马的饲料和饲养（下）

马的营养需要量 1989年5月出版的NRC《马的营养需要量》第5次修订版,是推荐马的营养供给量的最新版本。根据马的年龄、生长速度、活动量、年龄与运动量之间的关系、妊娠和泌乳的阶段等,通过表格的形式给出了19种不同等级马的营养需要量。这些需要量适用于赛马和预期成年体重分别为200、400、500、600、700、800和900kg的马。 此外,随同出版物还同时提供了一套5.25     

Ochratoxigenic moulds and ochratoxin A in forages and grain feeds.

The contamination of forages and grain feeds with ochratoxigenic moulds and ochratoxin A was examined. The investigations were carried out over a period of three years in all seasons. Feeds were found to be contaminated with moulds at a high level throughout the three research years. The highest percentage (95 to 100) of contaminated feed samples was noticed during the second year. Total viable counts of moulds established in 1 g of feed samples ranged from 0.5 to 7.8 x 10(6). Penicillium spp. were dominant in mycopopulations isolated from feeds. Ochratoxin-A producing moulds were present permanently. In the summer period of the second research year as much as 94% of the feed samples were contaminated by ochratoxigenic Penicillium species. P. verrucosum var. cyclopium P. verrucosum var. verrucosum, P. commune and P. chrysogenum, i.e. ochratoxin-producing moulds, were the most prevalent Penicillium species throughout the three-year investigation. Ochratoxin A was found in various feeds in all seasons, except in summer of the first research year. Concentrations of the toxin varied from traces to 400 micrograms/kg. It occurred consistently in the same types of feeds (hay, dried alfalfa, fresh alfalfa, concentrate, pelleted sugar beet pulp, corn silage).     

Forage quality analyses and interpretation.

The minimum analyses needed to determine the quality or nutritive composition of forages are DM, CP, ADF, NDF, Ca, and P. The accuracy of these and other analyses are affected by the sampling and analysis methods. Improper sampling is probably one of the largest but most overlooked sources of variation in analysis. Analysis methods must be both accurate and precise. New techniques like NIRS can be just as accurate and have better precision than conventional chemistry methods if correctly calibrated. Finally, understanding variations associated with the analysis and discerning sources of the variation as to errors in analysis, sampling, or natural variation caused by environmental growing conditions, plant species, or harvest practices is the biggest challenge for nutritionists. Forages cannot be fully and efficiently utilized in the diets of dairy cattle until their composition is accurately determined and interpreted for animal performance.     

Regulatory issues of functional foods, feeds, and nutraceuticals.

It is clear that the prospects of functional foods and nutraceuticals already excite the scientific community into discovering new substances that promise to extend healthy life. The greatest challenge will remain in the public policy and regulatory arenas, which will encourage research and development of products providing health benefits and permit remarking of products in truthful, nonmisleading communications while protecting public health and maintaining public confidence.     

无抗饲料与生物饲料前景展望

生物饲料是以微生物发酵技术为核心生产的动物饲料.微生物发酵技术为饲料工业提供了氨基酸、维生素、酶制荆等产品.它是高度集中的生物化学反应,可以对饲料原料进行深度加工.本文着重介绍生物饲料种类、生产工艺以及相关问题,为发展生物饲料产业,推动畜禽健康养殖提供借鉴.     

“番鸭一号”使用自产饲料与外购饲料对比试验

以自产饲料为试验组、外购饲料为对照组、广东省云浮市某“番鸭一号”养殖户为基本单元,开展饲料营养对比试验,对“番鸭一号”饲料营养标准进行研究探讨.结果表明:①“番鸭一号”应分3个阶段饲养(番小鸭料:1～18日龄;番中鸭料:19～40日龄;番大鸭料:41日龄至上市).②番中鸭料宜使用超低代谢能标准,限制长速;作为补偿,后期使用高代谢能饲料,可有效控制“斤鸭料本”.③在夏季条件下,番大鸭(项鸭)饲料粗蛋白标准设定在15％,代谢能设定在12.33 MJ/kg时,上市项鸭“斤鸭料本”“次鸭率”明显优于外购料.     

饲料质量分析中结果最终报告的准确方法

针对目前等同采用国际标准方法中饲料测定结果可接受性检查程序和报告最终结果方法中存在的问题,对ISO5725—1994:6《测量方法和结果的准确度(正确度和精密度)第6部分:准确度值的实际应用》及其相关标准如何在检查测定结果可接受性程序及确定最终报告结果方法的准确使用进行了讨论,并通过对饲料检测工作中等同采用国际标准方法和采用国家标准方法所得测定结果的实际应用进行了例举,阐述了饲料质量分析中报告最终结果的准确方法。     

Brewing by-products: their use as animal feeds.

Brewers grains, a by-product of beer production, are often used as a livestock feed. Because brewers grains provide protein, fiber, and energy, they can be useful in a variety of diets. Protein in brewers grains can meet a significant portion of supplemental protein requirements; in addition, they provide fiber and needed bulk in the diets of ruminants and horses. Brewers grains and other brewers by-products have also been fed to pigs, sheep, and poultry. Currently, the primary market for wet brewers grains is as a dairy cattle feed; however, some may be fed to beef cattle in feedlots. Brewers grains have historically been marketed wet or dry, but wet brewers grains currently make up the majority of the marketed product. Brewers grains provide protein, energy, and fiber in livestock diets, but product variability can influence their utilization and necessitate a testing program to determine nutrient content.     

饲料的质量分析与监控(之一)——饲料原料及产品的基本成分分析

“质量是企业的生命”,在市场竞争激烈的今天,做好质量稳定的饲料对饲料企业尤为重要。当前饲料原料价格飞速上涨,饲料掺假现象时常发生,如何快速鉴别饲料原料、鉴定成品质量成为饲料厂发展的关键一环。为此,本刊特邀请广东省农科院畜牧研究所饲料检测室主任何琦霞主任药师就“饲料的质量分析与监控”作一评述（分期刊载）,以期给饲料企业从事品控的人员提供参考。     

依照产蛋鸡和种鸡采食量的配料方法

1依据产蛋率配料的弊端 　　长时间以来，一般都是依据产蛋率的高低把产蛋鸡和种鸡饲料分成三类，第一类是产蛋率大于 80％的蛋料；第二类是产蛋率为 65％～ 80％的蛋料；第三类是产蛋率小于 65％的蛋料。依据产蛋率配料忽略了采食量是不断变化的这一客观事实，因而带来了许多不良后果。 2为什么要依据采食量配料 　　产蛋鸡和种鸡的营养需要是否得到满足应该是以实际吃进的营养素的多少来判断，而不应以吃了多少百分数含量来裁决。虽然百分数含量高，但采食量很低，不一定能满足鸡的营养需要；反之，虽然百分数含量低，但采食量高，却可能…     

加工工艺参数对降低饲料中大肠杆菌数量级的影响

本试验目的是研究调质温度、时间和水分对降低肉鸡饲料中大肠杆菌数量级的影响,优化出降低饲料中4个数量级的沙门氏菌的调质工艺参数。在实验室条件下,采用3因子3水平Box-Behnken模型的响应面设计。温度的水平为60、80、100℃;时间水平为20、160、300 s;水分水平为5%、10%、15%。试验结果表明:调质工艺降低饲料中的大肠杆菌数量级的最大效应值为6.62,最小效应值为0.40。研究还得到10组可以降低4个数量级大肠杆菌的调质工艺参数。当调质温度为100℃,时间为20s时,水分不应小于13.63%;调质时间为20s,水分为15%时,温度不应小于94.65℃。这在肉鸡颗粒饲料加工实际中是可行的。     

反刍动物饲料产品和动物源性饲料产品中牛羊源成分检测

[目的]检测反刍动物饲料和动物源性饲料中牛羊源成分,掌握动物饲料安全情况。[方法]利用聚合酶链式反应法（PCR法）对反刍动物饲料产品（预混料、精料补充料、全价配合料等）和动物源性饲料产品（鱼粉、肉粉等）共计300个样品进行了牛羊源成分检测。[结果]牛羊源性成分检测合格率为99.33%。其中,反刍动物饲料产品260批次,牛羊源性成分合格率为99.23%;动物源性饲料产品40批次,均未检出牛羊源性成分。2个阳性样品均为牛源阳性。[结论]反刍动物饲料产品存在潜在的安全隐患。     

Feline oral-dental radiographic examination and interpretation.

This article describes the technique of taking intraoral radiographs and developing film. Interpretation of oral radiographs is described. Radiation safety is reviewed. A troubleshooting section is included.     

Renal biopsy: methods and interpretation.

Renal biopsy most often is indicated in the management of dogs and cats with glomerular disease or acute renal failure. Renal biopsy can readily be performed in dogs and cats via either percutaneous or surgical methods. Care should be taken to ensure that proper technique is used. When proper technique is employed and patient factors are properly addressed, renal biopsy is a relatively safe procedure that minimally affects renal function. Patients should be monitored during the post biopsy period for severe hemorrhage, the most common complication. Accurate diagnosis of glomerular disease, and therefore, accurate treatment planning,requires that the biopsy specimens not only be evaluated by light microscopy using special stains but by electron and immunofluorescent microscopy.