Antifungal properties of terpenoids in Picea abies against Heterobasidion parviporum

The antifungal properties of 14 major oleoresin‐constitutive terpenoids of Norway spruce (Picea abies) against Heterobasidion parviporum were evaluated in vitro at three gradient concentrations, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 μmol/cm², on potato dextrose agar medium. Eight monoterpene hydrocarbons (+)‐ and (?)‐α‐pinene, (?)‐β‐pinene, (+)‐3‐carene, myrcene, (+)‐ and (?)‐limonene, terpinolene; four oxygenated monoterpenes α‐terpineol, terpinen‐4‐ol, 1,8‐cineole, bornyl acetate; and two resin acids abietic acid and dehydroabietic acid were selected. Abietic and dehydroabietic acids showed the highest antifungal activities at all concentrations. Among oxygenated monoterpenes, bornyl acetate and α‐terpineol showed antifungal activity at the highest concentration. Among monoterpene hydrocarbons, (+)‐α‐pinene showed similar activity to terpinen‐4‐ol and 1,8‐cineole at the highest concentration; however, it was lower than α‐terpineol and bornyl acetate. Other monoterpene hydrocarbons inhibited mycelial growth by <10%. Re‐extraction of medium surfaces after the test period revealed that most α‐terpineol and terpinen‐4‐ol remained unchanged on the surface but monoterpene hydrocarbons completely disappeared. However, notable fungal transformed products were observed on surfaces applied with 1,8‐cineole and bornyl acetate. Thus, mycelial growth inhibition of monoterpenoids might be caused by complex functions such as biodegradation and/or detoxification by interaction between mycelium and compound. These results provide a basis for future studies considering the role of chemodiversity in the comprehensive chemical defence of P. abies.     

Sesquiterpene lactones from Mikania micrantha and Mikania cordifolia and their cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory evaluation

The guaianolide 8-epi-mikanokryptin (1) and the melampolide 11Hβ-11,13-dihydromicrantholide (2) along with known sesquiterpene lactones (3–13) and other constituents were isolated from the aerial parts of different populations of Mikania micrantha and Mikania cordifolia collected in several states of Mexico. The relative and absolute configurations of 1 were determined by X-ray diffraction and CD analysis, respectively. Considering the ¹H and ¹³C NMR chemical shift similarities and the H–H coupling constant values, a [¹D¹⁴, ¹⁵D₅] conformation was established for micrantholides (2, 8–13). We tested nearly all the sesquiterpene lactones for antiproliferative activity in human cancer cell lines, and they exhibited moderate activity. Additionally, in a mouse ear model of edema induced by TPA, the anti-inflammatory activities were marginal.     

Antiulcer activity of Mikania cordata

The alkaloidal fraction obtained from an ethanolic extract of the leaves of Mikania cordata exhibited significant in vivo antiulcer activity in diclofenac sodium-induced gastric erosions in Long Evans rats.     

薇甘菊防治机制和方法研究

薇甘菊以其特殊的生物学、生态学和生理学特性,使其具有超强的入侵能力和独特的危害能力,如不及时采取强有力的治理措施,将严重危害森林和植被,造成生态灾难.文章从难以防治和防治效果不佳的原因2方面对防治效果进行分析,提出科学治理薇甘菊的技术路线、步骤,从物理防除、化学防除、生物防治、生态修复控制几方面阐述具体治理措施.并提出整合各类营造林、森林培育项目,控制传播源,加强培训、宣传和群防群治等相关配套的保障治理措施.     

Trypanocidal activity of extracts and fractions of Bertholletia excelsa

Crude extracts and fractions of Bertholletia excelsa stem barks were tested for trypanocidal activity. Acetone and methanol extracts showed significant in vitro trypanocidal activity against trypomastigote form of Trypanosoma cruzi since in the concentration of 500 microg/ml, the parasites were reduced in 100% and 90.3% respectively, whereas the triterpene betulinic acid pure isolated from hexane extract presented 75.4%.     

Bioactive phenolics and terpenoids from Manglietia insignis

Four new compounds, maninsigins A–D (1–4), including two new neolignans (1–2) and two new sesquiterpenes (3–4), as well as ten known compounds (5–14), were isolated from the leaves and stems of Manglietia insignis. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses. In addition, some compounds were tested for their cytotoxic and neurite outgrowth-promoting activities, as well as their antagonistic activity toward FXR ligand.     

薇甘菊根的化学成分研究

为探讨薇甘菊（Mikaniamicrantha）根的化感活性物质,应用色谱技术对其化学成分进行研究,分离得到了8种化合物,通过光谱分析,分别鉴定为苯甲酸、2-羟基苯甲醛、尿苷、尿嘧啶、甲基-α—D-呋喃果糖苷、乙基-β-D-呋喃果糖苷、乙基-α-L-阿拉伯糖苷及甲基-β—D-阿拉伯糖苷,均为首次从薇甘菊中分离获得。     

灭薇净的安全性及防治薇甘菊效果初报

灭薇净(18%2,4-D微乳剂)是一种新型无公害防治薇甘菊的专性除草剂,安全测试表明其对人体无害、在土壤中残留期非常短,高浓度对蔬菜等作物无害。该除草剂防治薇甘菊的效果95%以上,其越年控制效果90%以上。     

林地薇甘菊防治对策的研究

通过大量的调查分析研究和生产实践总结,初步系统提出薇甘菊的科学预防和治理的基本思路、技术线路、控制体系、防治措施及其森林培育技术。     

薇甘菊的危害与防除研究

薇甘菊作为我国南方重要的入侵危害植物,近年来迅速蔓延。对农业、林业发展造成了极大危害。本文对薇甘菊的危害、防除的最新研究进展进行了综述。为进一步有效防除薇甘菊提供参考。     

薇甘菊叶枯病的研究

薇甘菊是一种广泛危害各种植物的攀援植物，调查发现薇甘菊受一种较为严重的叶枯病危害。经分离培养研究，初步认定其病原是豆荚大茎点菌(Macrophoma mame Hara．)。文章对该病的病原及其发生规律等方面进行了研究，以探索以菌治草的生物防治途径。     

The growth-promoting activity of terpenoids on wood-decomposing fungi

Linear growth of wood-decomposing fungi on an agar medium was usually retarded, but in some cases enhanced, by terpenoids in gaseous form. Increased dry matter production was demonstrated in some Coniophora, Peniophora, Stereum and Polyporus species exposed to the vapours of longifolene, α-pinene, β-pinene, Δ-3-carene, limonene or a mixture of cuparene and thujopsene. The positive response to longifolene in some cases seemed to involve a more efficient utilisation of the glucose in the medium.     

薇甘菊颈盲蝽对薇甘菊的控制作用

在首次发现薇甘菊颈盲蝽专性取食薇甘菊的基础上,为阐明其对薇甘菊的控制作用,2011～2012年,通过田间试验研究薇甘菊颈盲蝽取食对薇甘菊生长、开花、结实的影响,室内选取健壮的颈盲蝽雌、雄成虫各10头研究薇甘菊颈盲蝽雌、雄成虫取食薇甘菊的方式、取食时间、取食部位、取食量、取食频率、控制能力。结果表明,薇甘菊颈盲蝽各虫态都嗜食薇甘菊嫩叶以维持生存,薇甘菊被颈盲蝽取食后,地面直立茎长度(59.83±0.60 cm),极显著小于未受害薇甘菊地面直立茎长度(79.53±0.48 cm);受害后花序数(92.4±15.29个),极显著小于未受害花序数(710.9±47.31个);AM 9∶00～PM 9∶00,雌成虫取食嫩叶面积(1.14±0.14 cm2),显著小于雄成虫取食嫩叶面积(3.47±0.50 cm2),均大于薇甘菊颈盲蝽选择取食最小新叶面积1 cm2,1头薇甘菊颈盲蝽成虫1天足以取食1对薇甘菊新叶片;雌成虫取食嫩叶的取食频率(1.12±0.12次/min),显著小于雄成虫取食嫩叶的取食频率(2.58±0.24次/min);每天下午薇甘菊颈盲蝽成虫取食较为活跃,雌成虫取食嫩叶虫口数量PM 7∶00达到峰值(6.0±1.26头),雄成虫取食嫩叶虫口数量PM 9∶00才可达到峰值(6.2±0.66头)。薇甘菊颈盲蝽具有取食能力强、食量大、取食频率高等特点,能对薇甘菊的茎生长产生影响,抑制其无性繁殖;也可对薇甘菊的花序分化产生影响,抑制其开花结实量,有效控制薇甘菊进行有性传播、扩散,是控制薇甘菊极为重要的一种天敌昆虫。     

紫薇清防治薇甘菊林间药效试验

薇甘菊是一种危害林业生态系统物种多样性的恶性杂草。在林间使用不同浓度的紫薇清对薇甘菊进行防治试验,结果表明：喷药后90 d,高浓度紫薇清对薇甘菊防效达100%,低浓度者亦达到96.4%,对照药剂草甘膦防效为90.1%,三者差异显著。     

薇甘菊化学防治方法的研究

薇甘菊是一种外来入侵的恶性杂草。针对薇甘菊在广州地区的危害现状,开展了甲磺隆、氯磺隆、使它隆及添加洗衣粉、Agrocer等助剂化学防治薇甘菊的研究,试验结果表明：所用助剂对上述3种农药均有不同程度的增效作用;其中,使它隆混用茶枯粉、Agrocer、APSA-80,甲磺隆添加洗衣粉,氯磺隆混用APSA-80,增效作用明显。在测定不同用药部位对薇甘菊的防效试验中,发现使它隆喷于植株上、中部的防效较好。     

广东薇甘菊分布及防治措施

文章概述了广东省林业有害生物薇甘菊分布情况,并从薇甘菊的生态学特性、传播途径以及危害性特征加以分析,提出相应的防治措施。     

薇甘菊的研究综述

通过调查有害杂草薇甘菊的生物学和生态学特性及其在广东省部分地区的分布和危害，综合已有的在薇甘菊的生态学防治，生物学防治和化学防治等方面的研究结果。对薇甘菊的各种防治策略作了进一步的论述，并对薇甘菊防治的研究方向作了初步探讨。同时，对如何大面积防治薇甘菊和彻底根除薇甘菊提出了综合建议。     

紫红短须螨的生物学特性及其应用研究

微甘菊是我省的1种对农业、林业生产及环境能造成很大的破坏性杂草,为了有效地对其进行控制,利用紫红短须螨(Brevipalpusphoenicis)——薇甘菊的一种重要天敌对其进行试验。结果表明:在室内、外试验,每瓶或每盆薇甘菊中接种50～200头紫红短须螨,45～89d后,薇甘菊茎叶全部黄化或死亡;在野外大田中接种,159d以后,形成明显的中心枯死区,并且逐渐扩大.因此,用紫红短须螨控制薇甘菊可望成为的一个新途径.     

薇甘菊综合防治技术

该文分析了薇甘菊的治理难度,概述了化学防除、生物防治、生态控制等方面综合防治薇甘菊的技术方法,并提出了尚待解决的问题。     

德宏州林地薇甘菊防治技术

介绍薇甘菊在云南省德宏州的传播与蔓延以及给德宏州林地带来的危害.阐述物理防治、化学防治以及人工铲除辅以化学防治3种薇甘菊防治技术与方法.分析防治中存在的主要问题.通过具体案例分析表明,对薇甘菊的防治必需采取综合防治措施,同一地块必需重复防治3次以上方能奏效.