冬小麦幼穗不同发育期不同穗段离体培养的效应

本文主要研究了四个小麦品种不同长度的幼穗及幼穗不同穗段离体培养的效应.结果:(1)取长为0.1厘米、0.3厘米的幼穗全穗、或穗长为0.5厘米的幼穗上段或下段、或穗长为1.0厘米的幼穗上、中、下三段离体培养,愈伤组织诱导率均达100％;取穗长为2厘米的幼穗上、中、下段离体培养,愈伤组织诱导率分别为34％、80％和94％;取穗长为3厘米的幼穗上、中、下段离体培养,愈伤组织诱导率分别为14％、38％和58％.(2)用长1厘米以上和长0.1厘米的幼穗高体培养,其愈伤组织主要是分化根;将长0.3～0.5厘米的幼穗愈伤组织直接转移到分化培养基上,植株分化率为78.8％     

不同类型冬小麦品种抗晚霜冻能力的鉴定

以‘百农矮抗58’、‘豫麦49-198’、‘豫农949’和‘偃展4110’这4个小麦品种为材料做盆栽试验,利用人工气候室处理,研究了冬小麦拔节期幼穗抗霜冻力随幼穗分化进程的变化规律。在药隔期前后对4个品种进行了抗霜冻力鉴定,进而分析了不同品种、冬春性以及幼穗发育进程等对冬小麦抗霜冻力的影响。结果表明:4个品种中‘百农矮抗58’抗冻能力较强,其他几个品种抗冻能力相对较弱。随幼穗发育进程的推进,幼穗抗霜冻力总体呈下降趋势,从雌雄蕊末期发育进入药隔期,幼穗的抗霜冻力骤然下降,雌雄蕊分化期之前以及药隔期之后,抗霜力的下降趋势比较平缓,表明雌雄蕊至药隔期这个阶段是冬小麦幼穗分化的低温敏感期。品种的抗霜性研究适宜在该时期展开。     

不同生态类型小麦品种田间春化幼穗形态指标的探讨

国外过去曾有阶段发育理论,把冬性禾谷类作物,因低温而引起的发育现象,称为“春化现象”,把接受低温诱导发育的阶段称为“春化阶段”。自从这一理论创立后,国内外许多学者曾作了大量的研究,对这一理论进行了充实。研究较多也较深入,但对于在田间条件下,从幼穗分化过程中确定完成春化指标,虽然冲破了过去认为是主茎生长锥伸长的传统认识,但并没有统一一个指标,各说不一。黄敬芬等提出以小穗原基出现为标志,季书勤等又提出春性品种以伸长期为标志,过渡型品种和冬型品种以二棱期通过为标志。本文以贵州小麦垂直生态研究遵义协作点资料进行分析。     

不同穗型冬小麦品种分蘖成穗特性的研究进展

分蘖成穗是小麦高产栽培中决定群体数量和质量的关键因素。为了研究不同穗型冬小麦分蘖成穗特性及其调节机理,进而提高小麦产量,研究归纳了遗传因素、群体环境因素、内源激素等方面对不同穗型品种分蘖成穗特性影响的研究进展。指出以后研究应侧重于各种因素影响分蘖发生的机制以及因素间的关系,通过研究分蘖过程中内源激素含量、激素间平衡及基因表达、调控与小麦分蘖发生关系的研究,以期为小麦高产栽培研究提供理论依据。     

不同品种芦笋中黄酮含量及其组成的比较

比较不同品种芦笋中的黄酮含量及其组成,以筛选具有开发前景的芦笋品种。研究选取北京市农林科学院选育的5个芦笋主栽品种(分别为V1、V2、V3、V4和V)5,考察各种芦笋及其废弃物中的黄酮含量,同时以多糖和皂苷含量为参考。结果表明,不同品种芦笋的黄酮含量不同,芦笋中的黄酮平均含量高于芦笋废弃物中黄酮含量27.7%,但是黄酮组分相同。其中,V2品种芦笋废弃物中的黄酮总含量最高(0.577%),而且其多糖和皂苷含量也较高,值得进一步开发。     

冬小麦拔节后霜冻害与叶温的关系

人工霜箱的控制试验表明, 冬小麦叶片冻结后是否受到伤害取决于最低叶温。 拔节后第1 ～20天, 叶片的霜冻临界叶温由-6.5℃提高到-4.5℃。 幼穗是否受伤与最低叶温的关系相 当密切, 同期　幼穗轻度伤害的临界叶温由-8.3℃提高到-3.9℃, 幼 穗严重伤害的临界叶温 由-8.3℃提高到-5.4℃。 建立了叶受害、 穗轻伤、 穗重伤的     

春季穗分化阶段低温处理对不同小麦品种幼穗结实性及生理特性的影响

研究低温胁迫对不同抗倒春寒能力小麦品种幼穗结实性和生理特性的影响,分析抗倒春寒能力不同的小麦品种对低温胁迫的生理响应机制,为小麦抗倒春寒研究和品种改良提供理论参考。以2个小麦品种矮抗58(抗倒春寒)和郑麦366(不抗倒春寒)为材料,采用盆栽和人工模拟倒春寒处理的方法,分析研究了小麦雌雄蕊原基分化期、药隔分化期和四分体形成期0℃低温处理下小麦的结实特性和幼穗生理指标变化。结果表明,在雌雄蕊原基分化期、药隔分化期、四分体形成期进行低温处理,随处理时间的延长,2个参试品种的穗粒数均降低,但不同处理时间和品种间穗粒数降低幅度不同。雌雄蕊原基分化期低温胁迫处理24,48,72 h后,矮抗58穗粒数分别下降了6. 52%,14. 07%,22. 37%,郑麦366穗粒数下降了37. 14%,44. 43%,64. 71%;药隔分化期低温处理24,48,72 h后,矮抗58穗粒数分别下降了3. 74%,9. 05%,13. 71%,郑麦366穗粒数下降了27. 54%,37. 80%,48. 55%;四分体形成期低温处理24,48,72 h后,矮抗58穗粒数分别下降了2. 70%,4. 70%,4. 73%;郑麦366分别下降了12. 39%,29. 67%,32. 30%。随着低温处理时期的延迟,矮抗58、郑麦366的穗粒数降幅均表现下降的趋势。雌雄蕊原基分化期低温处理穗粒数下降最明显,说明雌雄蕊原基分化期对低温较敏感。矮抗58、郑麦366幼穗雌雄蕊原基分化期、药隔分化期低温处理72 h内,2个参试品种幼穗的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量总体上均呈先升高后缓慢降低的趋势。矮抗58的可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量及上升幅度均大于郑麦366。低温处理后,2个小麦品种幼穗超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性升高且均高于对照,但随着低温处理时间的延长稍有下降,其中矮抗58幼穗中SOD、POD、CAT活性和上升幅度均高于郑麦366,并且丙二醛(MDA)含量的增幅小于郑麦366。相关分析结果表明,低温胁迫后,小麦穗粒数与SOD活性、POD活性分别呈显著、极显著正相关,与MDA含量呈极显著负相关。POD活性、SOD活性、MDA含量可作为小麦幼穗抗倒春寒特性的评价指标,小麦抗倒春寒的生理机制表现为多方面的综合防御。     

冬小麦冬性强弱不同品种穗分化的特点及其应用

通过多年对冬小麦幼穗分化进行观察表明，冬性品种越冬前不能进入光照阶段，弱冬性品种，一般于越冬前进入生长锥的伸长期，个别年份有的弱冬性品种甚至进入单棱期。年前处于单棱期，越冬期或返青期的低温导致冻害而死亡，因此，弱冬性品种应选用通过春化阶段需经过天数较多的品种。     

不同品种花椰菜苗期低温鉴定方法的研究

本试验目的在于通过对不同品种花椰菜耐低温鉴定方法的研究，为花椰菜的低温育种和低温条件下生产提供方法和理论依据。     

System analysis of frost resistance in winter wheat and its use in breeding

Morphophysiological and physicochemical parameters of sets of winter wheat genotypes were measured. High correlations were found between survival percentage of the winter wheat check variety under freezing and electroconductivity tests, stem electrical resistance after electric shock, and intensity of delayed leaf fluorescence at low temperatures. These correlations decreased when the number of varieties was increased to 35-100. Complex attribute of frost resistance was divided into large components using factor analysis. Biological interpretation was achieved for the first six components. Quantitative values for each component of frost resistance in the various genotypes were determined. The determination coefficient of multiple regression equations, where function was a level of frost resistance and arguments were the component's value for each genotype, varied from 0.80-0.94 over 10 years. It was proposed that the received equations might serve as a model for frost resistance and indicate which component of frost resistance determines the survival of plants in particular ecological conditions. The component structure concept of frost resistance is suggested and possible applications of this concept are discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

陇东塬区冬小麦不同生长阶段水资源丰歉度

本文利用世界粮农组织（FAO）公布的模式,计算了陇东塬区冬小麦不同生长阶段需水量,并分析了该区域冬小麦不同生长阶段水资源丰歉度、可生长季水资源构成和农业生产对策。分析显示：陇东塬区冬小麦冬前生长期水资源过剩,返青后生长期水资源短缺,短缺最严重的时段是成穗期,即4月中旬到5月中旬,水资源总量只占需水量的67%,80%保证率为31%,是影响冬小麦产量的关键时期。春、夏、秋三个可生长季节中,春季麦田水资源以早春土壤贮水为主,夏季以自然降水为主,秋季初秋土壤贮水和自然降水占水资源总量的比例接近。植株生长期水资源、成穗期水资源和全生育期耗水量和冬小麦产量相关程度较高,幼苗期和籽粒形成期水资源对产量的影响相对较小。农业生产上要根据不同时期水资源构成特征科学决策种植模式,并采取工程措施或生产措施有效降低越冬期土壤水分损耗、麦田冬前旺长水肥损耗、晚秋和早春秋白地水分无效损耗,提高水分利用率。     

Plant damage after freezing, and the frost resistance of varieties from the facultative and winter wheat observation nurseries

In the first experiments, studies were made on the survival % of fourwinter wheat varieties with good frost resistance and two with poor frostresistance, and on the degree of plant damage after freezing at –14 ^°C and –16 ^°C under phytotron conditions. In the secondexperiment the frost resistance of the varieties included in the 9^thFacultative and Winter Wheat Observation Nurseries (FAWWON) wasdetermined after freezing in the phytotron at – 15 ^°C. The scoresgave a good reflection of the variety ranking determined on the basis ofsurvival % and of the different effects of the two freezing temperatures. Onthe basis of the scores, the plants were divided into two groups for eachtreatment and each variety: plants which suffered frost damage (a score of2–3), and plants which suffered no frost damage (a score of 4–5).Twenty plants from each group were raised to maturity in pots. Theyield parameters of plants damaged by freezing at – 14 ^°C werereduced to a lesser extent than those frozen at –16 ^°C. Of the eightparameters tested, the reduction in the number of ears per plant andconsequently in the number of grains in the side ears, the grain mass andthe total grain yield, gave the clearest indication of the extent of plantdamage. The results of the second experiment indicated that in some casesthe frost resistance of the varieties could be predicted from the wheatproduction zone (e.g. varieties from Eastern Europe and Nebraska haveexcellent frost resistance), while in other zones winter hardiness and frostresistance depended rather on the country or on the breeding location.     

基于主成分-聚类分析的不同水分冬小麦晚霜冻害评价

探讨不同水分条件下拔节期低温对小麦生理代谢的影响,构建综合生理指数精确评价冻害程度,对农业减损增效和宏观管理具有重要意义。以弱春性的偃展4110和兰考198以及半冬性的郑麦366和丰德存21为材料,在低温处理前1周进行灌水和不灌水处理,于雌雄蕊分化期将盆栽小麦移至低温模拟室进行低温处理,分别为正常(CK)、–2℃(T1)、–4℃(T2)、–6℃(T3)、–8℃(T4)和–10℃(T5)。在处理结束后第2天测定小麦生理指标和荧光参数,在成熟期收获小麦产量。结果表明,不同品种、水分和低温胁迫及其互作对小麦拔节期生理指标及荧光参数均具有显著影响。随着低温胁迫加重,叶片含水量、叶绿素a含量及荧光参数qp、Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo呈持续下降趋势,而可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量及SOD活性表现先升后降特征,但MDA含量则相反。灌水处理在一定程度上缓解了低温胁迫对植株生理代谢的影响,低温对半冬性品种的影响相对较小。利用主成分分析将测定参数转化成4个独立的综合指标,且反映了88.55%的原始信息,并构建出冻害生理综合指数(FIPCI)。聚类分析热图显示的颜色越深,生理指标响应程度越大。依据生理指标聚...     

Breeding intensive winter bread wheat varieties for Southern Ukraine

Winter wheats with high grain quality for bread making are produced in southern Ukraine. Wheat breeding began more then 80 years ago. Over this time, seven wheat variety changes were made and yield potential increased from 2.73 t ha^-1 to 6.74 t ha^-1. This increase was due to a decrease in photoperiodic sensitivity and the introduction of semidwarf genes. Genes for photoperiodic sensitivity (Ppd) and vernalisation requirement (Vrn) were combined, and the effect of these genes on grain yield, frost and drought resistance, and growth and development rate of plants in autumn and early spring were studied. Breeding was carried out, utilising traditional and non-traditional methods such as anther culture, biochemical and molecular markers, and screening in artificial environments using phytotrons. This approach resulted in the release of several winter wheat varieties with high yield potentials and well expressed adaptation features by the Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute (Odessa). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

北部冬麦区冬小麦越冬冻害时空变化特征

利用我国北部冬麦区43个气象站点1951—2014年气象资料,综合考虑越冬期最大降温幅度、极端最低气温、负积温、平均气温、降水和风速等冬小麦越冬冻害致灾因子,采用主成分法构建冬小麦冻害指数(FII),FII值越大,冬小麦遭受冻害越严重。结合历史冻害灾情资料,验证冻害指数在研究区域的适应性。采用M-K方法分析冬小麦冻害的突变特征,探究北部冬麦区越冬冻害的时空分布特征。结果表明,FII能较好地反映北部冬麦区冬小麦冻害情况。近60年北部冬麦区冬小麦冻害指数的年际变化均呈显著下降趋势。1980年前后冻害指数发生突变,气候变暖后我国北部冬麦区冬小麦冻害发生的频率、程度和范围明显减少;而由于气候变化的不稳定性增加,自2000年以来,冬小麦中度到重度冻害有所增加。冻害指数的空间分布总体呈现随着纬度和海拔高度的增加而加重的趋势。燕太山麓平原副区遭受冻害最为严重,黄土高原沟壑副区和晋冀山地盆地副区遭受冻害较轻。     

冬前高温和播期密度对小麦苗期个体及群体生长的影响

在山西临汾采用连续递增密度试验小区设计法，开展了播期密度对小麦苗期个体和群体生长的影响研究。结果表明，在冬前气温偏高的年型条件下，播种密度在225~450万粒/hm2范围内，随着播种密度的增加株高增加，单株茎数、单株次生根数、单株绿叶数减少并存在显著性差异，而主茎叶龄则无显著性差异；播种期在9月24日~10月4日范围内，株高、主茎叶龄和单株次生根3个性状均随播种期的推迟株高降低、主茎叶龄和单株次生根减少，单株茎数和绿叶均为9月29日播种的居多；播种期和播种密度对株高、主茎叶龄、单株茎数、单株次生根数和单株绿叶性状的变异系数影响不同。9月24日和9月29日播种的4个播种量冬前群体均分别不足1200万/hm2和超过了1200万/hm2。本试验达到壮苗和合理群体指标的组合为播期10月4日、播种量225万/hm2     

不同耕作方式对农田环境及冬小麦生产的影响

为明确不同耕作方式对农田环境及小麦生产的影响,通过田间定位试验,研究了5种耕作方式对冬小麦田土壤物理特性、杂草、小麦产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明,小麦拔节期以前,免耕及覆盖秸秆可显著提高表层土壤含水量,覆盖秸秆处理可显著降低土壤温度;小麦拔节后,作物覆盖度增加,处理间土壤含水量、温度差异减小。与旋耕（RT）相比,小麦收获后,免耕及覆盖秸秆可显著增加0~5 cm表土层容重、降低15~20 cm土层容重,可显著降低麦家公、播娘蒿的发生密度、株高及鲜重,显著增加荠菜的发生密度、株高及鲜重,旋耕秸秆还田（RTS）对荠菜的影响不显著,可降低麦家公、播娘蒿的发生密度,但有使其单株平均株高、鲜重增加的趋势。与RT相比,免耕覆盖秸秆3000 kg/hm2（NTS3000）、免耕不覆盖秸秆（NT）区小麦产量分别增加13.0%、8.3%,RTS、免耕覆盖秸秆6000 kg/hm2（NTS6000）区小麦产量分别降低9.1%和17.4%。NTS3000处理区农田环境有利于作物的生长发育,是较适合黄淮海地区的冬小麦保护性耕作方式。     

Indentification of strong and weak yield determining components of winter oilseed rape compared with winter wheat

Yield formation of winter oilseed rape was compared with that of winter wheat in terms of absorption of PAR, radiation use efficiency and harvest index by means of crop growth simulation. Cumulative incoming PAR from April 15 until maturity, cumulative absorption of PAR, radiation use efficiency and harvest index were lower for winter oilseed rape compared with winter wheat. To improve potential seed yield of winter oilseed rape, a crop type with increased cumulative absorption of PAR, radiation use efficiency and harvest index is desirable.     

Evidence of a major genetic factor conditioning freezing sensitivity in winter wheat

The inheritance of freezing tolerance in F₂‐derived F₄ populations from all possible crosses of winter wheat cultivars ‘Kestrel’, ‘Eltan’, ‘Tiber’, ‘Froid’ and germplasm line Oregon Feed Wheat #5 (ORFW) was investigated. When frozen to a temperature equal to the LT₅₀ of the least freezing tolerant parent (ORFW), survival frequency distributions were skewed to greater survival in six of the 10 crosses, however, very few of the progeny from the four crosses to ORFW survived. The inheritance of this freezing sensitivity was investigated with freezing of F_2:4 populations from the crosses of ORFW to ‘Eltan’ or ‘Tiber’ to the LT₅₀ of the hardier parent. Very few of the F_2:4 populations survived as well as ‘Eltan’ or ‘Tiber’, indicating a small number of strongly dominant genetic factors in ORFW that conditioned freezing sensitivity. Molecular analysis indicated these factors were not spring‐type vernalization alleles.