A hazard quotient approach for assessing the risk to non-target arthropods from

The EU Plant Protection Product Directive 91/414/EEC recommends the EPPO/CoE Arthropod Natural Enemies Risk Assessment Scheme for guidance on how to conduct risk assessments for terrestrial non-target arthropods. This scheme is currently in the process of being revised by EPPO/ CoE. A major change will be the recommendation for the generation and use of ’Dose Response’ toxicity data instead of limit test data. In addition, the revised EPPO/CoE Non-target Arthropods Risk Assessment Scheme will replace the current arbitrary 30% threshold trigger value applied to limit test data, with a Hazard Quotient (HQ; = Ratio Application Rate/LC50 on Glass)), comparable to the successful approach adopted in the EPPO/CoE ’Honeybee Risk Assessment Scheme’. However, in order for this new approach to be implemented under 91/414/EEC, an appropriate regulatory HQ trigger value needs to be derived. Such an HQ trigger value has been established by calculating HQ values for the 2 recommended sensitive indicator species (T pyri andAphidius) for a wide range of products and validating opposite robust semi-field/field data. This validation indicated that an HQ trigger value of ≥ 12 forT pyri and ≥ 8 forAphidius spp., should be used to trigger higher-tier risk assessment and/or higher-tier testing for non-target arthropods. As these trigger values were validated with realistic semi-field/ field data they apply for both lethal and sub-lethal effects as well as single and multiple application scenarios. Due to the worst case assumptions used in this HQ validation analysis, no further uncertainty factors need to be applied for in-crop risk assessment. Whilst a small amount of uncertainty exists regarding the comparative sensitivity ofT pyri andAphidius spp. for off-crop non-target arthropod guilds of arthropods, this is balanced by the fact that the off-crop exposure assessment used in the HQ derivation, is at least an order of magnitude higher than that realistically likely in the field. This HQ approach and trigger value is an appropriate and conservative tool for tier 1 risk assessment, which should reduce the number of false positive results leading to unnecessary higher-tier testing.     

Principles for regulatory testing and interpretation of semi-field and field studies with non-target arthropods

This paper is a guidance document for side-effect testing with plant protection products on non-target arthropods under semi-field and field conditions. The principles, methods, endpoints and interpretation of non-target arthropod semi-field and field trials which should be conducted for registration of plant protection products in the European Union are presented and discussed. The recommendations presented reflect the opinions of the experts from authority, academia, industry and consulting which participated at the IOBC (International Organisation of Biological Control), BART (Beneficial Arthropod Regulatory Testing) group and EPPO (European Plant Protection Organisation) Joint Initiative workshop held in Versailles (France) on the 25–26 October, 1999.     

无人机喷雾技术防治刚竹毒蛾幼虫效果评价

为明确无人机喷雾与人工喷雾在防治效果和成本上的差异,揭示植保无人机喷雾施药技术的优点,在福建邵武发生刚竹毒蛾为害的毛竹林建立试验区,选用5种不同作用机制的生物农药,开展无人机喷雾和人工地面喷雾施药技术的防治对比试验。结果表明：无人机喷雾对刚竹毒蛾幼虫的防效显著好于人工喷雾,且在防治工效、人工费用和防治成本上均优于人工喷雾,表明植保无人机喷雾是一种便捷高效且节时、省力、降费的施药技术,可推广应用于林业有害生物的防治。     

Arthropod vertical stratification in temperate deciduous forests: Implications for conservation-oriented management

Studies on the vertical distribution patterns of arthropods in temperate deciduous forests reveal highly stratified (i.e., unevenly vertically distributed) communities. These patterns are determined by multiple factors acting simultaneously, including: (1) time (forest age, season, time of day); (2) forest structure (height, vertical foliage complexity, plant surface textures, tree cavities); (3) plant community composition (plant diversity, invasive species); (4) climatic gradients (light exposure, temperature, wind speed, humidity); (5) resource availability (foliage, sugars, wood, epiphytes, carrion, dung, prey, hosts, mates); (6) inter-specific interactions (predation, interference, competition) and (7) logistics (dispersal abilities, proximity to emergence sites, open flight zones). Several recommendations can be made with respect to incorporating canopy habitats and resources into management plans in order to maintain diverse forest arthropod communities. Efforts should be made to maintain diverse plant communities, for instance, including eliminating or controlling invasive plant competitors. Protecting large diameter trees and snags is also important, especially for a wide variety of canopy arthropod taxa associated with standing or suspended dead wood, tree cavities and epiphytes. Finally, it is essential to ensure adequate spatial and temporal continuity in the availability of these and other key resources. Although how to best achieve this last objective remains an active area of research, it may be preferable to retain clusters of trees as opposed to isolated individuals.     

Long-term effects of an insecticide application on non-target arthropods in winter wheat - a field study over 2 seasons

The effects of the insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin (Karate) on non-target arthropods in winter wheat were studied throughout two successive seasons in 1998 and 1999. The study particularly focussed on the crop in the growing season after insecticide application (also winter wheat) for detection of potential long-term effects and for determination of the suitability of different sampling methods.The investigations were based on the assumption that arthropod immigration from surrounding areas is limited in large fields. For this reason a simple approach seemed to be feasible. Two plots of equal size (10 ha, adjusted to each other) were defined in a 100 ha field and designated control and treatment plots. Ten sampling points were established on each plot. The following monitoring methods were utilised: visual counting, sweep netting and pitfall trapping. In the first year of investigation, countings and catches were carried out 2 days prior to insecticide application and 2, 16, 30 and 44 days after application. In the next year, they were carried out 365 days and 384 days after insecticide application in the successive crop of winter wheat.At the time of the first sampling prior to insecticide application, the two plots showed significant differences with respect to arthropod density or activity, particularly in visual counting and to a minor degree to sweep netting and pitfall trapping. Lower densities or activities were observed in the plot reserved for treatment. Measures for mathematical equalisation of the results of population densities before pesticide treatment should be considered.After insecticide application, the densities or activities of non-target arthropods decreased, particularly in visual counting and sweep netting. After one year, these effects disappeared to a large extent. Several groups of arthropods reached even higher levels in the treated plot than in the untreated one. The pitfall traps revealed weak activity-decreasing effects in carabids and spiders in the treated plot, but the opposite tendency for staphylinids. Hence, it seems that the conditions in a large field are less homogeneous, and that smaller scale conditions can support processes of recovery in non-target populations.     

后花博时期崇明岛宿根花卉园林应用综合评价

对上海市崇明岛11处绿地的宿根花卉及其应用形式进行调研，运用层次分析法（AHP）和灰色关联度法对61个宿根花卉种类（含种以下分类单位）进行园林应用综合评价，为优秀宿根花卉在第十届中国花卉博览会结束后的推广应用提供科学依据。评价模型由生态适应性、植物观赏性和园林应用潜力3个评价准则及相关的14个评价因子构成。评价结果分为4个等级，I级和II级共有29个种类，可作为崇明岛园林应用的优先选择植物。此外，还分别针对不同应用场景给出植物配置建议。     

Complementary short term and seasonal field tests of several orchard pesticides to measure their impact on the beneficial arthropod fauna

The impact of three insecticides (diazinon, phosphamidon and azinphosmethyl) and one acaricide (bromopropylate) applied for the control of fruit pests on beneficial arthropod populations was determined in four short term and one seasonal test in the field. Arthropod populations on apple trees were not affected by bromopropylate in the short term tests of 24 hours duration except for a slight reduction of spiders and tiny hymenopterous parasites. However, beneficial arthropod populations were reduced significantly after application of diazinon, and in descending order by phosphamidon, which demonstrated acceptable selectivity on anthocorids and mirids, and azinphosmethyl, which in addition was also soft onChrysopa larvae. Coccinellid adults, hymenopterous parasites and spiders were affected by these three organophosphates to the same degree. Only phosphamidon and azinphosmethyl were included with two applications in a seasonal field test, where no differences were recorded in beneficial arthropod populations to an untreated check over a three month period. The results were discussed with regard to their relevance for the proper evaluation of pesticides on the beneficial fauna under field conditions and the sequence of field tests necessary to elucidate possibilities for their most selective use.     

北方城市地被植物应用质量评价方法探讨

根据地被植物固有的特征和北方城市配置应用特点,将地被植物分为基础型地被、骨干型地被和点缀型地被3类。运用频数统计法选择株高、生育期、观赏价值、绿色期、覆盖力、生长势、适应性、养护频度8项指标,构建了地被植物外观质量、生态质量和使用质量3大指标体系。制定评价标准,采用综合指数评价法,验证地被植物的质量等级。通过实例分析验证,该质量评价指标体系和评价方法具有较强的科学性和可操作性,评价结果符合客观实际,对于北方城市地被植物的评价选择应用,具有普遍的适应性和推广价值。     

Assessment of repeated application of poultry litter on phosphorus and nitrogen dynamics in loblolly pine: Implications for water quality

The Southeastern United States has a robust broiler industry that generates substantial quantities of poultry litter as waste. It has historically been applied to pastures close to poultry production facilities, but pollution of watersheds with litter-derived phosphorus and to a lesser extent nitrogen have led to voluntary and in some areas regulatory restrictions on application rates to pastures. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) forests are often located in close proximity to broiler production facilities, and these forests often benefit from improved nutrition. Accordingly, loblolly pine forests may serve as alternative land for litter application. However, information on the influence of repeated litter applications on loblolly pine forest N and P dynamics is lacking. Results from three individual ongoing studies were summarized to understand the effects of repeated litter applications, litter application rates, and land use types (loblolly pine forest and pasture) on N and P dynamics in soil and soil water. Each individual study was established at one of three locations in the Western Gulf Coastal Plain region. Annual applications of poultry litter increased soil test P accumulation of surface soils in all three studies, and the magnitude of increase was positively and linearly correlated with application rates and frequencies. In one study that was established at a site with relatively high soil test P concentrations prior to poultry litter application, five annual litter applications of 5 Mg ha⁻¹ and 20 Mg ha⁻¹ also increased soil test P accumulation in subsurface soils to a depth of up to 45 cm. Soil test P accumulations were greater in surface soils of loblolly pine stands than in pastures when both land use types received similar rates of litter application. In one study which monitored N dynamics, lower soil organic N, potential net N mineralization, potential net nitrification, and soil water N was found in loblolly pine stands than pastures after two annual litter applications. However, increases in potential net N mineralization, net nitrification, and soil water N with litter application were more pronounced in loblolly pine than in pasture soils. Loblolly pine plantations can be a viable land use alternative to pastures for poultry litter application, but litter application rate and frequency as well as differences in nutrient cycling dynamics between pine plantations and pastures are important considerations for environmentally sound nutrient management decisions.     

沼泽红假单胞菌的分离鉴定及对蕹菜生长的影响

从引进的日本土壤改良剂中富集分离得到1株光合细菌,通过形态学观察及生理生化特性鉴定,鉴定为该菌株属于红假单胞菌属。以泰国柳叶蕹菜为试验材料,用GRH-507菌液稀释500倍在蕹菜幼苗期、生长期进行叶面喷施,以等量的清水作对照,在成熟期调查蕹菜的产量。结果表明,喷施500倍GRH-507菌液稀释液能提高蕹菜的产量,两次收割产量分别比对照增产31.03%、20.74%。     

城市地表尘中多环芳烃来源、暴露特征及生态风险评价

城市地表尘是城市地表分布最广的污染载体之一,密切关系着城市环境和人类健康。由于其分布范围广、持久性强、潜在长距离运输的特点,地表尘中多环芳烃成为我国最常见的有机污染物之一,给城市生态环境带来长期的、潜在的、隐蔽的危害。文中综述国内外城市地表尘中多环芳烃的研究进展,包括地表尘中多环芳烃的来源、暴露特征及生态风险评价等,探讨多环芳烃在多种介质中的时空变化规律及作用机理,并建立数学模型为城市生态风险分析提供理论指导。     

Integrating advanced technologies for optimization of aerial herbicide applications

Aerial application of herbicides continues to be a dominant method of vegetation control in Canadian forest management. In this paper, we describe a suite of relatively modern technologies and emphasize their potential for integrated use in optimization of aerial herbicide treatments. The potential is illustrated using several case studies involving fixed-wing applications of glyphosate-based herbicide in the boreal forest region of Ontario, Canada. Results indicate that integration of geographic information systems, differential global positioning, electronic-guidance, on-site meteorological monitoring and remote sensing can be used to effectively plan, enhance application control and provide detailed post-treatment assessment and archival data for herbicide spray programs. SprayAdvisor, a GIS-based decision support system with the capacity to directly integrate all of these elements is briefly described.     

农林仿形对靶喷雾及其控制技术研究进展

仿形对靶喷雾是实现农林精确施药的一种重要技术方式,近年来在理论发展和技术应用中取得重要进展。文中从仿形喷雾目标探测技术、常用仿形机构、仿形对靶控制及算法、仿形变量喷雾测试技术和典型农林仿形喷雾机方面评述现有仿形对靶喷雾技术,归纳包括红外线、超声波、图像和LIDAR等仿形喷雾目标探测方法与技术;分析常用仿形机构的仿形原理和各自设计的优缺点,强调轻量化是仿形机构设计的趋势;综述仿形对靶喷雾控制系统硬件和软件方面的发展,强调智能算法的应用能有效提高仿形喷雾控制系统的鲁棒性;分析评述仿形变量喷雾测试装置、喷雾系统数学模型和PWM变量喷雾技术的进展;介绍几种典型的农林仿形喷雾机,并提出农林仿形对靶喷雾的研究建议。     

Impact of agricultural adjuvants on the toxicity of the diamide insecticides chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide on different life stages of the navel orangeworm (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Amyelois transitella</Emphasis>)

The navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella) (Walker) is a destructive pest of tree nuts in California orchards. Overall demand for these crops and acreage expansions have resulted in significant insecticide applications to reduce A. transitella damage. Despite widespread use in A. transitella insecticide applications, the potential toxicity of adjuvants applied in combination with insecticides remains uncharacterized. In these experiments, five adjuvants (Cohere^®, Dyne-Amic^®, FastStrike^®, Induce^®, Latron B-1956^®), alone and in combination with the diamide insecticides chlorantraniliprole (Altacor^®) and flubendiamide (Belt^®), were assessed for activity against the adults and eggs of A. transitella. Laboratory studies utilized a spray tower for application while field studies used orchard air-blast sprayers. Laboratory exposure of both adults and eggs demonstrated that adjuvant toxicity varied across life stages. In the laboratory, the addition of chlorantraniliprole to adjuvants increased incapacity (dead + moribund). The results for flubendiamide were variable, and only FastStrike had the same high adult toxicity for both diamides. For eggs exposed to these diamides, overall mortality was similar. In field studies, Dyne-Amic and Latron B-1956 were tested and their adult toxicity varied. In contact assays, effects of adjuvants were similar when used with Belt^® and differed when used with Altacor^®. We conclude that the adjuvants for navel orangeworm management are intrinsically toxic to A. transitella in both the laboratory and field. Further studies are needed to attain the toxicity realized in the laboratory in field applications and also to determine whether our findings of adjuvant enhancement of insecticide toxicity are applicable to other insecticide classes.     

人工神经网络在森林资源管理中的应用

传统的数量方法难以解决森林资源管理中的更多的非结构性问题.人工智能新技术能将人类积累的知识传输到决策支持系统中,作为人工智能的一个分支,人工神经网络已经成为一个在传统统计方法之外,十分引人注目的新方法,并开始用于预测生物系统中的非线性行为.文中从人工神经网络在森林立地分类和制图,森林生长和动态模拟、空间数据的分析和拟合、植物病虫害动态的预测及气候变化研究等方面的应用进行综合评述.并对人工神经网络在应用中的优缺点,存在的问题和局限性,以及对未来的前景等提出了自已的初步看法.     

农药精确施用模型及其与林木虚拟生长模型协同研究综述

林木虚拟生长模型是应用计算机模拟树木在三维空间中的生长发育状况,而农药精确施用模型是应用计算机模拟农药按需定量喷施、与目标植物接触以及产生药效等一系列喷施作业情况。如果把两者耦合起来,将直观模拟出林木正常生长、受病虫害侵染、农药发挥效果、长势有所好转等一系列交互效果,可为调整植物保护策略、制定农药喷施方案和研制新型植保机械提供理论支持和技术支撑。文中分析了农林病虫害防治情况和农药精确施用的重要性,在综述国内外喷头雾化性能模型、沉降沉积模型（飘移模型）、施药量调节模型、雾化特性预测模型等农药施用模型研究现状的基础上,通过分析探讨两模型协同机理和林木虚拟生长模型及耦合模型实时性协同环境,提出了基于农药施用过程与防治药效的模型协同研究、基于林木形态结构模型的仿形对靶喷雾模型研究以及农药精确施用多模型交互协同研究的建议。     

精品园林藤本植物造型技术研究初探

随着现代精品园林艺术的发展,在园林绿化设计中藤本植物的应用越来越多,尤其突出的是藤本植物造型设计和应用。现代精品园林景观中的藤本植物应用范围不再局限于园林景观中的亭、廊、围墙等,更多的各式各样的园林藤本植物造型被人们所喜爱。笔者以园林藤本植物造型为研究对象,引进园林藤本植物4～6种进行藤本植物几何造型的研究,研究结果为园林藤本植物组合造型研究提供理论指导。     

Use of standard toxicity tests with Typhlodromus pyri and Aphidius rhopalosiphi to establish a dose-response relationship

The existing standardised test systems for assessing the toxicity of crop protection products to the non-target arthropods Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and Aphidius rhopalosiphi (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) are limit tests designed to compare a single-use rate of the product with a water control. The suitability of these test systems for generating dose-response data as required for refined ecotoxicological risk assessment was evaluated. Data on dose-response toxicity of crop protection products to T. pyri and A. rhopalosiphi were generated under worst-case laboratory and to T. pyri under extended laboratory conditions and analysed using the standard Probit method, a logistic regression, a generalised Probit analysis, and the moving average-angle method in order to calculate the LR₅₀-values (application rate killing 50?% of the exposed organisms). The fit of the models, the precision of the resulting LR₅₀ values, and the required minimum number of replicates were compared. In 85?% of the studies, at least one of the statistical methods led to satisfactory results. The moving average-angle method was the most widely applicable method. The results show that the existing guidelines can be used to perform dose-response tests. Implications for risk assessment are discussed.     

Pilot-Versuch zur Bekämpfung von Stechmückenlarven im Freiland mit einem UV-behandelten Präparat von Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis

Preparations derived from sporulated cultures ofBacillus thuringiensis var.israelensis were used in a small field trial for control of mosquito larvae (Aedes cantans, Aedes rusticus, Culiseta morsitans). In the test two liquid formulations (suspension) were compared: (1) a native preparation containing living spores and toxic crystals, and (2) a preparation in which the spores have been inactivated to a high degree (99.99%) by ultraviolet rays. The efficacy of both preparations against mosquito larvae showed no difference: doses of 10⁴ to 10⁵ spore equvalents/ml, induced 100% mortality of the target insects. But no harmful effect on non-target organisms (especially water arthropods with exception of Chironomidae larvae) could be observed. To minimize the contamination of surface water with living spores, the use of UV-inactivated preparations ofB. t. var.israelensis is indicated for mosquito control.