成年梅花鹿维持能量需要的研究

选用4头成年梅花公鹿,采用回归分析法,设置不同的能量进食水平,应用北京农业大学KB-Ⅰ型呼吸测热室测定其各自的产热量,将所测得的梅花鹿的代谢能日采食量(MEI)与日产热量(HP)代入Lofgreen的曲线回归方程(1gHp=a+bMEI),求得梅花鹿的维持代谢能需要量(MEm)为516KJ/W~(0.75)kg;维持代谢能利用效率(Km)为0.707;每日产热量与食入代谢能水平呈强直线相关(P<0.01):HP/W~(0.75)=304.84+0.413MEI/W~(0.75)。     

樱桃谷肉鸭对能量和蛋白质需要的研究

本研究采用饲养试验、代谢试验和比较屠宰试验测定樱桃谷内鸭对能量和粗蛋白质的需要量。结果表明,樱桃谷肉鸭的平均维持代谢能(MEm)和维持粗蛋白(CPm)的需要量是:1～21日龄MEm=925.8 KJ/W~(0.75)/d,CPm=10.2g/W~(0.75)/d:21～49日龄MEm=884.5 KJ/W~(0.75)/d,CPm=8.2g/W~(0.75)/d。平均每克增重所需代谢能和粗蛋白质:1～21日龄分别为10.1 KJ,0.2 g:22～49日龄分别为23.9KJ,0.3g。故樱桃谷肉鸭每日代谢能总需要量(Y_(ME))和粗蛋白质总需要量(Ycp)可按下列公式推导:对于1～21日龄:Y_(ME)=925.8W~(0.75)+10.1△W(KJ/d);Ycp=10.2W~(0.75)+0.20△W(g/d);对于22～49日龄:Y_(ME)=884.5W~(0.75)+23.9△W(KJ/d);Ycp(?) .2W~(0.75)+0.29△W(g/d)。式中,W~(0.75)为肉鸭代谢体重(单位kg),△W为日增重/单位g)。试验结果显示,日粮的能量和粗蛋白质水平对肉鸭的能量和蛋白质需要量有一定影响。     

肉用仔鸡维持代谢能测定方法的探讨

以星布罗(Starbro)肉仔鸡为试验动物,进行梯度饲养,比较屠宰和间接呼吸测热试验,采用不同的统计分析处理.比较探讨八种维持代谢能(MEm)的测定方法和肉用仔鸡的MEm的测定值。试验结果表明,四种方法均有各自特点,虽有系统性误差,应用得当均可采用,所得到的MEm值差异不大。简要结果归纳于下: 方法一:间接呼吸测热法的饥饿代谢试验结合一元线性回归分析,当Km=0.80,测得MEm值为111.69-114.31 KcaL/kg~(0.75)日,日龄0-63天。方法二:梯度饲养试验结合一元线性回归分析,可在0-42日龄内可测得近似MEm值为103.99-115.66KcaL/kg~(0.75)日。认为本方法只适用于生长动物,对内用仔鸡的最适日龄为O-42天。方法三与方法四:梯度饲养与比较屠宰试验分别结合一元和二元线性回归分析,测得肉仔鸡的MEm值为104.48,104.92和101.13kcaL/kg~(0.75)日,日龄为16-63天。方法三适用于各种类型动物的MEm值测定,准确、可靠,可得出标准结果。方法四则最适用于成年或者生长平缓的生长动物。     

青山羊种公羊能量需要量的研究

12只18月龄青山羊种公羊随机分为2组,通过饲养试验、气体代谢试验及屠宰试验,研究种公羊能量代谢规律及需要量。试验表明(1)青山革种公羊的MEm为507W~(0.75)KJ,代谢能的增重效率K_G为0.157;(2)绝食产热为282.4KJ/kgW~(0.75),非配种期一天产热量(HP)与食入代谢能(MEI)呈强直线相关(P<0.01):HP/W~(0.75)=186.2+0.45MEI/W~(0.75);(3)本试验中,高能量水平对精清生化指标、性行为及精液品质各项指标影响差异不显著。综合试验结果,按析因法得出青山羊种公羊非配种期与配种期代谢能需要量分别为:ME_R=507W~(0.75)+36⊿W,ME_R=(507+122n)W~(0.75)。     

笼养紫貂生长期能量代谢研究

选择育成前期6只雄性紫貂进行饥饿代谢呼吸测热试验。另选18只雄性紫貂随机分成3个试验组,分别按1.2MEm值、1.8MEm值和2.4MEm值3个代谢能食入水平做梯度饲养、消化代谢试验和生长的呼吸测热试验。试验数据进行一元或二元线性回归分析。结果表明:生长紫貂的饥饿代谢每日产热量为681.47KJ/Kg~(0.75);其基础代谢产热量为602.34KJ/Kg~(0.75);生长紫貂每活动1小时,其饥饿代谢产热量平均增加35 KJ/Kg~(0.75)。生长紫貂每日的维持代谢能需要量为753.11KJ/Kg~(0.75);其代谢能的各种利用效率分别为:Km:0.90,Kg:0.75,Kp:0.66:Kf=0.78。生长期紫貂的能量代谢出现负平衡时,以氧化分解体脂肪供热为主;当体内能量代谢为正平衡时,优先沉积于体蛋白质。     

长生公猪维持能量需要的研究

用6头约克夏和10头汉普夏、杜洛克、丹麦伦德瑞斯共36头小公猪,在其20—100kg 生长阶段内分期进行氮—碳平衔试验和呼吸测热试验各180头次。结果表明,生长公猪每千克代谢体重(W~(0.75))所需的维持能量与体重的一定的幂的倒数成比例。当代谢能转化为体蛋白质能和体脂肪能的效率[k_p和k_f]为0.60和0.80,0.68和0.75,0.56和0.74时,每千克代谢体重所需的维持能量分别为1131W~(-0.20),1307W~(-0.23)和1235W~(-0.25)千焦代谢能或1173W~(-0.20),1356W~(-0.23)和1281W~(-0.25)千焦消化能。建议用 ME_m,KJ/W~(0.75),kg=1307W~(-0.23),kg 作为生长公猪维持需要的公式。     

空怀期云南半细毛羊能量需要量研究

本试验旨在研究空怀期云南半细毛羊的能量代谢规律及能量需要量。选取30只体况良好、体重相近的空怀期云南半细毛羊,随机分为5组,每组6个重复,在5种不同饲粮能量水平(7.38、7.98、8.62、9.20、9.81 MJ/kg)下,通过饲养试验、消化代谢试验、气体代谢试验相结合的研究方法,探究其能量代谢规律以及能量需要量。结果表明:空怀期云南半细毛羊的代谢能(ME)需要量与代谢体重(W~(0.75))和平均日增重(ADG)间的关系为:ME=372. 193W~(0.75)+16.263ADG(R~2=0.918 0)。由以上回归方程可知,空怀期云南半细毛羊维持代谢能需要量(MEm)为372. 193 kJ/kg W~(0.75)。空怀期云南半细毛羊每100 g日增重的ME需要量为1 626.3 kJ。产热量(HP)与代谢能采食量(MEI)间符合对数模型:Log(HP)=0.000 4MEI+2.448 5(R~2=0. 616 1)。由以上回归方程可知,空怀期云南半细毛羊维持净能(NEm)为280.87 kJ/kg W~(0.75)。空怀期云南半细毛羊ME用于维持的效率为0.755。     

小尾寒羊空怀母羊能量维持需要及其代谢规律研究

选用体况良好,体重相近,经产2～3胎纯种小黾寒羊空怀母羊12只,随机分成3组,每组4只,分别按NRC(1978)推荐的绵羊维持代谢能需要量的120％、100％和80％饲喂。通过饲养试验、消化代谢试验及气体能量代谢试验测得小尾寒羊空怀母羊平均干物质采食量为756g,代谢能采食量力7869KJ,能量表观消化率为69.9％,代谢率为85.6％,甲烷能为总能量采食量(GEI,)的8.0％。空怀母羊在维持代态下呼吸商为0.872,畜体总产热为377.0KJ/kg W~(0.75)d。试验还证明,小尾寒羊空怀期母羊的维持净能需要为309.2KJ/kg W~(0.75)d,维持代谢能需要为408.8KJ/kg W~(0.75)d维持消化能需要为477.6KJ/kg W(0.75)d,维持效率(Km,)为0.756,热能耗为99.6KJ/kg W~(0.75)d,占GEI的14.36％。     

青山羊泌乳期母羊的能量需要量研究

选用24只青山羊泌乳母羊,用饲养试验、消化代谢试验、比较屠宰试验及气体能量代谢试验等手段,研究其能量需要量。结果表明,在本试验条件下,试羊的能量表观消化率和代谢率分别为70.4％和85.0％,甲烷能占总能进食量(GEI)的9.20％。维持代谢能需要为502W~(0.75)KJ/天,每产一千克标准乳(FCM)需5060KJ泌乳代谢能。泌乳母羊的维持效率(K_m)为0.845,泌乳效率(K_1)为0.635,热增耗占GEI的14.34％。青山羊泌乳期母羊的代谢能总需要量(MERKJ/天)可按下式求得MER=502W~(0.75)+5060·FCM或:MER=502W~(0.75)+1.578NEL(式中:W~(0.75):kg;FCM:kg/天;NEL:kJ/天)。     

青山羊后备公羊蛋白质需要的研究

本研究的目的在于探讨后备公羊的蛋白质需要,为此设计了饲养试验、消化代谢试验、比较屠宰试验、内源尿素及代谢粪氮的测定、后备公羊繁殖性能测定等方法。试验结果表明,后备公羊饲喂CP 为12.14%的日粮为宜;用低氮日粮测得青山羊后备公羊的 EUN 为0.104g/kg·W~(0.75)·d,MFN 为0.150g/kg·W~(0.75)·d,对蛋白质的最小维持需要为1.30gDCP/kg·W~(0.75)·d,维持需要为3.66gCP/kg·W~(0.75)·d;用析因法得出后备公羊蛋白质需要的公式为 RCP(g/d)=3.6W~(0.75)+0.56ΔW(g)青山羊是我国著名的羔皮品种,具有性成熟早、繁殖率高、适应性强、遗传力稳定等特点,用其生产的猾子皮在国际上享有较高声誉。为使青山羊的优良种质特点得以充分发挥并节约饲料成本,1980年以来山东农业大学动物营养研究室对青山羊营养需要进行了系列研究,本研究为其中的一个分支。国内外对后备公羊的营养需要尤其是蛋白质需要的研究很少,而适宜的蛋白水平对后备公羊的生长发育及繁殖性能具有重要意义。本研究通过饲养试验,消化代谢试验、内源尿氮及代谢粪氮的测定、比较屠宰试验、精液品质检查、性行为测定等方法,研究不同蛋白水平对后备公羊生长及繁殖性能的影响.制订其蛋白质需要量,为合理饲养后备公羊提供科学依据。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein