Benzylglucosinolate, benzylisothiocyanate, and myrosinase activity in papaya fruit during development and ripening

Papaya is a climacteric fruit that has high amounts of benzylglucosinolates (BG) and benzylisothiocyanates (BITC), but information regarding levels of BG or BITC during fruit development and ripening is limited. Because BG and BITC are compounds of importance from both a nutritional and a crop yield standpoint, the aim of this work was to access data on the distribution and changes of BG and BITC levels during fruit development and ripening. BG and BITC levels were quantified in peel, pulp, and seeds of papaya fruit. Volatile BITC was also verified in the internal cavity of the fruit during ripening. The influence of the ethylene in BG and BITC levels and mirosinase activity was tested by exposing mature green fruits to ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP). The highest BG levels were detected in seeds, followed by the peel and pulp being decreased in all tissues during fruit development. Similarly, the levels of BITC were much higher in the seeds than the peel and pulp. The levels of BG for control and ethylene-treated fruit were very similar, increasing in the pulp and peel during late ripening but not changing significantly in seeds. On the other hand, fruit exposed to 1-MCP showed a decrease in BG amount in the pulp and accumulation in seed. The treatments did not result in clear differences regarding the amount of BITC in the pulp and peel of the fruit. According to the results, ethylene does not have a clear effect on BITC accumulation in ripening papaya fruit. The fact that BG levels in the pulp did not decrease during ripening, regardless of the treatment employed, and that papaya is consumed mainly as fresh fruit, speaks in favor of this fruit as a good dietary source for glucosinolate and isothiocyanates.     

Soil and plant nutrient management and fruit production of papaya (Carica papaya) in Keaau,Hawaii

Abstract

Variations in papaya yields and fruit quality between papaya growers in Keaau, Hawai’i are mainly caused by differences in nutrient management. The objectives of this study were to (1) identify soil chemical properties and plant mineral compositions and their correlations in commercial papaya orchards; (2) compare soil chemical properties and plant nutrient concentrations between papaya orchards with low, medium and high fruit yields; (3) compare soil chemical properties and plant nutrient composition between orchards with low, medium and high fruit quality; (4) determine the difference in soil chemical properties, plant nutrient composition, and papaya yield and quality between new and long-term papaya land. Between 2016 and 2018, soil and plant tissue samples were collected from 100 commercial papaya orchards. Soil pH, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were below and phosphorus (P) was above the recommended range for papaya. Petiole P, K, Ca, and sulfur (S) concentrations were below the recommended range. Fields with low fruit yields and low fruit quality were deficient in P, K, Ca, and zinc (Zn). Long-term papaya land had significantly (p?<?0.05) lower soil pH, total carbon (C), K, Ca, Mg, and sodium (Na), and higher concentrations of soil P than new papaya land. Nitrogen (N), boron (B), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) was significantly higher and Ca was significantly lower in petioles from papaya crops grown on long-term papaya land compared to new papaya land.     

Preharvest calcium applications improve postharvest quality of papaya fruits (Carica papaya L. cv. Eksotika II)

This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of calcium chloride (CaCl₂) and calcium nitrate Ca(NO₃)₂ on nutrient concentrations and postharvest quality of papaya fruits. In the first experiment, plant stem height increased significantly after Ca(NO₃)₂ application compared to CaCl₂. The calcium content in the peel and pulp for both sources [CaCl₂ and Ca(NO₃)₂] significantly rose with increasing calcium concentrations, but there was a significantly higher content of calcium in fruit peel and pulp in the CaCl₂ treatment. Magnesium and potassium in fruits decreased with increasing calcium concentrations. A reduction in anthracnose lesion diameter in the infected fruit with increasing calcium was observed in both CaCl₂ and Ca(NO₃)₂ treatments. Ethylene production in fruits decreased with increasing calcium concentrations. In the second experiment, only CaCl₂ was used as the calcium source, and results showed that the calcium content in fruit peel and pulp significantly increased at higher CaCl₂ levels, whereas ethylene production, anthracnose lesion diameter, and magnesium content decreased compared to control.     

番木瓜酸性转化酶基因家族预测及生物信息学初步分析

酸性转化酶参与了番木瓜果实中蔗糖的韧皮部卸载,调控果实中糖类的积累。本文利用番木瓜基因组数据库信息,发现了番木瓜基因组中含有6个酸性转化酶基因,分别为细胞壁转化酶基因（CpCWINV1-3）和液泡转化酶基因（CpVINV1-3）。这些基因由3-7个外显子组成,其中CpCWINV1、CpVINV1和CpVINV2的N端均具有一个跨膜区域。蛋白质3D结构预测分析表明,CpCWINV1、CpVINV1和CpVINV2具有典型的N端β-螺旋桨模块（β-propeller module）和C端β-三明治模块（β-sandwich module）,而CpCWINV3和CpVINV3的桨叶I上,均没有保守区NDPNG/A;CpCWINV2和CpVINV3均缺失了β-三明治模块。推测番木瓜细胞壁转化酶CpCWINV1、液泡转化酶CpVINV1和CpVINV2能正确履行催化蔗糖分解的功能。本研究有助于我们进一步揭示酸性转化酶在番木瓜果实发育及糖类积累过程中的作用。     

Gene cloning and characterization of a novel recombinant antifungal chitinase from papaya (Carica papaya)

A chitinase cDNA clone (CpCHI, 1002 bp) was isolated from papaya fruit, which encoded a 275 amino acid protein containing a 28 amino acid signal peptide in the N-terminal end. The predicted molecular mass of the mature protein was 26.2 kDa, and its pI value was 6.32. On the basis of its amino acid sequence homology with other plant chitinases, it was classified as a class IV chitinase. An active recombinant CpCHI enzyme was overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The purified recombinant papaya chitinase showed an optimal reaction temperature at 30 degrees C and a broad optimal pH ranging from 5.0 to 9.0. The recombinant enzyme was quite stable, retaining >64% activity for 3 weeks at 30 degrees C. The spore germination of Alternaria brassicicola could be completely inhibited by a 76 nM level of recombinant CpCHI. Recombinant CpCHI also showed antibacterial activity in which 50% of E. coli was inhibited by a 2.5 microM concentration of the enzyme.     

Allergenicity assessment of the papaya ringspot virus coat protein expressed in transgenic rainbow papaya

The virus-resistant, transgenic commercial papaya Rainbow and SunUp (Carica papaya L.) have been consumed locally in Hawaii and elsewhere in the mainland United States and Canada since their release to planters in Hawaii in 1998. These papaya are derived from transgenic papaya line 55-1 and carry the coat protein (CP) gene of papaya ringspot virus (PRSV). The PRSV CP was evaluated for potential allergenicity, an important component in assessing the safety of food derived from transgenic plants. The transgene PRSV CP sequence of Rainbow papaya did not exhibit greater than 35% amino acid sequence homology to known allergens, nor did it have a stretch of eight amino acids found in known allergens which are known common bioinformatic methods used for assessing similarity to allergen proteins. PRSV CP was also tested for stability in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid and under various heat treatments. The results showed that PRSV CP was degraded under conditions for which allergenic proteins relative to nonallergens are purported to be stable. The potential human intake of transgene-derived PRSV CP was assessed by measuring CP levels in Rainbow and SunUp along with estimating the fruit consumption rates and was compared to potential intake estimates of PRSV CP from naturally infected nontransgenic papaya. Following accepted allergenicity assessment criteria, our results show that the transgene-derived PRSV CP does not pose a risk of food allergy.     

Chemical and morphological characterization of Costa Rican papaya (Carica papaya L.) hybrids and lines with particular focus on their genuine carotenoid profiles

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) F1 hybrids and inbred lines grown in Costa Rica were screened for morphological and nutritionally relevant fruit traits. The qualitative composition of carotenoids showed great similarity, being mostly composed of free and esterified β-cryptoxanthins accompanied by β-carotene, lycopene, and biosynthetic precursors. High levels of (all-E)-lycopene and its isomers were distinctive for red-fleshed hybrids, whereas yellow-fleshed fruits were virtually devoid of lycopenes. Because carotenoid levels among the investigated hybrids and lines differed significantly, this study supports the hypothesis of an exploitable genetic variability, and a potential heterotic effect regarding carotenoid expression may be instrumental in papaya-breeding programs. Due to significantly higher levels of provitamin A carotenoids and coinciding high levels of total lycopene, particularly red-fleshed hybrids might represent prospective sources of these compounds. Furthermore, the nutritional value of some genotypes was boosted by substantial amounts of ascorbic acid (up to 73 mg/100 g of fresh weight), which correlated to total soluble solids (R(2) = 0.86).     

Varietal differences in the bioaccessibility of beta-carotene from mango (Mangifera indica) and papaya (Carica papaya) fruits

Mango and papaya, which are rich sources of beta-carotene, are widely consumed in India. In this study, beta-carotene content and its bioaccessibility were determined in six locally available varieties of mango, namely, Badami, Raspuri, Mallika, Malgoa, Totapuri, and Neelam, and two varieties of papaya, namely, Honey Dew and Surya. Varietal differences were evident in both beta-carotene content and its bioaccessibility in the case of mango. beta-Carotene content in ripe mango ranged from 0.55 +/- 0.03 mg/100 g in the Malgoa variety to 3.21 +/- 0.25 mg/100 g in the Badami variety. Similarly, in the Honey Dew and Surya varieties of papaya, beta-carotene contents were 0.70 +/- 0.10 and 0.74 +/- 0.12 mg/100 g, respectively. Bioaccessibility of beta-carotene ranged from 24.5% in Badami to 39.1% in Raspuri varieties of mango. Considering both the percent bioaccessibility and the inherent beta-carotene content, the amount of bioaccessible beta-carotene was highest in the Mallika variety (0.89 mg/100 g), followed by Badami (0.79 mg/100 g). Because mango and papaya are also consumed as a blend with milk, the influence of the presence of milk on the bioaccessibility of beta-carotene from these fruits was also examined. Addition of milk generally brought about a significant increase in the bioaccessibility of beta-carotene from mango, the increase ranging from 12 to 56%. Bioaccessibility of beta-carotene from the two varieties of papaya examined was similar (31.4-34.3%). Addition of milk increased this bioaccessibility by 19 and 38% in these two varieties. Considering the beta-carotene content of mango and papaya, the latter has to be consumed in amounts roughly 3 times that of mango to derive the same amount of beta-carotene. Thus, this study has indicated that varietal differences exist in the content and bioaccessibility of beta-carotene in mango and that the addition of milk is advantageous in deriving this provitamin A from the fruit pulp of mango and papaya.     

依靠科技创新发展广西水果产业

改革开放以来,广西水果业发展较为迅速,已成为新的经济增长点,随着市场经济的发展和人们消费结构的变化,水果市场在不断拓宽的同时竞争也日益激烈,发展机遇与挑战并存,只有紧跟农业科学技术发展,依靠科技创新,才能推动广西水果业持续发展。     

果业信息元数据分布式体系设计与模型构建

广西拥有丰富的水果资源,水果种类繁多,种植规模逐年增大,然而果农经常出现增产不增收的现象,加强果业信息的流通才是解决问题的关键。在网络迅速发展的背景下,探讨果业信息元数据分布式体系,尝试构建果业信息元数据管理系统结构模块,有助于实现果业信息的快速传播和获取理念,推进广西水果产业的可持续发展。     

~(60)Coγ射线与GA_3复合处理对番木瓜的遗传诱变效应研究

研究了60 Coγ射线与GA3 复合处理对番木瓜的遗传诱变效应 ,结果表明 ,经 1 0～ 40Gyγ射线处理 ,幼苗根尖细胞的微核细胞率、染色体畸变率、叶片畸变频率随剂量增大而增大 ,花粉育性下降 ,结果推迟 ;用 1 0～ 5 0mg L的GA3 处理可有效减轻辐射损伤 ,低辐射剂量时以低浓度的GA3 处理效果明显 ,而高辐射剂量时以高浓度的GA3 处理效果明显     

设施油桃果实发育过程中有机酸代谢的研究

以设施栽培"超红珠"油桃为试材,测定了果实发育过程有机酸含量及相关代谢酶——柠檬酸合酶(CS)、苹果酸酶(ME)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)的活性,并对果实中有机酸积累及酶活性的关系进行了分析。研究结果表明:随油桃果实发育,其有机酸含量呈先升高后降低趋势,于盛花后49d达到最高值;苹果酸含量与总有机酸含量变化趋势相似;柠檬酸含量呈逐渐升高趋势,至果实成熟有所降低;果实成熟期苹果酸与柠檬酸含量相近。有机酸相关代谢酶CS活性变化与柠檬酸含量相关性不大;果实发育后期ME活性逐渐升高,促进了苹果酸的降解和转化;MDH活性变化与苹果酸含量显著相关。因此抑制果实发育前期MDH的活性、促进果实发育后期ME的活性可以降低果实酸含量,提高糖酸比。     

Effect of superficial scald suppression by diphenylamine application on volatile evolution by stored Cortland apple fruit

Cortland apple fruit (Malus x domestica Borkh.) stored for 120-140 days in air at 0 degrees C were warmed to 22 degrees C and held for 8 days. A portion of the fruit was dipped in a solution of diphenylamine (DPA) at harvest to prevent scald development. Scald occurred only in those fruit not treated with DPA, and its development was accelerated after transfer to 22 degrees C. Ester production from apple fruit tended to increase from day 0 to day 6 of poststorage holding and declined thereafter in both treatments. However, ester production in scald-developing fruit was reduced by approximately 50%. The reduction in volatile production remained relatively constant during the rapid development of scald symptoms. Furthermore, the reduction in volatile production appeared to be independent of respiration and ethylene production. Production of esters derived from hexanol was most reduced in fruit developing scald, with hexyl 2-methylbutanoate production being reduced approximately 15-fold. Interestingly, the production of methyl butanoate was detected only in scalding fruit. alpha-Farnesene production in fruit developing scald was reduced 43% compared with DPA-treated fruit. In contrast, the primary volatile oxidation product of alpha-farnesene, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (MHO), was present only in fruit developing scald. The data suggest that inhibition of ester production may occur as a result of the physiological changes associated with susceptibility to, rather than expression of, scald symptoms.     

数字果树及其技术体系研究进展

果树是重要的农林植物。在万物智联时代,利用数字化、智能化、网络化技术建立数字果树技术体系,实现对果树生命、生产和生态复杂系统的高效感知、认知和智慧管控,对于果业实现数字化转型具有重要意义。该研究在数字植物技术范畴下,系统论述了数字果树的概念和内涵,提出了数字果树技术体系框架。重点在果树表型信息获取、环境数据获取、三维模型计算、数字育种、果树大数据和虚拟现实技术等方面综述了数字果树研究进展。从产业应用角度,综述了数字果树技术在树形管理、生长监测、种植管理、农技培训、品牌营销等方面应用效果和挑战。最后,展望了数字果树发展趋势、研究热点和技术突破方向,以期为数字果树的进一步发展提供思路与借鉴。     

INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON NICKEL ACCUMULATION AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COFFEE PLANTS DURING FRUIT DEVELOPMENT

Nutritional and physiological significance of micronutrients in coffee plants, especially with regard to nickel (Ni) is still unknown. The dynamics of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and Ni accumulation in coffee fruits, as well as their relationships with total soluble protein, amino acids, reducing sugars, and starch content during coffee fruit development (green, ripe, and dry fruits), were investigated. Coffee trees received three N fertilizer rates (0, 150, and 300 kg of N ha^?1) as ammonium sulfate split into three applications per year. Nitrogen fertilization increased reducing sugars and starch concentrations in ripe fruits. In contrast, green fruits showed the highest amino acid and Ni concentrations. Fruit Ni concentration decreased in both green and ripe fruits as N rates increased; thus, indicating the possibility of either a N-associated dilution effect on Ni concentration or that Ni uptake by roots and/or transport to developing fruit was limiting. Plant nutritional status and fruit development stage influenced the coffee grain chemical composition. Furthermore, the variation in reducing sugars and starch content was more closely linked to the stage of fruit development than to N supply. A supposed relationship among the decreased of caffeine, starch, amino acids, and proteins with Ni content during green fruit development suggests a fundamental role for Ni in coffee fruit ripening. The interaction between N and Ni metabolism during fruit ripening might influence the chemical parameters involved in the coffee grain quality. This is the first report documenting changes in Ni concentrations of coffee fruit as a function of N fertilization rates and the development stage, but further research is needed to better understand the significance of N-Ni interaction in developing coffee fruit.     

中国果树气象灾害及其综合防御体系

在分析我国果树分布、灾害类型和特点的基础上，提出了一个综合防御气象灾害的体系，该上８个子体系组成，如能全面实施，可使果树受害减少到最低程度。     

Macronutrient accumulation dynamics in apple fruits

In this study, we assessed the macronutrient levels of apple fruits cv. “Golden Smoothee” by monitoring their fruit absorption rates (mg fruit^?1 day^?1) and accumulation patterns (mg fruit^?1) throughout fruit development. Nutrient accumulation was a continuous process throughout the growing season, with patterns of absorption rates varying according to the nutrients concerned. Calcium was chiefly absorbed by the fruit during the first developmental stage, while the greatest absorption rates of other macronutrients occurred later in fruit development (from the end of shoot growth until harvest). From these patterns, it would be desirable to reduce the supply natural calcium (Ca) antagonists, such as potassium (K), ammonium (NH⁴⁺), and magnesium (Mg), during the first part of fruit development in order to achieve a good Ca balance with other nutrients and, consequently, an optimum fruit quality. Knowing these nutrient absorption and accumulation patterns is essential for planning optimum nutrient supply and improving their influence on fruit quality.     

不同果实负载下温室黄瓜干物质分配的模拟

黄瓜是中国温室栽培的最主要作物之一,果实负载决定着果实发育和产量,构建不同果实负载下温室黄瓜干物质分配模型对温室黄瓜栽培管理具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。根据温室黄瓜生长对光温需求,以辐热积（TEP）为尺度建立温室黄瓜干物质分配模型,并用与建模试验不同的试验数据进行模型检验。模型对温室黄瓜茎、叶和果实干质量的预测结果与实测值1∶1线回归估计标准误（RMSE）和决定系数（R2）分别为223.08、119.23、316.34 kg/hm2和0.76、0.73、0.75,模型的预测结果与实测值之间的吻合度较好。     

叶面喷钙对金丝小枣钙素营养及果实品质的影响

为探究叶面喷施钙肥对金丝小枣钙素营养、果实发育及品质的影响,以20年生乐陵金丝小枣为试材,以喷清水为对照,进行叶面喷施有机钙(柠檬酸钙,0.2%)和无机钙(硝酸钙,0.2%)试验,生长期间分4次测量果实生长指标以及叶片、果实中钙含量,收获期对一些果实品质指标进行测定。研究结果表明:叶面喷施有机钙和无机钙均可提高金丝小枣果实和叶片的Ca含量、果实可溶性糖含量、单果重、果形指数。喷施两种钙肥还可显著提高叶片SPAD值,改善叶片氮素营养。喷施柠檬酸钙可显著提高果实优质果比例,并降低劣质果比例。两种钙肥均可改善金丝小枣营养状况,促进金丝小枣果实发育,并且柠檬酸钙的效果优于硝酸钙。