Native Plant Growth and Seedling Establishment in Soils Influenced by Bromus Tectorum

The invasion of 40 million hectares of the American West by cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) has caused widespread modifications in the vegetation of semi-arid ecosystems and increased the frequency of fires. In addition to well-understood mechanisms by which cheatgrass gains competitive advantage, it has been implicated in reducing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) abundance and taxa diversity. We evaluated this possibility at a high elevation site in a two-pronged approach. To test whether cheatgrass changed native AMF communities in ways that affected subsequent native plant growth, we grew cheatgrass and native plants in native soils and then planted native plants into these soils in a greenhouse experiment. We found that cheatgrass-influenced soils did not inhibit native plant growth or AMF sporulation or colonization. To test whether soils in cheatgrass-dominated areas inhibited establishment and growth of native plants, cheatgrass was removed and six seeding combinations were applied. We found that 14.02 ±  seedlings · m⁻² established and perennial native plant cover increased fourfold over the three years of this study. Glyphosate reduced cheatgrass cover to less than 5% in the year it was applied but did not facilitate native plant establishment or growth compared with no glyphosate. We conclude that cheatgrass influence on the soil community does not appear to contribute to its invasion success in these high elevation soils. It appears that once cheatgrass is controlled on sites with sufficient native plant abundance, there may be few lingering effects to inhibit the natural reestablishment of native plant communities.     

Seedling Interference and Niche Differentiation Between Crested Wheatgrass and Contrasting Native Great Basin Species

Interference from crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum [L.] Gaertn.) seedlings is considered a major obstacle to native species establishment in rangeland ecosystems; however, estimates of interference at variable seedling densities have not been defined fully. We conducted greenhouse experiments using an addition-series design to characterize interference between crested wheatgrass and four key native species. Crested wheatgrass strongly interfered with the aboveground growth of Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. subsp. wyomingensis Beetle & Young), rubber rabbitbrush (Ericameria nauseosa [Pall. ex Pursh] G. L. Nesom & Baird subsp. consimilis [Greene] G. L. Nesom & Baird), and to a lesser extent with bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata [Pursh] A. Löve). Alternatively, bottlebrush squirreltail (Elymus elymoides [Raf.] Swezey subsp. californicus [J. G. Sm.] Barkworth) and crested wheatgrass had similar effects on each other’s growth, and interference ratios were near 1.0. Results indicate that the native grasses more readily establish in synchrony with crested wheatgrass than these native shrubs, but that once established, the native shrubs are more likely to coexist and persist with crested wheatgrass because of high niche differentiation (e.g., not limited by the same resource). Results also suggest that developing strategies to minimize interference from crested wheatgrass seedlings emerging from seed banks will enhance the establishment of native species seeded into crested wheatgrass–dominated communities.     

沙地雀麦种子土表萌发条件及其对幼苗生长的影响

采用正交试验设计的方法,对影响沙地雀麦土壤表面播种种子萌发的因素及适宜萌发的环境条件进行研究,结果表明:沙地雀麦种子在25℃、20%土壤水分、100%相对湿度、回干处理、播后镇压条件下的萌发成苗能力较好.其中,对种子萌发成苗影响较大的因素是空气相对湿度和土壤水分,其次是种子回干处理和播后镇压.     

A Comparison of Bromus tectorum Growth and Mycorrhizal Colonization in Salt Desert vs. Sagebrush Habitats

Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) has recently invaded marginal low-elevation salt desert habitats across the Great Basin. We tested the hypothesis that cheatgrass seed produced in populations from the more stressful salt desert vs. upland sagebrush habitats should grow differently in salt desert soils compared to adjacent upland sagebrush soil, and vice versa. We evaluated growth, incidence of flowering, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization of plants grown in the soils from which their seeds were collected vs. in the reciprocal soils from the nearest sagebrush or salt desert site in three large basins in northern Nevada. Simultaneously we measured nutrient cations, available nitrogen and phosphorus, percent carbon and nitrogen, texture, and dry-down characteristics in all soils. We found that salt desert soils were generally more nutrient poor and more saline than their upland (sagebrush) counterparts; salt desert soils also generally had a higher percentage of sand compared to their upland counterparts and were consistently drier. The most dramatic plant responses to soil and seed source were 1) lower aboveground biomass of mature plants in most salt desert soils compared to sagebrush soils, or lower biomass in plants grown from salt desert seed; 2) lower root:shoot ratios in plants grown in salt desert soil across two of three basins, irrespective of seed source; 3) a higher percentage of flowering individuals from salt desert seed sources at harvest, irrespective of soil source; 4) depressed AMF colonization of plants in salt desert soils; and 5) strong influence exerted by seed source on AMF, whereby sagebrush-originating plants grown in sagebrush soils had greater AMF colonization compared to salt desert soils but salt desert-originating seedlings had very low AMF colonization rates irrespective of soil source. These results suggest that both population level and soil-based controls are important as this widespread weed moves into marginal habitat.     

Transition From Sagebrush Steppe to Annual Grass (Bromus tectorum): Influence on Belowground Carbon and Nitrogen

Vegetation changes associated with climate shifts and anthropogenic disturbance have major impacts on biogeochemical cycling. Much of the interior western United States currently is dominated by sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) ecosystems. At low to intermediate elevations, sagebrush ecosystems increasingly are influenced by cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) invasion. Little currently is known about the distribution of belowground organic carbon (OC) on these changing landscapes, how annual grass invasion affects OC pools, or the role that nitrogen (N) plays in carbon (C) retention. As part of a Joint Fire Sciences-funded project called the Sagebrush Treatment Evaluation Project (SageSTEP), we quantified the depth distribution of soil OC and N at seven sites experiencing cheatgrass invasion. We sampled plots that retained sagebrush, but represented a continuum of cheatgrass invasion into the understory. Eighty-four soil cores were taken using a mechanically driven diamond-tipped core drill to a depth of 90 cm, or until bedrock or a restrictive layer was encountered. Samples were taken in 15-cm increments, and soil, rocks, and roots were analyzed for OC and total N. We determined that cheatgrass influences the vertical distribution of OC and N within the soil profile and might result in decreased soil OC content below 60  cm. We also found that OC and total N associated with coarse fragments accounted for at least 10% of belowground pools. This emphasizes the need for researchers to quantify nutrients in deep soil horizons and coarse fragments.     

11份无芒雀麦苗期耐盐性评价

对11份引自俄罗斯的野生无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis Leyss.)材料,在0.3%、0.4%、0.5%NaCl胁迫下,通过存活率、总生物量、叶片伤害率、株高的测定,采用隶属函数法和标准差系数赋予权重法进行耐盐性综合评价。结果表明:供试11份无芒雀麦在0.3%、0.4%、0.5%NaCl胁迫下存活率分别为90%～100%,76.7%～96.7%,67.0%～96.7%;根据耐盐性综合评价值(D)得出供试材料耐盐性顺序为,ZXY04P-371>ZXY04P-255>ZXY04P-136>ZXY04P-188>ZXY04P-96>ZXY04P-503>ZXY04P-34>ZXY04P-322>ZXY04P-241>ZXY04P-46>ZXY04P-18。     

干旱胁迫对禾草苗期抗旱性特征的影响

采用盆栽断水干旱方式研究了土壤干旱对中间偃麦草、沙生冰草、蓝茎冰草和长穗偃麦草苗期抗旱性特征的影响。结果表明：不同种类禾草的抗旱性特征随土壤干旱程度增加的变化趋势不同。干旱胁迫程度增加,4种禾草的根冠比、叶片可溶性糖含量和渗透液相对电导率升高,叶片含水量下降。其中,土壤中度干旱胁迫时,沙生冰草叶片可溶性糖含量增加幅度较大;重度干旱胁迫下,沙生冰草叶片渗透液相对电导率上升幅度最小,株高胁迫指数与干物质胁迫指数最高,抗旱性相对较强。     

Response of Seed Germination and Seedling Growth to Sand Burial of Two Dominant Perennial Grasses in Mu-Us Sandy Grassland,Semiarid China

Sand burial is an important selective pressure for growth, survival, and distribution of sand dune plants. Its effects on seed germination and seedling establishment, however, for different species are quite different. Experiments were conducted in the Mu-Us Sandy Grassland of North China to determine the effects of sand burial on seed germination and seedling growth of dominant perennial grasses Psammochloa villosa (Trin.) Bor and Leymus secalinus (Georgi) Tzvel. Small, medium, and large seeds of P. villosa and small and large seeds of L. secalinus were buried at 0-, 1-, 2-, 4-, 6-, and 8-cm depths in sand. P. villosa seed germination and seed dormancy in sand were significantly influenced by sand burial depth but not by seed size, whereas seed germination and seed dormancy of L. secalinus were significantly influenced by both sand burial depth and seed size. Emergence percentages for large seeds were higher than those for smaller seeds, suggesting that larger seeds are ecologically better adapted to dune habitats. Seeds that did not germinate in sand were in enforced dormancy and formed a soil seedbank, which can enhance plant survival on sand dunes. One-week-old and 2-wk-old P. villosa seedlings could tolerate 75% and 100% of their shoot height of sand burial, respectively, and the shoot elongation growth was enhanced by the burial stress. Both 1-wk-old and 2-wk-old seedlings of L. secalinus only tolerated up to 75% sand burial. The growth of L. secalinus seedling was inhibited by sand burial due to the decreased biomass and slow shoot elongation. The lack of tolerance of seedlings of this species to total sand burial might restrict its distribution on sand dunes.     

基于半致死浓度的观赏草萌发期和幼苗期耐盐性评价

为了评价丸种观赏草的耐盐性,以半致死浓度为指标,研究了NaCl、Na2CO3及混合溶液对种子萌发的影响,以及NaCl溶液对幼苗成活的影响.结果表明,相同浓度下,Na2CO3溶液对这些草种萌发的胁迫作用比NaCl溶液更重.九种观赏草种子萌发期的耐盐性由强到弱为狼尾草、远东芨芨草、‘小兔子’狼尾草、芨芨草、拂子茅、丽色画眉、野古草、须芒草、长芒草,半致死NaCl浓度为1.59％～0.71％,溶液电导率为25.09～12.41 dS/m.九种观赏草幼苗期的耐盐性由强到弱为:芨芨草、‘小兔子’狼尾草、狼尾草、丽色画眉、须芒草、长芒草、远东芨芨草、拂子茅、野古草,除了芨芨草和‘小兔子’狼尾草以外,其余七种观赏草的半致死NaCl浓度为4.25％～0.36％,溶液电导率为55.78～7.02 dS/m.     

无芒雀麦与紫花苜蓿混播草地生长动态的研究

在无芒雀麦与紫花苜蓿混播草地中,地上生长与地下生长有很大的相关性和差异性,在一年内,二者生物量的动态均呈双峰曲线,峰期分别位于完熟期以及果后营养中后期.地上生物量增长最快在抽穗到成熟期,地下生物量增长最快在分蘖期到拔节期.     

塔里木盆地几种荒漠植物营养分析及评价

塔里木盆地地处新疆南疆,多晴少雨,属典型的暖温带大陆性气候,平原区年均降雨量为10～80 mm,草原可利用面积1 995.16万 hm2.区域自然条件差,但水土、光照资源丰富,具有发展农牧业的自然条件.     

草地雀麦种植对坡地土壤水分动态变化的影响

选择15°坡地设置草地雀麦种植试验小区,并以裸露地为对照,在自然降雨条件下观察草地雀麦生物学特性及坡地土壤含水量变化,研究草地雀麦种植对坡地土壤水分动态变化的影响。结果表明:草地雀麦种植对坡地土壤水分动态变化影响显著,且地下生物量越大影响越大。在北京地区草地雀麦种植2年后地上生物量达4412.7kg/hm2,0~30cm地下生物量达3325.3kg/hm2,且0~10cm土层地下生物量是草地水土保持功能发挥的主要组成部分。北京地区土壤水分变化较为明显的时期主要在3~10月份,其动态变化大体可分为雨季前期(3~6月)和雨季(7~10月)两个阶段,其中,雨季前期土壤含水量较低,草地雀麦种植可以减缓坡地0~60cm深度土壤含水量的下降,并以0~20cm土层作用最大,维持土壤含水量在11.5%~12.0%之间;雨季降雨明显增加时,草地雀麦可以促进坡地土壤水分吸收达到相对较高的状态,并在土壤含水量高于23%以上后,加速0~60cm土层尤其是0~20cm土层土壤水分散失,维持土壤含水量在17.5%以下。     

内生真菌在我国部分国产和引进禾草品种的幼苗及成株中的分布

对已知种带内生真菌的部分国产和引进的禾草品种通过盆栽及幼苗检验，确定了内生真菌的生产力，同时调查了内生真菌在兰州市城区部分草坪绿地中的分布。结果表明，采自我国新疆阿勒泰地区的布顿大麦草种子中的内生真菌具高活力，幼苗侵染率为８１．５％，而其余受检国产禾草种的种子均已丧失发芽力，未能进行幼苗检验。自美国引进的黑麦草品种的种样中的内生真菌均具生活力，已全部在幼苗中检出，侵染率为５．６％￣５０％。调查的兰     

不同浓度冠菌素对桑种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为了探讨冠菌素(COR)对桑种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,本文用不同浓度的冠菌素溶液浸泡桑种子,萌发后测定幼苗的生长情况以及根芽含糖量、蛋白含量、叶绿体色素含量等指标变化。结果表明:冠菌素可以提高桑树种子的发芽率和发芽势,缩短发芽时间,且COR浓度为10^-4μmol/L时效果最好;不同浓度的冠菌素都能提高种子的根长和芽长,其中对根长的作用效果显著,最适浓度在10^-3μmol/L左右;冠菌素还能显著提高幼苗根中可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量,对芽的糖和蛋白含量影响不大;对幼叶的叶绿体色素含量变化具有双重性效果,即高浓度(>10^-1μmol/L)时降低色素含量,低浓度(≤10^-4μmol/L)时提高色素含量。     

7种草坪草的根系生长量及分形特征比较研究

以王朝早熟禾、凤凰高羊茅、普通脱壳狗牙根、艾森特黑麦草、三叶草、百脉根、弯叶画眉草为供试材料,研究不同种类草坪草的根系生长能力及分形特征。研究结果表明:凤凰高羊茅、普通脱壳狗牙根、弯叶画眉草的冠部生长茂盛,根系发达,根系生长能力较强。     

7种草坪草的根系生长量及分形特征比较研究

以王朝早熟禾、凤凰高羊茅、普通脱壳狗牙根、艾森特黑麦草、三叶草、百脉根、弯叶画眉草为供试材料,研究不同种类草坪草的根系生长能力及分形特征。研究结果表明：凤凰高羊茅、普通脱壳狗牙根、弯叶画眉草的冠部生长茂盛。根系发达,根系生长能力较强。     

施肥对苜蓿+无芒雀麦混播草地的产量影响

探讨了科尔沁地区草原2号杂花苜蓿+Carlton无芒雀麦混播草地基肥和追肥中氮,磷和钾配施对草地群落产量的影响。结果表明,氮,磷和钾合理配施有利于草原2号苜蓿和无芒雀麦生长。在配施中,草原2号苜蓿与磷肥效应最显著,无芒雀麦与氮肥和钾肥效应最显著。高钾组合与高氮组合显著降低了草原2号苜蓿产量(P<0.05)。对于春播的杂花苜蓿+无芒雀麦混播草地,为了保持混播群落组分种群的稳定性,较适宜的施肥组合是N2、P1、K2组合(基肥:尿素20 g/m2、过磷酸钙30 g/m2、氯化钾20 g/m2;追肥:尿素30 g/m2、过磷酸钙50 g/m2、氯化钾30 g/m2)。一年龄草地头茬草和二茬草中无芒雀麦产量组分比分别为44.47%和71.10%,占全年总产量的63.62%。二年龄草地三茬草中无芒雀麦产量组分比分别为39.23%,59.73%和37.76%,占全年总产量的46.64%。     

无芒雀麦种子愈伤组织诱导技术的研究

以无芒雀麦成熟种子为材料,经能量为30keV、剂量为3.0×1017N+/cm2的氮离子注入处理后进行了愈伤组织诱导和分化的研究.结果表明:离子处理与未处理的种子的愈伤组织诱导率不同,经离子注入后的种子的愈伤组织诱导率及分化能力均高于未经离子注入处理的种子.2,4-D浓度为4mg/L、KT浓度为0.05mg/L时有利于种子诱导产生愈伤组织;MS+2mg/L 2,4-D+1.5mg/L6-BA中的愈伤组织分化率最高,达到52%.     

水分对苜蓿幼苗生长的影响

研究了紫花苜蓿捷达品种在苗期生长过程中受水分影响情况,发现水分的影响作用很大,在种子出苗后,使土壤中有效含水量保持在60％-75％左右,对苜蓿幼苗生长最有利。