玉米拔节期冠层叶绿素含量多光谱图像检测

为了探索大田玉米冠层叶片叶绿素指标的快速检测方法。采用自主研发的2-CCD多光谱图像成像系统采集了大田玉米拔节期冠层图像,并同步获取了样本叶绿素含量指标SPAD值。对多光谱图像进行了平滑滤波,并基于HSI颜色空间实现了冠层图像的分割。提取了玉米冠层可见光(blue(B),green(G),red(R);400~700 nm)和近红外(near-infrared,NIR,760~1 000 nm)4个波段平均灰度值并计算了平均灰度值计算比值植被指数(RVI,ratio vegetation index)、归一化植被指数(NDVI,normalized difference vegetation index)、修改型二次土壤调节植被指数(MSAVI2,modified soil-adjusted vegetation index)等8种常见植被指数作为图像检测参数。分析了这12个检测参数与叶绿素指标之间的相关性,讨论了图像检测参数的多种组合,建立了叶绿素指标的多元线性回归分析(MLRA,multiple linear regression analysis)模型。研究结果表明:R、G、B波段的平均灰度值与叶绿素指标成较高负相关,相关系数分别为-0.73,-0.71和-0.71,植被指数中相关性较好的是NDVI、MSAVI2和RVI,相关系数分别为0.83、0.81和-0.81。基于这6个参数组合建立的叶绿素指标估算模型拟合度最好,其建模集决定系数为0.79,验证集决定系数为0.71,研究结果为无损检测玉米拔节期叶绿素含量提供了支持。     

Identification and synthesis of 2-heptanethiol, a new flavor compound found in bell peppers

2-Heptanethiol was identified for the first time as a constituent of red and green bell pepper extracts. The chemical structure of this new aroma compound was proposed on the basis of mass spectra and retention indices and confirmed by chemical synthesis and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements. Its aroma properties were described as sulfury, onion-like, and vegetable-like, reminiscent of bell pepper at lower concentrations, with an orthonasal detection threshold of 10 microg/L of water. No differences in odor note and threshold value were observed for the enantiomeric forms, which were prepared from enantiopure 2-heptanol by tosylation, followed by thioacetylation and reduction, giving the target thiol enantiomers.     

Three-year comparison of the content of antioxidant microconstituents and several quality characteristics in organic and conventionally managed tomatoes and bell peppers

Understanding how the environment and production and cultivation practices influence the composition and quality of food crops is fundamental to the production of high-quality nutritious foods. In this 3-year study, total phenolics, percent soluble solids, ascorbic acid, and the flavonoid aglycones quercetin, kaempferol, and luteolin were measured in two varieties of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Ropreco and Burbank) and two varieties of bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L. cv. California Wonder and Excalibur) grown by certified organic and conventional practices in a model system. Significantly higher levels of percent soluble solids (17%), quercetin (30%), kaempferol (17%), and ascorbic acid (26%) were found in Burbank tomatoes (fresh weight basis; FWB), whereas only levels of percent soluble solids (10%) and kaempferol (20%) were significantly higher in organic Ropreco tomatoes (FWB). Year-to-year variability was significant, and high values from 2003 influenced the 3-year average value of quercetin reported for organic Burbank tomatoes. Burbank tomatoes generally had higher levels of quercetin, kaempferol, total phenolics, and ascorbic acid as compared to Ropreco tomatoes. Bell peppers were influenced less by environment and did not display cropping system differences.     

玉米苗期冠层多光谱反射率反演与叶绿素含量诊断

为了探索玉米苗期叶片叶绿素含量指标的快速、非破坏性估测方法,该文运用多光谱图像技术对大田玉米苗期叶绿素含量指标进行快速无损的诊断研究。大田试验中,采用2-CCD多光谱图像采集系统获取大田玉米苗期的冠层多光谱图像,并同步采集漫反射灰度板的多光谱图像。为消除光照对图像采集质量的影响,准确将不同光照条件下的玉米冠层图像数据转换为其叶面反射率数据,标定试验中采用一块4个不同灰度级的满足朗伯面条件漫反射灰度板,建立了叶片光谱反射率同图像灰度值之间的线性反演公式,并与大田试验中漫反射灰度板的多光谱图像建立了玉米冠层图像灰度值的校正公式。对玉米苗期冠层多光谱图像进行处理,提取出玉米冠层B、G、R、NIR(中心波长分别为470,550,620,800 nm)4个波段归一化平均灰度值。通过灰度值的校正公式得到校正后的归一化平均灰度值,由线性公式反演出R、G、B、NIR 4个波段的平均反射率值,并计算4种常见光谱植被指数(RNDVI、RNDGI、RRVI和RDVI),采用最小二乘-支持向量回归(LS-SVR)建立植被指数同叶绿素含量指标的拟合模型。结果表明:植被指数RNDVI、RRVI和RDVI和玉米冠层叶绿素含量指标拟合验证集决定系数R2为0.56,达到了较为理想的拟合结果。证明通过漫反射灰度板对玉米冠层多光谱图像建立反射率反演校正模型的方法是可行的,这一方法为快速无损检测玉米苗期叶绿素含量指标提供了支持。     

利用高光谱估测干旱胁迫下接菌根菌大豆叶绿素含量

该研究旨在利用高光谱遥感动态监测干旱胁迫下接种菌根植物生长状况,为菌根技术在旱区农业中的推广提供一定的理论基础。以盆栽大豆为对象,在不同接种丛枝菌根时期采用高光谱遥感技术监测不同干旱胁迫下接菌和不接菌处理大豆叶片的叶绿素含量变化,对比分析了3个水分梯度下及同一水分梯度下接菌和不接菌处理的大豆地上部分干质量、叶绿素含量和叶片光谱在可见光和近红外区域的响应特征差异,建立了大豆叶绿素含量与多个光谱变量的估测模型。研究结果表明:接菌第45天和第64天,同一水分梯度下接菌大豆地上部分干质量优于不接菌处理,且其叶绿素含量也高于不接菌,这些差异在叶片光谱曲线特征中同样得以反映,接种菌根在一定程度上可以缓解干旱胁迫对植物生长的影响;基于多元线性逐步回归方法建立的一阶微分模型能较准确地估测干旱胁迫下接菌大豆的叶绿素含量,其模型决定系数和预测检验决定系数分别为0.90和0.84,具有较高的精度和良好的预测能力。     

Non-destructive estimation of chlorophyll and nitrogen content in leaf of Rosa damascena (Mill)

Chlorophyll (Chl) and nitrogen (N) status of leaves provide valuable information about the physiological condition of plants. The conventional methods for measuring Chl and N contents in leaves are destructive, costly, time-consuming, and do not allow repetitive measurement of the same sample. The Damask Rose (Rosa damascena Mill) is an important aromatic crop in the western Himalaya region in India. Generally, flower yield and oil yield of the Damask rose are correlated with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) levels in the leaf at the bud development stage. The dynamics of N within the rose plant have not been reported clearly. Thus, there is a pressing need for non-destructive techniques to estimate Chl and N content in the leaf of the Damask rose. Our objective was to establish an appropriate mathematical relationship between the Chl content index (CCI) value and the total Chl/N contents for non-destructive estimation of total Chl and N in the leaf of the Damask rose. The regression models were developed with destructively measured parameters (total Chl and N) as the dependent variable and a parameter derived from CCM-200 as the independent variable (CCI). We found that polynomial regression models are suitable for non-destructive estimation of total Chl, and the model predicted values were very close to traditionally measured values with a root mean square prediction error (RMSEp) less than 0.20?mg?g^?1 of Chl. In the case of N estimation, a power regression model was appropriate with lowest Akaike's information criteria (AIC) and root mean square validated error (RMSEv) value. Significant correlations (P?≤?0.001) were observed between traditionally measured values and our model predicted values in both cases.     

水稻成熟过程中高光谱与叶绿素、类胡萝卜素的变化规律研究

通过大田和室内试验，测定了2个品种、3个供氮水平处理的水稻冠层、主茎剑叶、完全展开倒三叶和穗在成熟过程中的不同时期的高光谱反射率及对应叶片和穗的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量。结果表明：不同供氮水平的水稻冠层和叶片光谱差异明显，其叶片的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量随供氮水平的提高而增大；冠层光谱反射率随发育期推移在可见光范围内逐渐增大，在近红外区域逐渐降低；穗光谱的红边位置象冠层、叶片光谱一样也存在“蓝移”现象；叶片叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量和高光谱植被指数VI1(R₉₉₀/R_{553相似文献}   

库尔勒香梨叶片全钾含量高光谱估算模型研究

为实现库尔勒香梨养分状况的无损、实时、快速监测,利用便携式光谱仪(SVC HR-768)测定不同钾肥施用量的20年树龄库尔勒香梨叶片光谱反射率,并结合叶片全钾含量的室内分析,对叶片全钾含量与原始光谱、一阶导数光谱、高光谱参数之间相关性进行分析。结果表明:在425 nm处原始光谱与叶片全钾含量构建的线性模型,调整决定系数R2值达到0.913;在630 nm处一阶微分光谱与全钾含量构建的线性模型,调整决定系数R2值为0.986。叶片全钾含量与高光谱特征变量中绿峰位置变量(Rg)和红谷位置变量(Ro)的相关性极显著,由此构建的线性模型调整决定系数R2值均达到0.96以上。通过模型检验,确定基于630 nm的光谱一阶微分(X630)模型Y=1 136.835X630+50.709为库尔勒香梨叶片全钾含量(Y)的最优估测模型。     

烤烟成熟鲜烟叶生化组分高光谱估算方法筛选

为实现实时无损快速预测鲜烟叶的品质生化组分、筛选估算生化组分最佳的方法,使用ASD Fieldspec FR2500对烤烟成熟鲜烟叶进行了反射率、透射率光谱测定和常规生化组分分析。对可见近红外波段(350～1650 nm)单波段光谱和选用已有100种光谱指数共两类光谱参量进行了与生化组分之间线性函数、幂函数、指数函数共3种形式相关分析和基于决定系数的筛选。结果表明,对于叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素、钾估算方法分别是Gitelson and Merzlyak2(GM₂) (R²=0.81)、光化学指数2(PRI₂) (R²=0.80)、Gitelson and Merzlyak2(GM₂) (R²=0.83)、1420 nm吸收峰开始位置(λs₁₄₂₀) (R²=0.67)的线性拟合最优。对于总糖、比叶重、氮、烟碱最优方法分别是在532 nm反射率一阶微分线性拟合(R²=0.54)、在1423 nm透射率线性拟合(R²=0.45)、在666 nm反射率倒数对数一阶微分的幂函数拟合(R²=0.44),在1135 nm反射率倒数对数二阶微分的线性拟合(R²=0.20)。通过筛选的光谱方法可以评估烟叶的品质状况。     

杜马斯燃烧法和凯氏定氮法在土壤全氮检测中的比较研究

选用 6组不同全氮含量的土壤样品(梯度为 0%～0.06%、0.06%～0.1%、0.1%～0.2%、0.2%～0.3%、0.3%～ 0.4%和 0.4%～ 0.5%)和 4份土壤有效态成分分析标准物质为试验材料,分别采用杜马斯燃烧法和凯氏定氮法测定其全氮含量,并对两种方法测定结果的精密度、准确度和相关性及检测成本进行了比较分析。对土壤有效态成分分析标准物质全氮含量的检测,两种方法测定结果都接近于真实值,比较两种方法的相对标准偏差(RSD)和相对误差(RE)值,可确定杜马斯燃烧法精密度更高,且准确度更好;对于含氮量范围为 0%～ 0.06%的样品,两种方法的测定值之比(D/K)为 0.692～ 0.965,杜马斯燃烧法测定结果的变异系数为 0.00%～ 9.96%,测定结果不稳定,两种方法的测定值间存在显著的线性相关,但 R2仅为 0.9049;而含氮量大于 0.06%的样品,两种方法的测定值之比(D/K)为 0.940～ 1.104,变异系数均小于 5%,测定结果间存在显著的线性相关(R2=0.9979)。在检测成本方面,完成相同数量样品检测,杜马斯燃烧法所需时间和人力都约是凯氏定氮法的1/2。因而,杜马斯燃烧法是一种环保、高效的土壤全氮检测方法,对于含氮量范围为 0%～ 0.06%的土壤样品,凯氏定氮法的测定结果更接近于真实值,而对于含氮量大于 0.06%的土壤样品,杜马斯燃烧法更加适用。     

冬小麦苗期叶绿素含量检测光谱学参数寻优

光谱分析技术是作物生长检测的主要手段,为了解决大田漫反射采集所造成的光谱基线漂移和偏移问题,研究采集了冬小麦冠层325~1 075 nm范围反射光谱,采用多元散射校正方法对小麦原始光谱进行预处理。采取遗传算法对光谱特征参数寻优并结合相关分析结果,选取486、599、699和762 nm波长处反射率值并组合计算了RVI(ratio vegetation index),DVI(difference vegetation index),NDVI(normalized difference vegetation index)和SAVI(soil-adjusted vegetation index)共12个植被指数,分析了各植被指数与叶绿素含量值之间的相关关系,结果显示:DVI和SAVI可抑制苗期土壤背景干扰并对叶绿素含量响应较为敏感,与叶绿素含量相关性最优的参数分别为DVI(762,599)、SAVI(762,599)、DVI(762,699)和SAVI(762,699),与叶绿素含量的相关系数都达到0.6以上。基于相关性最优光谱植被指数DVI(762,699)和SAVI(762,599)利用最小二乘-支持向量回归建立冬小麦叶绿素含量预测模型,建模集决定系数为0.681,验证集决定系数为0.611。该模型可用于无损检测冬小麦苗期叶绿素含量,以期为后续施肥决策提供支持。     

A comparison of carotenoid content and total antioxidant activity in catsup from several commercial sources in the United States

Samples of catsup from 13 commercial sources, representing at least 10 U.S. manufacturers, were analyzed for carotenoid content, antioxidant activity, and percentage solids. The solids content of these catsup brand samples varied from 26.31 to 38.06% solids. The lycopene content ranged from 59.42 to 183.36 microg, and total carotenoids were as high as 216.6 microg/g fresh weight, respectively. In addition, both hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant activities were measured using the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay. These measurements of samples of the various catsup brands ranged from 176.5 to 356.8 total TEAC units.     

Genotype, location, and year influence antioxidant activity, carotenoid content, phenolic content, and composition in specialty potatoes

The influence of genotype, location, and year on antioxidant activity (AOA), total phenolics (TP), total carotenoids (TC), and phenolic composition was studied using specialty (colored) potatoes ( Solanum tuberosum L.) from the Texas Potato Variety Development Program. Twenty-five potato genotypes were grown at two Texas locations (McCook and Dalhart) and in two years (2003 and 2004). The AOA, TP, and TC differed significantly with genotype (G), location (L), and year (Y). Phenolic composition differed significantly among genotypes and between locations. The AOA, TP, and chlorogenic acid content were significantly correlated with one another. Genotypic effects were significant for all parameters measured and were larger than location and year effects. Interaction effects (G x L and G x L x Y) were significant for most parameters, but were relatively smaller than genotypic effects. Lutein and violaxanthin were the major carotenoids identified, and genotypes differed significantly in their carotenoid content. Genotypes CO112F2-2P/P and ATTX98013-1R/R were stable between locations and years with high AOA and TP, suggesting that they could be used as parents in breeding varieties with improved health benefits.     

钨酸钠对成熟期烤烟氮代谢、氧化胁迫和烟碱含量的影响

为解决烟叶后期贪青晚熟所造成的问题,本研究以K326为研究对象,针对生长过旺的烟株喷施不同浓度的钨酸钠,研究了其对烟叶根系活力、氮代谢、抗氧化系统及烟碱含量的影响。结果表明:喷施钨酸钠不同程度地减弱了烟株的根系活力、硝酸还原酶(NR)活性、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量,并与钨酸钠浓度呈显著负相关;增加了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)等抗氧化酶活性,与钨酸钠的浓度呈显著正相关;同时降低了烟碱的含量。综合来看,以喷施1.0 mmol/L的钨酸钠能够有效抑制烟叶的氮代谢,促进烟叶成熟落黄,提高烟叶抗氧化胁迫的能力,同时降低烟叶烟碱含量。     

Color in fruit of the genus actinidia: carotenoid and chlorophyll compositions.

The carotenoid and chlorophyll contents in the fruit of four species of Actinidia were measured to determine the chemical basis of color in kiwifruit and related Actinidia species. The species studied were the two commercial fruits Actinidia deliciosa cv. Hayward and a yellow-fleshed genotype Actinidia chinensis cv. Hort16A (known commercially as ZESPRI Gold kiwifruit), the yellow fruit of Actinida polygama, and the orange fruit of Actinida macrosperma. As reported previously, ripe fruit of A. deliciosa contain chlorophylls a and b and the carotenoids normally associated with photosynthesis, beta-carotene, lutein, violaxanthin, and 9'-cis-neoxanthin. The carotenoids in A. chinensis were similar to those in A. deliciosa but also contained esterified xanthophylls. Only trace amounts of chlorophyll were present in A. chinensis. The major carotenoid in both A. macrosperma and A. polygama was beta-carotene, with no chlorophyll detected. The yellow color of A. chinensis was mostly due to the reduction of chlorophyll rather than an increase in carotenoid concentration. In contrast to the three yellow/orange species, the green fruit of A. deliciosa retains chlorophyll during maturation and ripening, and esterified xanthophylls are not produced. This suggests that in fruit of A. deliciosa chloroplasts are not converted to chromoplasts as is typical for ripening fruit.     

高光谱估算土壤有机质含量的波长变量筛选方法

土壤高光谱数据量大、波段维数高,存在光谱信息无效、冗余和重叠现象,导致基于全波段构建的土壤有机质含量反演模型不稳定、精度难以提升。因此,探寻筛选关键波长变量的方法,通过滤除干扰、冗余、共线信息,提高模型预测性能,是目前土壤高光谱研究的热点之一。该文对江汉平原公安县的土壤样本进行室内理化分析、光谱测量与处理等工作获取了实证数据,采用无信息变量消除法(uninformative variables elimination,UVE)剔除无效变量,利用竞争性自适应重加权算法(competitive adaptive reweighted sampling,CARS)滤除冗余变量,运用连续投影算法(successive projections algorithm,SPA)消除共线变量,并尝试将不同类型的筛选方法进行耦合筛选关键波长变量,应用偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression,PLSR)分别建立土壤有机质含量估算模型,对比各种变量筛选方法的优缺点,最终,构建筛选土壤高光谱数据关键变量的方法体系。研究结果表明,除SPA方法的模型精度低于全波段外,其他6种变量筛选方法的建模效果均优于全波段;在3种单个变量筛选方法中,CARS方法优于UVE、SPA变量筛选方法,能有效地筛选出重要波长变量,其预测集相对分析误差RPD值为2.84;综合比较各种变量筛选方法,发现CARS-SPA方法从全波段2 001个波长中筛选出37个特征波长建立的土壤有机质含量的PLSR模型效果最好,其模型预测集的决定系数R2和相对分析误差RPD值分别为0.92、3.60,所选波段仅为全波段的1.85%。CARS-SPA-PLSR模型简单、预测效果好,可作为该区域土壤有机质含量估测的重要方法,对今后土壤近地传感器设备的开发具有一定的指导作用。     

采用不同红边位置提取技术估测蔬菜叶绿素含量的比较研究

红边位置常被用来估测植被的叶绿素/氮素含量、叶面积以及探测植被胁迫,其精确计算十分重要.目前其计算主要是基于导数光谱或曲线拟合技术,但哪种方法能更有效地探测植被的叶绿素/氮素含量,还没有一个定论.本研究以菠菜的叶片高光谱为例,详细比较了目前常用的6种红边位置提取方法与叶片叶绿素之间的关系,并从其对叶绿素含量预测的准确度、计算的难易程度、所需数据的精度及适用范围等几个方面进行了讨论.结果表明,叶片红边位置的计算结果对选择方法的依赖性很大,几种计算方法提取的红边位置与叶绿素含量的相关性均较好.四点线性内插法计算的红边位置往往偏大,最大一阶导数法与叶绿素含量的关系存在着明显的不连续性,拉格朗日内插法、倒高斯模犁法在一定程度上存在着对高叶绿素含量的饱和现象,多项式拟合法对拟合波段区间、最高项次及光谱分辨率等比较灵敏而导致结果不够稳定,而线性外推法计算出的红边位置对叶绿素含量最为敏感,预测的准确度最高,且计算相对比较简单,并能适用于较宽波段的遥感数据.在实际应用时还应根据具体情况而选择合适的红边位置提取方法.     

Growth and chlorophyll,mineral, and total amino acid composition of tomato and wheat plants in relation to nitrogen and iron nutrition II. Chlorophyll content and total amino acid composition

Studies of the amino acids distribution in plants subjected to nutrient regimes are limited. The present study investigated the effect of NO₃‐N and FeSO₄‐Fe regimes on chlorophyll and total amino acids composition of tomato and wheat plants. Also the distribution of 17 amino acids between the different plant parts was studied. Increasing the NO₃‐N level up to 200 mg kg^‐1 greatly increased the total amino acids content of tomato plants. The total amino acids content of wheat plants continued to increase with addition of NO₃‐N up to 400 mg kg^‐1. The response of chlorophyll content to NO₃‐N supply was highly dependent on Fe level both in tomato and wheat plants. The interaction between NO₃‐N and FeSO₄‐Fe had a great effect on the total amino acids content and distribution. Iron increased the translocation of proline from roots to leaves. The overall amino acids contents of leaves was higher than that of stems or roots.     

Comparison of four methods of digestion for the determination of total phosphorus content in hen droppings

Abstract

The objective of this study was to compare four methods of digesting for the determination of total phosphorus (P) content in hen droppings by colorimetric spectrometry. For this comparison, we used an homogeneous and oven‐dried sample of hen droppings and made 19 analyses with each method on this same sample. Method 1 was a dry and complete digestion with addition of calcium carbonate before ashing at 550°C for 12 h. Method 2 was a dry simplified digestion without the addition of calcium carbonate. Method 3 was a wet and complete digestion with sulfuric acid and successive addition of nitric acid and heating. Method 4 was a wet simplified digestion with sulfuric and nitric acids added at once and heating for 30 min. We obtained P levels of 1.93±0.049%, 1.93±0.047%, 1.96±0.079%, and 1.98±0.143% for the four methods, respectively. There was no statistical difference among those four methods, and therefore we recommend Method 2 since it requires the use of less concentrated acids, and in addition, the standard deviation is the lowest.