基肥对依兰香造林成活率及幼林期生长影响

依兰香(Cananga odorata)也称为依兰依兰,是一种热带珍贵木本香料树种,枝繁叶茂、花形雅致、香气独特浓郁,具有重要的生态景观及药用价值。它原产东南亚的印度尼西亚和菲律宾等地,现热带地区具有广泛分布。采用单因素随机区组设计,对比了不同基肥对依兰香造林成活率及树高胸径生长的影响。结果表明:施用基肥可以适当提高依兰香造林成活率,其中以处理2(每株施1600g乐岛有机肥)效果最好,造林成活率达94.81%,显著高于对照。施用不同的基肥,对依兰香的生长均有不同程度的促进。各处理间对依兰香树高、胸径影响大小的顺序均为处理2(1600g乐岛有机肥)处理1(800g乐岛有机肥)处理4(250g钙镁磷肥)处理3(125g钙镁磷肥)处理5(空白对照)。     

墨西哥柏木精油组成分析及化学特征成分筛选

以墨西哥柏鲜叶为原料,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取柏木精油。使用气相色谱 质谱联用仪对精油化学组成进行分析鉴定,通过归类比较,以化学成分的相对含量为依据,筛选出组成独特的植株,将墨西哥柏划分为柠檬型、石竹烯型、蒎烯型、衣兰型、桧烯型、香紫苏型等6种类型。6种不同化学类型的精油共鉴定出37种化学成分,共有的成分为7种,包括α 蒎烯、桧烯、柠檬烯、β 石竹烯等。其中柠檬型共鉴定出27种化学成分,柠檬烯的含量为41.6%;石竹烯型共鉴定出19种成分,β 石竹烯的含量为27.9%;蒎烯型共鉴定出28种化学组成,α 蒎烯的含量为42.7%;衣兰型共鉴定出21种成分,顺式衣兰油 4(15),5 二烯的含量为32.0%;桧烯型共鉴定出23种化学组成,桧烯的含量为23.5%;香紫苏型共鉴定出28种成分,香紫苏醇的含量为14.2%。通过对精油成分进行分析鉴定,对组成特殊的墨西哥柏进行筛选,选出成分特殊的优良品种,可以有目的地对墨西哥柏木品种进行培育种植,为墨西哥柏木的选种育林提供科学依据。     

Development narratives,notions of forest crisis,and boom of oil palm plantations in Indonesia

Indonesia experienced massive deforestation in the last decades where rapid oil palm expansion has been considered as one of the main drivers. This article shows that the process of deforestation and the rapid oil palm expansion cannot be viewed in isolation from broader development contexts. Various actors at local, national, and global levels have used development narratives and poverty alleviation through various policies and institutional setting to create spaces and opportunities for oil palm development. These actors also deliberately created the notion of forest crisis by omitting the values of forest environmental services to justify forest conversion into oil palm plantations. These multiple factors shaped the speed and the direction of oil palm expansion in Indonesia. This rapid oil palm expansion in Indonesia has resulted in massive LUCC and serious environmental problems. Given these complexities, a single policy will not be sufficient when it comes to managing the consequences of rapid oil palm expansion in Indonesia.     

茉莉花香气、茉莉花精油及净油挥发性成分的HS-SPME-GC-MS和GC-MS比较分析

为了寻找茉莉花香气、茉莉花精油和净油成分的差异,指导茉莉花产品加工,采用顶空固相微萃取和气质联用技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS)或气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)进行挥发性成分的分析。结果表明,挥发性成分组成主要是酯类和萜类,共同成分有10个,这些成分应是构成茉莉花香气的基础。精油中重组分含量相对较低(4.84%),其香气较纯正;净油中,头香成分含量相对较低,重组分含量偏高(23.79%),导致香气不够纯正。茉莉花精油和净油加工生产时,为保证香气纯正,须防止乙酸苯甲酯和芳樟醇等成分流失。     

浅析木蜡油的应用、研究现状及发展趋势

木蜡油是无有毒物质挥发的绿色环保涂料,具有渗透性高、稳定性好、耐老化性能强等特点。本文系统地介绍了木蜡油的概念、成分和特点,并对木蜡油的应用和研究现状进行了初步分析,重点分析了木蜡油的组成成分及其对成膜性能的影响,尤其是催化剂成分对固化时间的影响,并指出了木蜡油的发展方向,以期为木蜡油的研发和应用提供参考。     

中国油桐栽培利用与应用基础研究进展

从中国油桐栽培与利用的历史入手,分析了中国油桐栽培利用的现状及其花和生长规律的研究进展,为中国油桐的丰产、高产、稳产、优质提供了科学的理论依据;着重介绍了中国油桐有关生理生化方面的研究进展,不仅为提高中国油桐产量的提高,也为现代生物技术应用于中国油桐的生产提供了理论基础．     

Effect of oil impregnation on water repellency,dimensional stability and mold susceptibility of thermally modified European aspen and downy birch wood

Conventional chemical wood preservatives have been banned or restricted in some applications due to human and animal toxicity and their adverse impact on the surrounding environment. New, low-environmental-impact wood treatments that still provide effective protection systems are needed to protect wood. Thermal modification of wood could reduce hygroscopicity, improve dimensional stability and enhance resistance to mold attack. The aim of this study was to investigate if these properties enhanced in thermally modified (TM) wood through treatments with oils. In this study, TM European aspen (Populus tremula) and downy birch (Betula pubescens) wood were impregnated with three different types of oil: water-miscible commercial Elit Träskydd (Beckers oil with propiconazole and 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate, IPBC), a pine tar formulation and 100% tung oil. The properties of oil-impregnated wood investigated were water repellency, dimensional stability and mold susceptibility. The treated wood, especially with pine tar and tung oil, showed an increase in water repellency and dimensional stability. However, Beckers oil which contains biocides like propiconazole and IPBC showed better protection against mold compared with pine tar and tung oil. To enhance the dimensional stability of the wood, pine tar and tung oil can be used, but these oil treatments did not significantly improve mold resistance rather sometimes enhanced the mold growth, whereas a significant anti-mold effect was observed on Beckers oil treated samples.     

Analgesic,antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oil of Lippia multiflora

The essential oil of Lippia multiflora Moldenke (Verbenaceae) produced by conventional hydrodistillation was analyzed and studied for its analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities in rats and mice. At the doses used (2, 4 and 8 ml/kg o.s.) the essential oil of L. multiflora showed significant and dose-dependent analgesic effect on acetic acid-induced writhing in mice. Only the dose of 8 ml/kg of essential oil, antagonized hyperexia induced by brewer's yeast. No effect on granuloma formation was observed.     

The conservation value of oil palm plantation estates, smallholdings and logged peat swamp forest for birds

The expansion of industrial oil palm cultivation threatens tropical biodiversity globally, especially in developing countries. Driven by plans to generate economic revenue, large-scale plantations are emerging in Southeast Asia, Africa and Brazilian Amazon. However, the ecological impacts of the sector are poorly studied with respect to oil palm management system, and recommended conservation measures are based on limited data. We studied avifauna in oil palm landscapes in Peninsular Malaysia under different management systems (large plantation estates versus smallholdings) and age classes (uniform age versus mixed-age stands). We sampled 41 large plantation estates and 14 smallholdings, as well as 20 sites in an extensively logged peat swamp forest, the type of natural forest prior to conversion to oil palms. Compared with logged peat swamp forest, our results showed that forest conversion to oil palm cultivation may have eliminated 48-60% of bird species. We also found: (i) plantation estates and smallholdings supported similar bird assemblages but the latter supported significantly more species (P = 0.007); and (ii) despite reduced species richness in oil palm landscapes, we found high abundance of some individual bird species in specific types of stands including some forest, migratory, and wetland species. Conversion of natural forest to oil palm landscapes should not occur in the future through clearing of primary or secondary native forests. To complement conventional conservation approaches (e.g. the establishment of protected areas) in palm oil-producing countries, existing plantation estates and smallholdings should be managed in ways to promote improved conservation outcomes, although oil palm landscapes maintained a fraction of the original forest biodiversity. Managing habitat heterogeneity at both a local and a landscape-level is highly recommended in oil palm landscapes to maintain and/or enhance avian biodiversity.     

中国广西、云南肉桂资源及其生长发育习性、出油率的调查

对中国广西、云南肉桂资源及其不同产地、品种、树龄生长发育习性、出油率的调查,认为海拔100～500m的湿热区,肉桂生长最好,桂皮出油率及主成分肉桂醛含量稳定,是适于发展肉桂种植的地区;4～10龄树桂皮出油率及肉桂醛含量随树龄增加而增加,而11～19龄树随树龄增长而出油率较低,但肉桂醛含量较高;肉桂种植后4～5年即可疏伐采收,8～10龄树可采收桂皮,10～15龄树为最佳的采收期。     

Contact,fumigant, and cytotoxic activities of thyme and lemongrass essential oils against larvae and an ovarian cell line of the cabbage looper,Trichoplusia ni

The chemical composition of a plant essential oil can be affected by many environmental and biological factors. Understanding the role of individual constituents as well as their interactions to the overall insecticidal bioactivity is prerequisite to the use of essential oils as an alternative to conventional insecticides. In the present study, the chemical compositions of plant essential oils obtained from Thymus vulgaris (thyme) and Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and the insecticidal and cytotoxic activities of individual constituents were evaluated against third instar larvae and an ovarian cell line of Trichoplusia ni. Thymol was the most abundant compound in thyme oil and the primary active constituent in contact and cytotoxicity tests, whereas p-cymene was the most effective compound for fumigant toxicity. In lemongrass oil, citral was identified as the major active and most abundant constituent. A weak correlation between insecticidal activity and cytotoxicity was observed, indicating limitation of the latter as a screening tool for novel insecticides. Although the evaporation of thymol was enhanced at higher temperatures, its contribution to fumigant activity was limited.     

Conversion of forests into oil palm plantations in West Kalimantan,Indonesia: Insights from actors' power and its dynamics

Oil palm plantations have been touted as one of the main drivers of deforestation in Indonesia. This paper aims to explain how oil palm companies accumulate power that enables them to control forestland and convert it into oil palm. Specifically, this paper identifies empirical evidence pointing to why oil palm companies emerge as powerful actors in land use conflicts. This paper uses the case of forest lands claimed by different actors – i.e. a timber plantation company, an oil palm company, and local communities – in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Before the decentralisation policy, the interests of timber plantations were principally safeguarded by coercion from the forest ministry. The timber company was also supported by local communities by promising financial incentives to them. Following the decentralisation policy, additional actors get involved in the land use conflicts leading to more complex power interplays. In fact, some forestlands licensed for timber plantations are used by the oil palm company. Oil palm interests resonate with the economic interests of local governments, who use their legal mandates on land use allocation to facilitate the establishment of oil palm. The power of the oil palm company is also enhanced by the support from local communities, to which it handed more financial incentives than those of the timber plantation. It also used dominant information of customary claims and land appropriation by the ministry of forestry, with which it persuades local communities to pressurize government institutions to support oil palm operations.     

鸭儿芹精油成分、抗氧化与抑菌活性研究

为给鸭儿芹的综合利用提供科学依据,以鸭儿芹茎、叶为原料,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取鸭儿芹精油,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对鸭儿芹精油成分进行了分析,利用DPPH、ABTS自由基清除能力试验与FRAP试验及打孔法抑菌试验对其精油的抗氧化抗菌活性进行了分析。结果表明:(1)精油成分方面,从鸭儿芹精油中共分离出32个峰,占总离子峰的93.75%,共鉴定出30种化合物,其主要成分分别为α-芹子烯(42.01%)、β-芹子烯(19.86%)、(Z)-β-金合欢烯(12.76%)、镰叶芹醇(4.16%)、α-没药醇(3.93%)等;(2)抗氧化能力方面,当鸭儿芹精油浓度由19μg/m L上升到38μg/m L时,DPPH反应液中Trolox的当量由0.003μmol上升到0.007μmol,ABTS反应液中Trolox的当量由0.069μmol上升到0.074μmol,FRAP反应液中Trolox的当量由0.225μmol上升到0.280μmol,当精油浓度在一定范围内,其DPPH清除能力、ABTS自由基清除能力及铁离子还原抗氧化能力与其浓度间均呈量效关系,且均呈正相关效应,表明鸭儿芹精油具有良好的抗氧化能力;(3)抗菌活性方面,当鸭儿芹精油浓度为1 280 mg/m L时,金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈直径可达7.05 mm,表现出一定的抑菌活性,且其对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果显著优于其对大肠杆菌的抑菌效果。     

Pathogenicity of Malaysian Phytophthora palmivora on cocoa,durian, rubber and oil palm determines the threat of bud rot disease

The epidemic of bud rot disease affecting oil palm in Colombia is primarily caused by Phytophthora palmivora. The pathogen has a cosmopolitan presence that includes Southeast Asia, but to date, bud rot has not been reported in this region. This study provides an overview of the potential risk of Malaysian P. palmivora isolates cross‐infecting other host species, including cocoa, durian, rubber and Malaysian oil palm planting materials (Dura × Pisifera, D × P). On cocoa pods, the durian isolate PP7 caused dark brown necrotic lesions. Detached leaf bioassays showed that P. palmivora isolates PP3 and PP7 infected different hosts, except rubber foliage without wounding. Inoculation tests on cocoa, durian and rubber seedlings caused brown necrotic lesions when stems were wounded, with 10% mortality in cocoa and durian at 17 days post‐inoculation (dpi). However, no further infection was observed, and lesions closed within 14–28 dpi on the non‐wounded seedlings. Pathogenicity tests of oil palm seedlings inoculated with isolates PP3 and PP7 indicated that Malaysian P. palmivora isolates were not pathogenic to oil palms based on localized infection observed only through wounding. Overall, the work demonstrated that Malaysian P. palmivora isolates were able to cross‐infect multiple hosts but did not show severe infections on oil palms.     

Prospects and problems: considerations for smallholder cattle grazing in oil palm plantations in South Kalimantan,Indonesia

Current Indonesian beef production only meets 45% of local demand. Increasing local beef production through integration of cattle production in pre-existing oil palm plantations is a possible solution to meeting this shortfall. The oil palm understorey provides feed, alleviating the need to convert additional land to agriculture. Smallholders are important contributors to both Indonesian cattle and palm oil production. This case study research seeks to understand key aspects of smallholder cattle management in palm oil production areas, to highlight opportunities and barriers to cattle integration. Thirty-nine smallholder cattle farmers from four villages in South Kalimantan were individually interviewed. The lack of alternative feed sources was the major driver towards the adoption of cattle production using oil palm understorey as feed. Cattle grazing was uncontrolled due to labour shortages and occurred in individually owned and ‘plasma’ plantations, with cattle penned at night where possible to avoid theft. Arrangements on land access and use between stakeholders are needed for systematic cattle grazing and to control cattle theft.

     

Excellent oil absorbent kapok [Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.] fiber: fiber structure, chemical characteristics, and application

The study focused on kapok [Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.] fruit as a biomass for effective utilization. Kapok fruits were harvested just before full maturation at the campus of University of the Philippines Los Banos and in southern Vietnam. The kapok fibers are utilized locally as fiberfill in pillows, quilts, and some soft toys. Kapok fiber was isolated and analyzed microscopically, and the physicochemical properties were determined by spectroscopic methods. Some tests were done to determine the effective utilization of kapok fiber. Microscopic analysis of the higher structure of kapok fiber gave quite different results from cotton fiber, which has a significantly homogeneous hollow tube shape and is composed of cellulose (35 % dry fiber), xylan (22%), and lignin (21.5%). Kapok fiber is characterized by having a high level of acetyl groups (13.0%). Usually cell walls of plants contain about 1%–2% of acetyl groups attached to noncellulosic polysaccharides. Kapok fiber is significantly hydrophobic and does not get wet with water. Thus, the absorptivity of oil was tested. The fiber selectively absorbed significant amounts of oil (40 g/g of fiber) from an oil suspension in freshwater and seawater. It is suggested that this fiber could be used to recover oil spilled in seawater.     

Awara (Astrocaryum vulgare M.) pulp oil: chemical characterization, and anti-inflammatory properties in a mice model of endotoxic shock and a rat model of pulmonary inflammation

Awara (Astrocaryum vulgare M.) is a palm fruit mainly used in nutrition. We analysed the pulp oil for fatty acid, tocopherol, carotenoid, and phytosterol and we evaluated whether this oil may attenuate inflammation in vivo. In an endotoxic shock model, awara pulp oil treatment decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased anti-inflammatory cytokines. In a pulmonary inflammation model, awara pulp oil treatment reduced eosinophil and lymphocyte numbers recovered into the broncho-alveolar lavages. These results suggest that awara pulp oil administration can efficiently counteract an acute and chronic inflammatory response in vivo that is probably mediated by fatty acids and minor compounds.     

世界桉树芳香油生产与市场供求趋势研究

可以作为芳香油生产原料的桉树有20多种。中国、葡萄牙、西班牙、南非和巴西等国是桉树芳香油的主要生产国家,每年总产量大约3000吨,产品主要销往法国、美国、西德、英国和日本等国。医药型芳香油价格稳定,工业用油和香料型芳香油的价格呈下降趋势。中国产品出口数量和价格对国际市场具有决定性影响。     

Toxicity and antitermite activity of the essential oils from Cinnamomum camphora, Cymbopogon nardus, Melaleuca cajuputi and Dipterocarpus sp. against Coptotermes curvignathus

Efficacy of four different essential oils against the subterranean termite, Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren, was assessed in various bioassays. Laboratory results indicate that the highest termite mortality was found in Dipterocarpus sp. essential oil after 24 h (LC₅₀ = 1.62 %) and the lowest in Melaleuca cajuputi (LC₅₀ = 4.60 %). The wood consumption in the filter paper treated with Dipterocarpus sp. oil is also smaller than for the other three essential oils tested. However, the other three essential oils also inhibited termite susceptibility of the specimens. Dipterocarpus sp. (keruing oil) was the most effective insect antifeedant and repellent against C. curvignathus. The results suggest that essential oils might have some beneficial activity of economic value and are considered good candidates for the development of new chemicals (repellents or antifeedants) for termite control.     

Components of the essential oils of Azadirachta indica A. Juss, Azadirachta siamensis Velton, and Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) Jacobs and their comparison

The components of the essential oils from seeds of Azadirachta indica, Azadirachta siamensis, and Azadi-rachta excelsa were studied by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The main components of A. indica oil were hexadecanoic acid (34.0%), oleic acid (15.7%), 5,6-dihydro-2,4,6-triethyl-(4H)-1,3,5-dithiazine (11.7%), methyl oleate (3.8%), and eudesm-7(11)-en-4-ol (2.7%). The major components of A. siamensis oil were hexadecanoic acid (52.2%), tricosane (10.5%), tetradecanoic acid (6.8%), oleic acid (4.9%), and pentacosane (4.9%). Azadirachta excelsa oil contained oleic acid (31.3%), hexadecanoic acid (14.2%), octadecanoic acid (13.0%), 4-octylphenol (9.7%), and O-methyloximedecanal (6.8%) as the main constituents. The essential oils from A. indica, A. siamensis, and A. excelsa were found to contain fatty acids (52.6%–72.3%) as major components. The minor components of the oils were n-alkanes, aromatics, esters, sulfur and nitrogen compounds, and terpenoids. Differences in oil composition were observed between the three species.