毫米波扫描昆虫雷达空中昆虫监测的初步应用

2007年6～10月,利用毫米波扫描昆虫雷达在广西兴安县植保站进行了空中昆虫的初步监测,结合地面灯和高空灯诱集,分析了地面和高空昆虫种群动态变化。结果表明:空中昆虫种群数量、种类季节性变化明显,6～9月夜间昆虫虫口密度相对较高,进入10月份夜间昆虫相对减少,雷达回波点密度和灯下诱集虫量有很高的一致性。夏季,19:00～22:00与05:30～07:00雷达回波密度各有一明显高峰期;秋季,只在20:00～21:00有一明显回波密度高峰期。昆虫飞行高度主要集中在2 000 m以下,大部分集中在500～1 000 m。姊妹灯诱捕表明,稻飞虱和稻纵卷叶螟为优势迁飞种类。昆虫飞行受气象条件影响较大。     

中哈边境塔城区域迁飞性昆虫雷达观测研究初探

2017年和2018年6月至8月运用KC-08XVSD型昆虫雷达,结合探照灯诱虫器和地面诱虫灯诱捕数据及地面气象数据,分析了中哈边境塔城区域空中昆虫飞行特征及主要类群。结果表明:高空灯共诱捕到昆虫151种,分属12目50科,主要以鳞翅目和鞘翅目为主,地面灯共诱捕到昆虫137种,分属12目54科,主要以鞘翅目、半翅目、双翅目和直翅目为主,其中高空灯下宽胫夜蛾、旋歧夜蛾和甘薯天蛾的种群数量具有突增突减现象。雷达监测结果显示:灯下诱集到大量昆虫时,雷达回波时间主要集中在22:00-02:00,回波高度主要集中在200~600 m,有明显的成层现象和哑铃形回波分布。偏西风天气、风速在1.4~2.9 m/s时高空灯和地面灯诱虫数量较多。研究结果为利用昆虫雷达长期监测中哈边境昆虫迁飞提供基础数据,为深入探讨中哈边境区域害虫迁飞规律和监测预警提供科学依据。     

华北北部地区二代棉铃虫成虫迁飞行为的雷达观测

迁飞习性是棉铃虫区域性灾变的生物学基础,明确棉铃虫的迁飞行为对发展预警技术有重要的意义.2000年7～8月华北地区棉铃虫大发生期间,利用昆虫雷达和空中诱虫灯在河北省廊坊市观测研究了棉铃虫成虫的迁飞行为.试验结果表明,与地面棉铃虫相比,高空棉铃虫具有明显的迁飞昆虫生理特征.棉铃虫成虫一般在日落后30 min（20：00）左右大量起飞,种群密度在1 h后达到峰值.此后,随着成虫的大量迁出,空中密度逐渐下降.棉铃虫成虫从低空到高空起飞过程中位移方向多呈顺时针旋转,借助夏季盛行风飞行.成虫飞行成层多集中在200～300m高度,最高可达1000 m.多数个体位移速率35～45 km/h,整个夜间的迁移活动持续7～8 h,迁移距离大约250～450km.     

广东湛江灯下昆虫群落结构监测

为摸清我国南方空中昆虫群落结构及其动态变化,采用高空测报灯诱集法对广东省湛江市空中昆虫种群进行了周年监测。收集到的昆虫通过形态鉴定共有105种,隶属于11目44科84属,其中害虫有4目29科89种,天敌昆虫有7目9科10种,中性昆虫有5目6科6种。分析种群特征指数峰值出现时间,多样性指数和均匀度指数在2021年4月,集中性指数在2021年7月,优势度指数在2021年9月,丰富度指数在2021年12月。主成分分析显示昆虫群落主要受害虫类群的影响,综合来看4月和9月的群落稳定性高于其他月份。监测到稻纵卷叶螟（Cnaphalocrocis medinalis）、斜纹夜蛾（Spodoptera litura）、草地贪夜蛾（Spodoptera frugiperda）、棉铃虫（Helicoverpa armigera）和小地老虎（Agrotis ypsilon）等5种重要迁飞性农业害虫,且均在秋冬季节出现明显高峰,其中又以稻纵卷叶螟最多;春末夏初则达另一个小高峰。掌握我国大陆南端空中昆虫群落结构及其周年变化规律,可为我国迁飞性害虫的预警防治及昆虫多样性研究提供依据。     

雷州半岛空中昆虫群落结构特征

为明确东亚迁飞场重要通道—雷州半岛空中昆虫的群落结构特征,于2022年在雷州半岛设立探照灯对夜间昆虫进行诱集及种群动态监测,并采用Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数分析物种多样性。结果表明,诱集昆虫隶属于12目61科126属146种,其中鳞翅目、鞘翅目和半翅目昆虫是诱集量和物种丰富度最多的3大类群,分别占所有诱集昆虫总数的72.37%、11.18%和6.58%。诱集昆虫不仅包括草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda、劳氏黏虫Leucania loreyi和斜纹夜蛾S. litura等多种重要的迁飞性害虫,还包括中华草蛉Chrysoperla nipponensis、黄蜻Pantala flavescens和异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis等迁飞性天敌昆虫。空中昆虫的诱集高峰期主要在6—9月。诱集昆虫的Margalef丰富度指数平均数为6.60,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数平均数为2.68。表明雷州半岛空中昆虫群落物种丰富度和多样性均较高,并证实许多重大农业害虫在迁飞过程中途经雷州半岛。     

利用昆虫性诱剂监测小菜蛾虫情初探

利用昆虫性诱剂对虫情进行监测,结果表明,性诱剂诱到的成虫出现高峰期与田间虫情发生实际相符.通过系统的诱捕监测,摸清了小菜蛾在武鸣县的主要发生为害时期,为及时有效地防治小菜蛾提供准确的情报,可在测报上推广应用.     

普安县茶园昆虫多样性及害虫发生规律

为探究普安县茶园昆虫群落结构及害虫发生规律,于2020年6～12月,利用黄板法对普安县茶园的昆虫进行了系统调查。结果表明,本次调查共捕获9 990头昆虫,隶属于12目53科83种,其中益虫1 188头(占11.9%),隶属6目12科25种,害虫8 902头(占89.1%),隶属8目43科58种;昆虫营养结构上,以植食性昆虫(47种,占50.6%)种类及数量最高,杂食性昆虫(3种,占2.2%)相对较少;茶园昆虫多样性夏季高于秋冬季。普安县茶园害虫主要包括小贯小绿叶蝉(占17.0%)、茶树茶二叉蚜(占9.1%)和榆蓝叶甲(占3.0%)等3种;小贯小绿叶蝉常年保持较高的虫口数,6月和10月为虫害发生高峰期。     

红火蚁监测盒研制和在集装箱检疫中的应用研究

为了筛选出一种适用于红火蚁检疫和监测的饵剂,设计出红火蚁检疫监测盒,本文在室内试验盒和集装箱内开展诱捕试验。结果表明:以鱼粉、鱼蛋白胨、蜂蜜、花生油按比例组合制成胶状剂型的饵料在1.8m内对红火蚁有较好诱集效果。集装箱试验表明,在虫口密度≥7头/m3时,距虫源释放点3.3m6、.6m、10m处均有诱集效果,集装箱两侧监测盒效果明显优于其他位置,且在6h后诱集虫口数达到一个高峰,可作为口岸检疫应用的推荐时间。带废纸集装箱试验表明,当虫口密度为9头/m3,距虫源释放点约6.0m的监测盒6h的检出率约达71%。因此,推荐在集装箱、汽车或其他运输工具上两侧放置2～4个监测盒,4～6h后检查效果可作为红火蚁检疫及其监测新方法。     

昆虫嗅觉在监测物质开发上的应用

本文对昆虫嗅觉传导信息化合物的机理在监测物质开发方面的应用前景进行了综述。首先介绍了参与昆虫嗅觉传导的多种蛋白组分、关键组分OBPs和Ors缺失后对昆虫行为的影响;其次对昆虫嗅觉及其关键组分在害虫监测仪器的开发和高效诱集物质研发上的应用进行了阐述,以期提高害虫监测水平。     

新疆呼图壁2012年苜蓿访花昆虫行为研究

试验设在新疆农业大学呼图壁草地生态站,在苜蓿生育期(现蕾期、初花期、盛花期、结荚期)分四个时段(9:00、12:00、15:00、18:00)调查访花昆虫的种类及数量,为苜蓿种子生产提供基础资料。结果表明:苜蓿的访花昆虫主要有34种,分属双翅目、膜翅目、鞘翅目、半翅目、鳞翅目,以双翅目为主,占访花昆虫总数量的72%;在苜蓿现蕾期、初花期、盛花期和结荚期访花昆虫比例分别为29%、35%、24%和12%。苜蓿访花昆虫的种类和数量与其周围环境密切相关,周围同期开花植物越少,苜蓿访花昆虫越多,温度越高、光照越强,出访昆虫越少。     

北京市昆虫丰富度及其环境影响因子

为有效保护北京市昆虫多样性，在调查和收集整理北京市昆虫物种分布名录的基础上，基于区级尺度研究北京市昆虫分布格局，通过回归模型和多层次方差分解等方法探讨昆虫丰富度与环境因子的关系。结果显示，北京市昆虫物种有29目409科5 259种，其中门头沟区昆虫物种数最多，为18目243科2 232种，东城区昆虫物种数最少，为8目34科68种，表现为山区昆虫多样性明显高于平原区和城区。影响昆虫科丰富度的主要因素为最高月降水量、森林覆盖率和昼夜温差月平均值；影响昆虫种丰富度的主要因素为路网密度、最高月降水量、昼夜温差月平均值和年平均气温。不论是在昆虫科或种阶元上，最高月降水量和昼夜温差月平均值对昆虫丰富度的解释能力最显著，说明降水和温度因子对昆虫分布有强限制性。表明昆虫丰富度及其分布格局是由不同环境因子共同作用的结果，降水和温度的变化对北京市昆虫丰富度有决定性的影响。     

陕西延川枣镰翅小卷蛾发生规律

为有效监测和防治枣镰翅小卷蛾,采用性诱剂诱捕的方法,观察了枣镰翅小卷蛾成虫的发生消长动态。结果表明,枣镰翅小卷蛾在陕西延川1年发生3~4代,其中以1年发生3代为主,个别的发生4代;越冬代成虫在3月中下旬开始羽化;有世代重叠现象;在枣树高度1.0~2.0m范围内,诱集到的成虫数量有一定差异,2.0m处分布最多,在运用性诱剂诱杀枣镰翅小卷蛾成虫时,应尽量将诱集器在枣树高度近2.0m处,以达到更好的诱捕效果;成虫活动时间主要在20:00-24:00及4:00-6:00时间段,其中在20:00-22:00及4:00-6:00时段活动更频繁、更活跃。     

A theoretical assessment of the effects of vector-virus transmission mechanism on plant virus disease epidemics

ABSTRACT A continuous-time and deterministic model was used to characterize plant virus disease epidemics in relation to virus transmission mechanism and population dynamics of the insect vectors. The model can be written as a set of linked differential equations for healthy (virus-free), latently infected, infectious, and removed (postinfectious) plant categories, and virus-free, latent, and infective insects, with parameters based on the transmission classes, vector population dynamics, immigration/emigration rates, and virus-plant interactions. The rate of change in diseased plants is a function of the density of infective insects, the number of plants visited per time, and the probability of transmitting the virus per plant visit. The rate of change in infective insects is a function of the density of infectious plants, the number of plants visited per time by an insect, and the probability of acquiring the virus per plant visit. Numerical solutions of the differential equations were used to determine transitional and steady-state levels of disease incidence (d*); d* was also determined directly from the model parameters. Clear differences were found in disease development among the four transmission classes: nonpersistently transmitted (stylet-borne [NP]); semipersistently transmitted (foregut-borne [SP]); circulative, persistently transmitted (CP); and propagative, persistently transmitted (PP), with the highest disease incidence (d) for the SP and CP classes relative to the others, especially at low insect density when there was no insect migration or when the vector status of emigrating insects was the same as that of immigrating ones. The PP and CP viruses were most affected by changes in vector longevity, rates of acquisition, and inoculation of the virus by vectors, whereas the PP viruses were least affected by changes in insect mobility. When vector migration was explicitly considered, results depended on the fraction of infective insects in the immigration pool and the fraction of dying and emigrating vectors replaced by immigrants. The PP and CP viruses were most sensitive to changes in these factors. Based on model parameters, the basic reproductive number (R(0))-number of new infected plants resulting, from an infected plant introduced into a susceptible plant population-was derived for some circumstances and used to determine the steady-state level of disease incidence and an approximate exponential rate of disease increase early in the epidemic. Results can be used to evaluate disease management strategies.     

库尔勒地区不同下垫面潜水蒸发昼夜变化特性研究

为研究新疆地区的潜水蒸发特性,开展了裸地(埋深1.0 m、1.5 m和2.0 m)、覆膜无作物(开孔率0.78%、2.4%和5.0%)以及种植棉花(埋深1.0 m、1.5 m和2.0 m)等三种下垫面条件的潜水蒸发试验,分别研究了昼夜、日间及夜间变化动态。研究表明,有作物比无作物潜水蒸发系数大,且随埋深的增加,两者潜水蒸发系数差异性减弱;三种下垫面条件共9种处理均表现为潜水夜间蒸发补给量大于白天蒸发补给量,且地下水埋深越大,裸地夜间潜水消耗与白天潜水消耗的比值有所降低,棉花地则是呈增加趋势,这与棉花蒸腾强度的昼夜变化不同有关。进一步分析表明,无作物种植时,潜水蒸发的日变化波动幅度较大,潜水蒸发主要消耗时段为2∶00~10∶00和18∶00~22∶00;有作物种植时,潜水蒸发的日变化较为稳定,其无明显主要消耗时段,只是在昼夜交替时(20∶00左右)发生较大幅度变化;白天尤其是午后,因强烈的太阳辐射使得土壤输水能力不能满足大气蒸发需求而导致毛管断裂,潜水蒸发量明显降低,平均降低0.66mm.h-1;夜间土壤的输水能力大于蒸发能力而使毛管恢复连通,从而促使潜水蒸发有所增强,平均增加0.26mm.h-1。     

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service stored-grain areawide integrated pest management program

The USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) funded a demonstration project (1998-2002) for areawide IPM for stored wheat in Kansas and Oklahoma. This project was a collaboration of researchers at the ARS Grain Marketing and Production Research Center in Manhattan, Kansas, Kansas State University, and Oklahoma State University. The project utilized two elevator networks, one in each state, for a total of 28 grain elevators. These elevators stored approximately 31 million bushels of wheat, which is approximately 1.2% of the annual national production. Stored wheat was followed as it moved from farm to the country elevator and finally to the terminal elevator. During this study, thousands of grain samples were taken in concrete elevator silos. Wheat stored at elevators was frequently infested by several insect species, which sometimes reached high numbers and damaged the grain. Fumigation using aluminum phosphide pellets was the main method for managing these insect pests in elevators in the USA. Fumigation decisions tended to be based on past experience with controlling stored-grain insects, or were calendar based. Integrated pest management (IPM) requires sampling and risk benefit analysis. We found that the best sampling method for estimating insect density, without turning the grain from one bin to another, was the vacuum probe sampler. Decision support software, Stored Grain Advisor Pro (SGA Pro) was developed that interprets insect sampling data, and provides grain managers with a risk analysis report detailing which bins are at low, moderate or high risk for insect-caused economic losses. Insect density was predicted up to three months in the future based on current insect density, grain temperature and moisture. Because sampling costs money, there is a trade-off between frequency of sampling and the cost of fumigation. The insect growth model in SGA Pro reduces the need to sample as often, thereby making the program more cost-effective. SGA Pro was validated during the final year of the areawide program. Based on data from 533 bins, SGA Pro accurately predicted which bins were at low, moderate or high risk. Only in two out of 533 bins did SGA Pro incorrectly predict bins as being low risk and, in both cases, insect density was only high (> two insects kg(-1)) at the surface, which suggested recent immigration. SGA Pro is superior to calendar-based management because it ensures that grain is only treated when insect densities exceed economic thresholds (two insects kg(-1)). This approach will reduce the frequency of fumigation while maintaining high grain quality. Minimizing the use of fumigant improves worker safety and reduces both control costs and harm to the environment.     

太阳能光陷阱捕虫器对花生田昆虫的诱捕效果

为建立绿色高效的花生田害虫灯光诱控技术,于2019年在湖北省孝感市大悟县河口镇群建村进行试验,测定光源A（波长365 nm）和光源B（波长390 nm）太阳能光陷阱捕虫器诱捕到的花生田地下害虫、天敌昆虫和中性昆虫的类群和数量,并分析不同光源和天气对太阳能光陷阱捕虫器诱捕效果的影响。结果表明,2种光源太阳能光陷阱捕虫器共诱捕昆虫106 899头,其中地下害虫以丽金龟科和鳃金龟科昆虫居多,分别为53 338头和22 993头;诱捕的天敌昆虫和中性昆虫中分别以步甲科昆虫和水龟虫科昆虫居多,分别为1 495头和4 866头。光源A诱捕的金龟甲总科害虫、叩甲科害虫、天敌昆虫和中性昆虫数量与光源B的诱捕量均差异不显著,但光源A诱捕的蝼蛄科害虫数量显著高于光源B;晴天诱捕的金龟甲总科害虫、叩甲科害虫、天敌昆虫和中性昆虫数量与在阴天的诱捕量差异不显著,但晴天诱捕的蝼蛄科害虫数量显著高于阴天的诱捕量。表明太阳能光陷阱捕虫器对花生田害虫的诱捕效果好,对天敌昆虫和中性昆虫杀伤力小,可作为一种绿色防控手段防治花生田害虫。     

塔里木盆地塔中地区野外微梯度风沙流观测

利用2014年7月至8月塔中地区沙尘与扬沙天气下风沙流运动的实测数据,对0~85 mm高度内风沙流运动进行了研究。结果表明:(1)0~85 mm高度层,输沙率(Q)随风速(v)增大呈幂函数规律增加,R2≥0.975 7,且输沙率主要集中在0~35 mm高度内。(2)总输沙率和撞击颗粒数的最佳拟合函数为线性函数,R2≥0.878 2,相关性较好;塔中地区1 min最小临界起沙风速为4.0 m·s-1。(3)跃移运动集中在10:00—20:00,总输沙率最大值出现在12:00—16:00,17:00以后输沙率明显下降。     

锡林郭勒盟典型草原昆虫多样性分析

为典型草原害虫监测预警和生态治理提供理论依据,选取害虫发生相对严重的锡林郭勒盟7个旗县典型草原作为调查对象,采用Z字形扫网取样法对昆虫数量和种类进行调查,对昆虫尤其是主要昆虫蝗虫群落差异和多样性进行分析,并对蝗虫群落和环境因子进行冗余分析。结果显示,在7个典型草原区域中,正镶白旗、镶黄旗、阿巴嘎旗、西乌珠穆沁旗和锡林郭勒市的昆虫Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均较高,且这5个草原区域之间均差异不显著;在7个典型草原区域内共采集到草原蝗虫6科11属16种,种类较丰富,约占所有昆虫种类的20.00%;亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus作为锡林郭勒盟典型草原蝗虫的优势种,在所有典型草原区域中的数量均高于其他蝗虫;镶黄旗和锡林浩特市的蝗虫种数最多,均为14种,而苏尼特左旗的蝗虫种数最低,为8种;植被覆盖度和海拔对蝗虫Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数有正影响。锡林浩特市与镶黄旗的蝗虫群落相异性最小,相异性系数为0,与其他5个典型草原区域的蝗虫群落相异性也较低,相异性系数...