视网膜小胶质细胞的研究进展

视网膜小胶质细胞可存在于视网膜的外核层、外丛状层、内丛状层、神经节细胞层和神经纤维层。小胶质细胞具有“双刃剑”的功能,许多视网膜疾病的发展和转归与小胶质细胞有着密切的关系,使其成为近年来眼科领域研究的热点。本文就视网膜小胶质细胞的功能及其与常见的多因素眼科疾病的关系的研究进展做一综述。     

Lateral interactions at inner plexiform layer of vertebrate retina: antagonistic responses to change

Lateral interactions at the inner plexiform layer of the retina of the mudpuppy were studied intracellularly after they were isolated from interactions at the outer plexiform layer with a special stimulus. The isolation was confirmed by recording no surround effect at bipolar cells under conditions that elicited a strong surround effect at ganglion cells. It appears that amacrine cell, which respond to spatiotemporal change at one retinal region, inhibit the response to change in on-off ganglion cells at adjacent sites.     

棕色田鼠视网膜结构及其神经元特异性烯醇化酶分布研究

通过H-E.染色法和免疫组化方法,对棕色田鼠视网膜结构及神经元特异性烯醇化酶的分布特性进行研究.结果表明,棕色田鼠的视网膜结构呈典型的脊椎动物视网膜结构类型,由外向内分别为色素上皮、视锥视杆层、外核层、外网层、内核层、内网层、节细胞层、神经纤维层.视网膜中神经元特异性烯醇化酶阳性分布在内网层、内核层、靠近内核层的外网层区、节细胞层、神经纤维层,其中内网层阳性最强,有4个阳性亚层.视锥视杆层和外核层没有神经元特异性烯醇化酶分布,这可能与感光细胞的分泌有关.     

Unusual retinal cells in the dolphin eye

By comparison to the cellular constituents of the retinas of certain other diving mammals, the elements of the dolphin retina include an unusually large number of specialized cells. Both cone and rod receptors may be identified. An unusual amacrine cell may be seen which produces a process that spans the cells between the inner plexiform and outer plexiform layers. Most unusual is a layer of giant ganglion cells which appears to serve most of the central retina. The giant ganglion cells support giant dendrites and optic nerve fibers which range up to 8 micrometers in diameter.     

点带石斑鱼脑组织和视网膜中神经型一氧化氮合成酶的分布与定位

【目的】研究点带石斑鱼脑组织和视网膜中的一氧化氮（NO）含量及神经型一氧化氮合成酶（nNOS）分布与活性,为深入揭示NO在点带石斑鱼神经系统中的作用机制打下基础。【方法】采用NADPH-d组织化学染色法、免疫组织化学法、蛋白免疫印迹（Western blotting）及Griess试剂法,对点带石斑鱼脑组织和视网膜中nNOS的分布与活性及NO含量进行分析。【结果】经NADPH-d组织化学染色后,一氧化氮合成酶（NOS）阳性物质呈蓝色。在点带石斑鱼大脑中,NOS阳性物质位于神经元和神经纤维;在小脑中,NOS分布在颗粒层的颗粒细胞、分子层的神经纤维和浦肯野细胞层的浦肯野细胞;在视网膜中,NOS分布于色素上皮层、视锥视杆层、外核层、外网层、内核层、内网层、节细胞层和视神经纤维层。经免疫组织化学染色后,nNOS阳性物质呈深棕色。在大脑中,nNOS存在于神经元和神经纤维;在小脑中,nNOS分布在颗粒层、分子层和浦肯野细胞层;在视网膜中,nNOS分布在色素上皮层、视锥视杆层、外核层、外网层、内核层、内网层、节细胞层和视神经纤维层。Western blotting检测结果显示,点带石斑鱼脑组织和视网膜中的nNOS在显色后的硝酸纤维素膜上均出现3条免疫印迹条带,对应分子量分别为80、120和130kD。NO含量在点带石斑鱼脑组织和视网膜中分别为17.601±1.743和13.624±1.249μmol/L,nNOS活性在脑组织和视网膜中分别为38.070±3.047和23.748±2.860U/mg。【结论】在点带石斑鱼脑组织和视网膜中均存在nNOS,推测nNOS在点带石斑鱼脑神经及视神经系统生理活动中发挥重要作用。脑组织中的NO含量和nNOS活性均显著高于视网膜,是由于脑组织作为重要的中枢神经,对机体生理功能起重要调节作用。     

Substance P activity in the bullfrog retina: localization and identification in several vertebrate species

Immunoreactive substance P is present in the bullfrog retina, possibly in two types of stratified amacrine cells, with their somas in the inner nuclear layer and their neuronal processes entering the inner plexiform layer and ramifying in sublayers 3 or 4 (or both). Occasionally, polygonal somas positive for substance P were found in the ganglion cell layer. Approximately 75 percent of the cell bodies positive for substance P and 65 percent of the radioimmunoassayable substance P were found in the superior half of the frog retina. On the basis of high-performance liquid chromatography, the immunoreactive substance P in the neural retina of the rat, monkey, or chick is similar to synthetic substance P, whereas this is not true of the immunoreactive substance P in the bullfrog or carp retina.     

鳜仔鱼视网膜及口腔齿的发育对摄食的适应

采用石蜡切片及HE染色的方法对鳜受精卵及1～30 d仔鱼的视网膜结构和视觉特性进行研究,结果表明:(1)受精后54 h晶状体形成,视网膜还未分化;80 h视网膜分化为外核层、内核层、内网层和神经节细胞层4层结构;98 h形成色素上皮层、视杆视锥层和神经纤维层;124 h外网层形成,视网膜10层结构发育完全。孵化后4 d开始出现少量颌齿和咽齿;5 d和14 d分别观察到腭齿和犁齿;15d时鳃耙形成但形状较小。口腔齿的数量随着仔鱼个体的生长而增加至近于成体。(2)鳜内核层分化成一层水平细胞、数层双极细胞和无长突细胞,属光感受系统不发达的类型。(3)鳜仔鱼在消化系统尚未发育完全时已经开始形成口腔齿,为提高捕食的成功率提供了基础条件,充分表现了个体发育在进化过程中与生存环境相适应的特点。(4)鳜神经节细胞层细胞随个体的生长发育而减少,孵化后29 d,体长18.36 mm时,只有一层神经节细胞,说明此时的仔鱼已适应黑暗环境生活。鳜视觉结构的变化与其从浮游到底层的生态迁移及捕食方式的变化相适应。研究亮点:从组织学研究角度对鳜仔鱼视网膜发育进行了探讨,详细研究了视网膜各组成结构的发育特征,并结合鳜仔鱼齿的发育特征,分析了其对摄食行为的适应,首次解释了伴随着视网膜发育而形成的由浮游生活到底层生活的适应,研究结果以期为鳜在种苗生产过程中正确选择开口饵料和早期动物性饵料,以降低种苗的死亡率等提供理论依据。     

Morphological identification of serotonin-accumulating neurons in the living retina

Neurons that accumulate the transmitter serotonin have been identified in the living retina by being labeled with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-HT), an autofluorescent serotonin analog. Iontophoretic injection of Lucifer yellow into the labeled cells under microscopic control revealed that the serotonin-accumulating neurons in rabbit retina constitute two morphological types of amacrine cells, termed S1 and S2, whose distal dendrites are stratified at the inner margin of the inner plexiform layer. The dendritic overlap of the S1 type is extraordinarily large: each point on the retina is covered by the fields of 550 to 900 S1 amacrines, and 6 to 8 meters of their dendrites are packed into each square millimeter of retina. Such a pervasive neuropil may provide an effective substrate for diffuse transmitter release, as proposed for serotonergic fibers elsewhere in the central nervous system.     

Spatial buffering of light-evoked potassium increases by retinal Müller (glial) cells

Activity-dependent variations in extracellular potassium concentration in the central nervous system may be regulated, in part, by potassium spatial buffering currents in glial cells. The role of spatial buffering in the retina was assessed by measuring light-evoked potassium changes in amphibian eyecups. The amplitude of potassium increases in the vitreous humor was reduced to approximately 10 percent by 50 micromolar barium, while potassium increases in the inner plexiform layer were largely unchanged. The decrease in the vitreal potassium response was accurately simulated with a numerical model of potassium current flow through Müller cells, the principal glial cells of the retina. Barium also substantially increased the input resistance of Müller cells and blocked the Müller cell-generated M-wave, indicating that barium blocks the potassium channels of Müller cells. Thus, after a light-evoked potassium increase within the retina, there is a substantial transfer of potassium from the retina to the vitreous humor by potassium current flow through Müller cells.     

Synaptic connections of the centrifugal fibers in the pigeon retina

The centrifugal fibers in the pigeon retina end in the inner nuclear layer and form two kinds of terminals, convergent and divergent. In the inner nuclear layer the fibers synapse with amnacrine and displaced ganglion cells. Because of their great number and their even distribution these fibers appear to constitute a system for the localized centrifugal control of the retinal functions.     

团头鲂卵泡细胞的超微结构

团头鲂排卵前的卵母细胞由外向内被鞘膜层基膜和颗粒层包围着。鞘膜层由鞘膜细胞和胶原纤维组成,鞘膜细胞的细胞质中充满了微丝。颗粒层由特殊颗粒细胞和颗粒细胞组成,特殊颗粒细胞的细胞质中含丰富的滑面内质网和具小管状内嵴的线粒体,表现出与类固醇激素合成有关的细胞器特征,颗粒细胞的细胞质中则含有发达的粗面内质网和具板层状内嵴的线粒体。     

Dopamine-accumulating retinal neurons revealed by in vitro fluorescence display a unique morphology

Dopamine is the principal catecholamine neurotransmitter in the vertebrate retina. The shape of retinal neurons that accumulate dopamine has been demonstrated in an in vitro preparation of cat retina. This was achieved by the discovery that the combined uptake of dopamine and the indoleaminergic transmitter analog 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine leads to an intense, catecholamine-like fluorescence in the cell bodies and processes of presumed dopaminergic amacrine cells in the living retina. This fluorescence served as an in vitro marker for these cells, and their detailed morphology was analyzed after intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase under direct microscopic control. The horseradish peroxidase-filled cells show an unprecedented neuronal morphology: each cell gives rise to multiple, axon-like processes that arise from, and extend for millimeters beyond, the dendritic tree. The unique structure of this type of amacrine cell suggests a function for dopamine in long-range lateral interactions in the inner plexiform layer.     

珠江口池养梭鱼消化道的形态学和组织学研究

采用形态解剖尧组织切片和光镜技术研究珠江口池塘养殖梭鱼消化道的形态学和组织学特性,以期从形态结构上了解南方养殖梭鱼的摄食、消化和吸收等重要生理功能。结果显示：梭鱼消化道由口咽腔、食道、胃和肠道4部分组成,肠道又可分为前肠、中肠和后肠。梭鱼消化道的组织结构可以分为4层,黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌肉层和浆膜层,黏膜层位于消化道壁的内层,主要由黏膜上皮、固有膜组成;黏膜下层由疏松结缔组织构成,其间含有血管尧神经和淋巴组织;肌肉层致密,外层为纵肌,内层为环肌;浆膜层极薄,覆盖于整个消化道的外层。消化道各部分的主要差异表现在皱褶、黏膜上皮细胞的类型、肌层的结构和肌肉组织的类型、杯状细胞的数量多少等方面。     

哺乳动物胚胎干细胞分离与培养的研究进展

从胚胎干细胞的来源、分离方法和饲养层细胞等方面,总结了胚胎干细胞分离与培养在近年来所取得的进展。     

金花茶Camellia chrysantha(Hu)Tuyama 小孢子囊、小孢子和雄配子体的发育

详细报导了金花茶小孢子囊、小孢子和雄配子体的发育过程。幼嫩花药的横切显示花药的外侧由一层表良、一层药室内壁、 1—2层中层和一层绒毡层细胞组成;内为5—8个由孢原细胞转化成的小孢子母细胞。小孢子的发育具双子叶植物的一般特征。绒毡层腺质;小孢子四分体四面体形;花粉粒在成熟时具二细胞。 在扫描电镜下观察、花粉粒为拟三孔沟的;小孢子壁形成时开始在绒毡层内切线壁出现的球状体到花粉粒成熟时仍有一部分附着于花粉粒表面。 由小孢子母细胞到小孢子的形成过程,在不同的花药,同一花药的不同花粉囊,甚至在同一个花粉囊内都显示不同步现象。 在偏光显微镜下证实小孢子形成后细胞内开始有淀粉累积,生殖细胞形成时累积最多。到生殖细胞向营养细胞内移动时逐渐消失而转化为其它的贮藏物。 染色体数目为n=x=15,     

美洲大蠊(Periplaneta americana L.)抗菌肽杀菌作用初步观察

报道了美洲大蠊(PeriplanetaamericanaL.)抗菌肽对大肠杆菌(EscherichiacoliK88)的作用过程.电镜观察表明,美洲大蠊抗菌肽首先使细菌的外层及细胞质膜损伤,形成开口,导致内容物外泄而死亡,最后菌体崩解成碎片.     

美洲大蠊（Periplaneta americana L．）抗菌肽杀菌作用初步观察初步观察

报道了美洲大蠊(Periplaneta americana L．)抗菌肽对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli K88)的作用过程．电镜观察表明，美洲大蠊抗菌肽首先使细菌的外层及细胞质膜损伤，形成开口，导致内容物外泄而死亡，最后菌体崩解成碎片．     

老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus L.)种子发育过程的形态解剖学特征

应用解剖学及组织化学方法对老芒麦种子发育过程进行了观察研究。结果显示，其种子发育过程的形态变化具有禾本科植物的典型特征：胚胎发育为禾本型，胚乳为核型胚乳，其最外一层细胞发育为糊粉层，籽实皮由内珠被及子房内表皮发育而成；但有其特性：合子未显示出极性，中贮藏有丰富的淀粉粒。第1次分裂为横分裂，偶有斜向分裂，之后顶细胞纵分裂，基细胞横分裂；宿存助细胞可保留到椭圆形原胚时期，与丝状器都有PAS正反应．显示了宿存助细胞及丝状器与营养物质的转运有关；少数种子有胚发育迟缓的现象；不同种子发育的早期原胚之间存在淀粉粒含量的差异；约有1％的成熟种子中缺胚或胚极小。     

Chromosomal drift, a new phenomenon in plants

A seasonal shift in chromosome number of reproductive cells of Claytonia virginica, which coincided with near-drought conditions, resulted in a chromosome complement new to the population. The number reappeared 2 years later, the minimum time required for plants of that generation to produce flowers. Moreover, the chromosome number of root cells commonly differed from aerial organs of the same plant.     

大菱鲆饥饿前后消化道的定量组织学初步研究

采用解剖、石蜡切片、HE染色、光学显微镜技术等,对大菱鲆消化道的组织结构特征以及饥饿前后消化道组织结构的变化进行了观察,测量了食道、胃和肠道纹状缘厚度、柱状细胞高、壁厚、肌层厚以及食道和肠道杯状细胞大小,并对测量数据进行了统计学分析。结果显示：大菱鲆的消化道由内至外分别由粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌层和浆膜层组成,食道和肠道具有杯状细胞,且从前肠到直肠杯状细胞数量增多,但粘膜皱褶逐渐变矮。食道肌肉层为内纵外环的横纹肌,而胃和肠道为内环外纵的平滑肌。饥饿10d大菱鲆的消化道纹状缘高度均无显著变化,但肠道纹状缘有断裂脱落现象;从食道到直肠柱状细胞的高度均显著降低、杯状细胞体积均显著变小;食道与胃的肌肉层厚度无显著变化,而肠道的肌肉层显著变薄。