up nitrogen efficiently and have high yield. Twenty maize breeding lines were evaluated in the southern Guinea savannah of Nigeria for vertical root‐pulling resistance, yield and root lodging in the 2000 and 2001 cropping seasons. There were significant differences amongst the breeding lines for all the characteristics measured. Vertical root‐pulling resistance correlated positively with grain yield (r = 0.71, P < 0.01). There was a moderate negative correlation between vertical root‐pulling resistance and root lodging (r = ?0.46, P < 0.05). This suggested that selecting for high root‐pulling resistance will improve grain yield and reduce root lodging. There was no significant association between root lodging and grain yield (r = ?0.14, P < 0.22). This was attributed to two factors; weak root systems and high cob weight, both of which caused significant lodging.     

Reaktion verschiederer Mais-Inzuchtlinien und -Hybriden auf steigendes Stickstoffangebot

Response of maize inbred lines and hybrids to increasing rates of nitrogen fertilizer
The response of 8 flint and 8 dent inbred lines and 16 flint × dent single crosses to three rates of nitrogen fertilizer (80, 160, 240 kg/ha) were tested in the years 1983 and 1984 in field trials at one location. The material represents a broad range of maize genotypes not strongly selected for kernel yield.
The mean kernel yield of all hybrids increased from the lowest to the medium N treatment by 7.6 % in 1983 and by 4.9 % in 1984. The highest fertilizer level resulted in an additional yield advantage in the two years of 6.1 % and 4.4 % respectively. An increased nitrogen rate had a positive effect on plant height, leaf area index, grains/cob, 1000 kernel weight, and protein content. Lodging resistance and dry matter content were not significantly influenced by N treatments. A significant interaction between genotype and N treatment was observed for leaf area index, 1000 kernel weight, and protein content, but not for kernel yield. The correlations of kernel yield with other traits investigated were not consistent over years and nitrogen treatments.     

Genotypic variation and relationships between seedling and adult plant traits in maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines grown under contrasting nitrogen levels

Genotypes with better root development have good nutrient acquisition capacity and may yield better under limited nitrogen (N) conditions and consequently can help reduce the N fertilization rate and hence mitigate some economic and ecological problems. This study focused on the genotypic variation among diverse maize inbred lines for seedling and adult plant traits under contrasting N levels. Seventy-four lines were screened under high and low N levels in a climate chamber and in the field. High phenotypic diversity was observed for seedling and adult plant traits together with moderate to high broad-sense heritability estimates. Seedling total root length and root dry weight were significantly correlated with other root traits in maize. Of the adult plant traits evaluated in the field, the anthesis-silking interval and the leaf chlorophyll contents were significantly correlated with grain yield under both low and high N levels. In one location, the seminal root length was correlated with grain yield both under low and high N levels and the root dry weight was correlated with grain yield under high N. Selection indices based on secondary root traits along with grain yield could lead to an increase in selection efficiency for grain yield under N stress condition. By identifying lines with better root development, particularly lines with longer SRL, it may be possible to select inbred lines with higher grain yield particularly under low N condition.     

玉米自交系幼苗生物量积累及根系形态对两种氮素水平的反应及聚类分析

为探讨低氮胁迫对玉米自交系幼苗生物量和根系形态的影响,以35份玉米自交系为材料,测定了两个氮素水平处理后14d玉米幼苗的单株干重、地上部干重、根干重、根冠比、总根长、根表面积、根体积、根平均直径、侧根数和初生根长。结果表明,低氮胁迫下玉米幼苗根干重、根冠比、根总表面积、根体积、侧根数、根平均直径和初生根长显著增加,地上部干重和单株干重显著减小,而总根长没有明显变化。通过主成分分析和聚类分析发现,同一氮素水平下,玉米幼苗各性状的综合表现存在基因型差异,且在正常氮素和低氮条件下均可以分为6组。低氮处理后,选取的9个自交系地上部氮素积累量均显著降低,PH4CV、B73和XY4的根系氮素积累量显著增加,其余6个自交系显著降低。此外,只有XY4的氮素吸收和利用效率均较高。综合分析表明,XY4是低氮高效型玉米自交系。     

Genetic and statistical models for estimating genetic parameters of maize seedling resistance to Fusarium graminearum Schwabe root rot

Root lodging is an important problem in corn fields. Fungi recovered from roots include seedling blight and stalk rot pathogens. The objective of this work was to study the inheritance of maize seedling resistance to pathogens causing maize lodging. The Fusarium graminearum strain, 241 Fr1, was isolated from maize lodged plants and identified as the most pathogenic isolate for root rotting. Nine inbred lines of maize and their diallel F₁ crosses plus control genotypes were studied. Seedlings were inoculated at the stage of four-leaves. Disease severity was measured as percentage of the root rotted area. Highly significant differences between inoculated and non-inoculated genotypes were found. Four genetic models and two statistical approaches—the mixed model for the best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) and the general linear model (GLM)—were used for the analysis. Favorable heterosis of resistance of hybrids over inbreds was the most important effect detected. The general combining ability (GCA) effects were significant for all genetic models and statistical methods studied, and a good agreement existed among the GCA estimates by the different methods. The type of gene action, either additive or dominance, showed a large variation among the parental inbreds and hybrids. Selection of additive effects based exclusively on inbred lines is not sufficient to confer resistance to hybrids, additional selection should be practiced on hybrids to look for favorable dominance effects. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

CIMMYT种质对东农250亲本自交系的改良效果研究

本试验将CIMMYT种质Pob46和Pob45分别导入东农250的父本自交系吉846和母本自交系444中,研究CIMMYT种质对其产量及其他农艺性状的改良效果。结果表明吉846改良系和444改良系所配杂交组合的株高及穗位均有所降低,有利于增强组合的抗倒伏性;百粒重普遍增加但产量普遍降低,仅有个别组合增产;其它性状如雄穗一级分支数和行粒数等,二者改良效果有所不同。     

源于陕A群、陕B群玉米自交系在不同密度条件下配合力分析

采用NC-II遗传设计,以郑58、昌7-2为测验种,与17份高密度条件下筛选的玉米自交系组配成34份杂交组合,2014—2015年分别于陕西杨凌、长武、榆林进行3种密度(45 000、67 500和90 000株hm–2)配合力分析试验。采用PROC VARCOMP分析不同密度条件下产量及耐密性相关性状的遗传效应,采用频率直方分布图研究不同密度条件下产量及耐密性相关性状一般配合力(GCA)平均数的变化规律,利用AMMI评价玉米自交系与杂交组合的稳定性。结果表明,产量、倒伏率、茎秆强度主要受加性遗传效应控制,空秆率主要受非加性遗传效应控制。加性遗传效应对产量及耐密性相关性状的贡献率随种植密度的增加呈上升趋势。玉米自交系产量、空秆率、倒伏率、茎秆强度的一般配合力频率均属于正态分布,随着种植密度的增加,产量GCA的平均值提高了0.28,空秆率GCA平均值降低了0.21,倒伏率GCA平均值降低了0.03,茎秆强度GCA平均值增加了0.02。玉米杂交组合产量与玉米自交系产量GCA密切相关(r=0.877**,r=0.811**,r=0.672**)。随着种植密度的增加,表现稳定的玉米自交系及杂交组合的数量呈上升趋势。因此,强化逆境选择压力,实施高密度选择策略,是增强玉米自交系耐密性和抗倒性,提升一般配合力,实现产量增益的有效措施。     

控失肥与普通化肥对夏玉米养分积累与生长发育的影响

为了比较研究控失肥和普通化肥对夏玉米养分累积与生长发育的影响,于2014-2015年在河北农业大学辛集试验站进行了大田试验。采用玉米杂交种郑单958为试材,测定了不同时期玉米形态和生理性状及其养分吸收效率。结果表明:在施入相同养分含量(N 144 kg/hm~2,P2O572 kg/hm~2,K2O 72 kg/hm~2)的控失肥和普通肥料后,玉米生长发育、干物质积累和营养元素累积量均发生了显著的变化,控失肥处理玉米产量显著高于普通肥料。与普通肥料相比,控失肥可提高玉米千粒质量、干物质和产量分别为12.3%,12.8%和6.9%;控失肥处理的器官营养元素含量高于对照肥料。控失肥处理提高了玉米灌浆期叶面积指数和光合强度。同时,控失肥处理增加了基部茎秆粗度和抗穿刺强度,抗倒伏性大为提高。控失肥作为一种新型肥料将对提高玉米产量、提高施肥效益和保护资源环境起到重要作用。     

非生物胁迫对玉米杂交种及其亲本自交系产量性状的影响

以抗逆性较强玉米杂交种郑单958及其亲本(郑58、昌7-2)和抗逆性较差的杂交种陕单902及其亲本(K22、K12)为材料, 在不同种植密度(45 000株 hm^-2和75 000株 hm^-2)、施氮量(112.5 kg hm^-2和337.5 kg hm^-2)和灌水量(正常灌水和前期干旱控水)条件下, 分析了2个杂交种及其亲本产量及相关生理特性的变化规律。结果表明, 在非生物胁迫条件下(高密度、低氮和前期干旱控水), 与陕单902相比, 品种郑单958叶面积指数、SPAD值、花后干物质积累量和产量的中亲优势值分别增加18%、9%、28%和22%; 与陕单902亲本(K22、K12)比, 郑单958亲本(郑58、昌7-2)叶面积指数、SPAD值、花后干物质积累量和产量的中亲值分别增加45%、36%、51%和45%; 郑单958产量的中亲值和中亲优势显著高于陕单902, 且中亲值增幅高于杂种优势值。玉米杂交种郑单958较陕单902增产的同时, 增强了对非生物逆境适应的能力。玉米杂交种的抗逆性来自亲本自交系。玉米杂交种抗逆性强在于增强了花后叶片光合能力(较高的LAI和SPAD值), 促进了花后干物质积累。     

玉米密植群体下部叶片衰老对植株碳氮分配与产量形成的影响

玉米密植会造成花后下部叶片早衰, 为探明其对植株根系性能、碳氮积累分配及产量形成的影响, 采用大田与土柱栽培相结合的方式, 以登海661和郑单958为试材, 分析了密植条件下两品种花后碳氮分配、根系性能和植株干物质积累量的变化。两年结果表明, 玉米密植群体下部叶片早衰导致两品种花后穗位叶叶绿素含量和净光合速率显著降低, 向根系转运的光合产物数量显著减少, 成熟期(R6)的根系生物量、根长密度和根系表面积较CK显著减少。根系性能的下降导致花后氮素吸收量显著降低, 叶片光合速率降低、整株叶片衰老进程加快, 单株籽粒产量显著下降, 登海661较CK低7.61%, 郑单958较CK低8.35%。郑单958的花后叶片衰老要早于登海661, 且叶面积和净光合速率比登海661低, 导致花后干物质积累量和产量较登海661显著降低。可见玉米密植群体花后下部叶片衰老加速了根系衰老, 降低了氮素吸收量, 影响整株绿叶面积和光合持续期, 最终导致花后干物质积累量和籽粒产量降低。     

PEG模拟干旱胁迫下玉米胚芽鞘长与其抗旱性的关系分析

以6份抗旱性不同的玉米自交系为试材,用不同浓度的PEG-6000(polyethylene glycol,PEG)渗透溶液进行模拟干旱胁迫处理,分析玉米萌芽期中胚轴长、胚芽鞘长及苗长的变化,并将其与田间干旱胁迫处理下相应玉米自交系产量及产量相关性状的抗旱指数进行相关分析,以期揭示萌芽期玉米幼苗相关性状与其抗旱性的关系。结果表明:(1)萌芽期随着PEG浓度增加,玉米自交系胚芽鞘长、中胚轴长及苗长都呈下降趋势,其中苗长降低幅度最大,平均降幅为14%,中胚轴长次之,平均降幅为11%;(2)方差分析表明,不同玉米自交系幼苗的中胚轴长、胚芽鞘长在自交系间及PEG浓度间差异极显著,苗长在PEG浓度间差异极显著;(3)花期田间干旱胁迫下,各玉米自交系的千粒重、穗粒数及产量较正常灌溉明显下降,且其平均降幅分别为8%、14%、13%;(4)通过玉米田间产量及产量相关性状抗旱指数与萌芽期各性状相关性分析表明,中胚轴长与千粒重、穗粒数及产量的抗旱指数呈显著或极显著正相关。胚芽鞘长与千粒重、穗粒数及产量的抗旱指数呈极显著正相关,而在5%的PEG-6000渗透溶液模拟干旱胁迫下,胚芽鞘长与千粒重抗旱指数相关系数最高为0.832。因此,胚芽鞘较长的自交系其抗旱性较强,胚芽鞘长度可作为玉米早期抗旱性筛选的重要指标。     

玉米耐低氮基因型筛选压力的选择

收集了贵州省喀斯特高原生态型玉米自交系、杂交种及农家品种，采用溶液培养的方法，对玉米耐低氮基因型的筛选压力展开了较为系统的研究，初步获得以下研究结果：（1）在极低N胁迫（O．05mmol／L）条件下，不同玉米基因型的缺素症状、地上部干重、根干重、根冠比及植株总吸氮量的基因型差异显著，更易评价和鉴定玉米基因型的耐低氮营养特性。因而，氮素胁迫压力为0．05mmol／L时，较适于对耐低氮基因型材料的筛选。（2）在极低供N条件下，贵毕303基因型具有较高的氮效率，这主要来源于吸收效率的差异，该基因型在低N下总吸氮量最高；而绵单1号、安单136和兴黄单89—2表现出较强的耐低氮特性。     

不同氮效率玉米自交系对氮素供应的反应

以对氮反应有典型差异的玉米自交系自330和陈94—11为材料,研究了不同供氮水平对其生物量和氮素吸收、利用的基因型差异。结果表明,植株的株高、叶片数、氮浓度、含氮量以及地上部生物量随着供氮水平的降低而降低,但根系的生物量、根冠比和氮素的根冠比却呈上升趋势。自330在氮素胁迫的条件下,具有较高的耐低氮能力。两个基因型玉米自交系吸氮量表现出的差异不是由于其氮含量造成的,而是由于根系生物量的差异造成的。     

小麦玉米周年生产中耕作对夏玉米产量及抗倒伏能力的影响

针对黄淮海平原冬小麦夏玉米周年生产的特点,将冬小麦夏玉米播前耕作统筹结合,以期为冬小麦夏玉米周年生产体系耕作方式的改良提供依据。以郑单958为验材,设冬小麦播前旋耕夏玉米播前免耕(RN)、冬小麦播前翻耕夏玉米播前免耕(MN)、冬小麦播前翻耕夏玉米播前旋耕(MR) 3个处理,探讨冬小麦夏玉米周年生产条件下不同耕作方式对夏玉米抗倒伏能力及产量的影响。2年研究结果表明,MR处理夏玉米的株高、穗位高增加,MN与MR处理的地上第3茎节变粗,MN处理的地上第3节间茎粗系数最大。MR与MN处理间抽雄期的基部茎节穿刺强度无显著差异,但较RN均显著增强,茎秆皮层厚度和维管束密度及维管束鞘面积较RN也显著增大,茎秆伤流速率较RN分别提高60.60%和46.70%,茎秆质量显著提高。此外,MN与MR的根重和根冠比较RN显著提高,地上节根根条数与干重也显著提高。MN与MR较RN处理分别增产26.33%与39.21%。冬小麦播前翻耕可显著提高夏玉米产量及抗倒伏能力。     

NAA/KT浸种对新植蔗产量、根系发育及抗倒伏能力的影响

为明确α-萘乙酸（NAA）和激动素（KT）浸种对新植蔗产量、根系发育及抗倒伏能力的影响,完善甘蔗优质高产抗倒伏化学调控技术理论基础,采用室内盆栽试验和田间试验相结合的方法,以栽培甘蔗品种桂糖29（GT29）、桂糖42（GT42）、桂糖49（GT49）和桂糖55（GT55）为试验材料,探讨不同浓度配比NAA/KT浸种对新植蔗茎叶鲜重、根系活力、根系形态结构和茎秆抗折断力的影响。结果表明,室内条件下,NAA/KT在20~40时,GT29和GT42根系活力、总根长和根体积相比对照显著增加。田间试验中,NAA 25~50mg/L配合KT 1mg/L浸种处理对收获期甘蔗叶片鲜重、根系发育及茎秆抗折断力促进效果最优,其中2019和2020年试验中4个品种叶片鲜重和产量均比对照增加;根长、根表面积、根体积、根尖数和根干重分别比对照平均增加33.0%、39.0%、43.7%、27.4%和44.9%;茎秆抗折断力平均增加26.0%。综上所述,NAA/KT浸种处理提高了新植蔗叶片鲜重和蔗茎产量,提高了根系活力,促进根系发育;田间条件下用NAA 25~50mg/L和KT 1mg/L浸种可显著增加新植蔗收获期产量、总根长、根表面积、根尖数、根干重以及茎秆抗折断力,进而提高甘蔗抗倒伏能力。     

玉米自交系苗期耐盐性鉴定及筛选研究

旨在加强玉米耐盐性的研究和利用,本研究采用水培法,以NaCl胁迫拟田间盐生条件,在适宜的盐胁迫处理浓度的基础上,以耐盐系数为指标,通过主成分分析、隶属函数分析和聚类分析对242 份玉米自交系苗期的耐盐性进行综合鉴定。结果表明：发芽率、根干重、苗干重、根鲜重、根长和苗鲜重可作为玉米自交系的苗期耐盐性筛选和鉴定指标;通过聚类分析可将242 份玉米自交系苗期的耐盐性划分为5 类,其中B红-2 等12 份玉米自交系的耐盐性较强,NC320 等42 份玉米自交系的耐盐性中等,50K-4-1 等58 份玉米自交系的耐盐性一般,H070480 等77 份玉米自交系的耐盐性敏感,甘1 号等53 份玉米自交系的耐盐性高度敏感。     

Morphological Traits Associated with Lodging Resistance of Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Throughout the world, lodging in cereals causes great losses in yield each year. A two year field study was conducted to determine the relationship of morphological traits to lodging resistance in spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) breeding lines and to find easily measurable traits related to lodging resistance. A set of 15 breeding lines, representing a wide range of combinations of plant height and lodging resistance, was evaluated.
During the first year, 29 morphological traits were measured at two growth stages and correlated with the lodging score. Higher correlations were found for traits measured at anthesis (DC 65) than for traits measured at maturity (DC 92); most of the fresh weight traits correlated better to lodging resistance than did the corresponding dry matter parameters. During the second year the six traits of plant height, stem length, stem diameter, ear weight, stem weight and stem weight per cm were measured at anthesis and correlated with the lodging score.
From the pooled data of four experiments, significant correlations between the lodging score and single morphological traits were found for stem diameter and stem weight per cm. Thicker stems and heavier stems (mg per cm) were indicative for better lodging resistance. Stem diameter and stem weight cm⁻¹ explained 48.5 % and 49.7 %, respectively, of the phenotypic variation in lodging resistance. Multiple linear regression equations indicated that 77.2 % of the variation in lodging resistance was based on stem weight cm⁻¹ and on the weight of the ear.     

Relationship Between Biomass Yield of Field Grown Maize Genotypes and Seedling Traits under Controlled Conditions

Investigations were done on six maize inbred lines of different origin and their diallel set of crosses. Seedlings grown at 14°, 22°, 30° and 38°C until three leaves stage were studied for morphological, anatomical and photosynthetic traits of leaves. These traits were screened for correlation with shoot dry weight at harvest under field conditions i) in 1981 and 1982 in North Germany, cool climate (CS); ii) 1981 in Thailand (WS). The correlation between seedling traits under controlled conditions and shoot dry weight under field conditions markedly changed after anthesis. Some few seedling traits closely correlated with biomass yield, favourably at 14° and 38°C. They mostly belonged to the morphology and anatomy of the leaves (area first leaf at 38°C, r = 0.6—0.7, all locations; depth of stomata below the epidermal surface at 38°C, r =—0.5 at CS and —0.7 at WS). In spite of significant correlations between single seedling traits and biomass yield a relyable prediction of biomass yield should best be based on a carefully chosen set of seedling traits.     

种植密度对贵州春玉米茎秆抗倒伏性能及籽粒产量的影响

为了明确密植条件下春玉米茎秆特性和产量的变化及其相互关系,为贵州春玉米密植高产提供理论依据和实践指导。以贵州广泛种植的玉米品种先玉1171和新中玉801为材料,设置3.0、4.5、6.0、7.5、9.0和10.5万株hm-26个密度,于2018—2019年开展田间试验,研究种植密度对春玉米茎秆形态特征和力学特性、空秆率、倒伏率和产量的影响。结果表明:(1)春玉米株高和穗位高随密度增加先增高后降低;增密后第3节长增幅最大,第3节单位茎长干重、穿刺强度和抗折力,第7节茎粗、干重和横截面积下降幅度最大;密度对茎秆横截面扁率影响不显著。品种之间比较,先玉1171节间长,第3、5节的节间干重和第3节穿刺强度显著高于新中玉801,第7节干重、节间粗、单位茎长干重、节间横截面积、横截面扁率和抗折力显著低于新中玉801。(2)倒伏率和空秆率随密度增加而增大,增密后先玉1171倒伏率显著高于新中玉801,空秆率显著低于新中玉801。(3)产量随密度增加先增加后降低,先玉1171和新中玉801分别在9.3万株hm^-2和8.6万株hm^-2时产量最高。增密后先玉1171比新中玉801增产10.28%,有效穗数和穗粒数更高。(4)相关和多元回归分析表明,株高、穗位高与倒伏率显著正相关,节间粗和单位茎长干物质对玉米茎秆抗折力的正向影响显著。产量与茎秆性状密切相关,株高对产量的正向影响最大。可见,不同春玉米茎秆抗倒伏性能和籽粒产量对密度的响应有差异,新中玉801增密后茎秆节间短而粗,单位茎长干重较大,抗倒伏能力较强。而先玉1171由于在高密度下空秆率比新中玉801低,有较高的有效穗数和穗粒数,因此高密度下产量更高。综合考虑茎秆性状和产量,先玉1171和新中玉801在贵州适宜密度分别为9.0万株hm^-2和8.5万株hm^-2。     

Yield and Yield Stability in a Balanced System of Widely Differing Population Structures in Zea Mays L.

With the view to study heterozygosity and heterogeneity as to their effects and interactions on yield and yield stability in maize, the following four types of population structure were formed from eight inbred lines: Homogeneous populations of homozygous plants (the eight inbred lines themselves); heterogeneous populations of homozygous plants (four blends containing four lines each); homogeneous populations of heterozygous plants (16 single crosses); heterogeneous populations of heterozygous plants (four blends containing four single crosses each, and four double crosses). This material was grown in three environments (years). At both levels of heterozygosity, the blends did not outyield the means of their respective components grown in pure stands. yield stability of the various structural groups was ranked differently by ecovalence and the mean square for deviations from regression. By transforming the deviation mean squares into coefficients of variation it was possible to reveal improvements of stability not only by heterogeneity but also by heterozygosity, and additionally, an interaction of both factors in the sense of a diminishing return.