北太平洋远洋鱿钓产业高质量发展初探

北太平洋鱿钓渔场自1993年起由我国开发,至今已有20多年,在中国远洋鱿钓渔业发展过程中起到了重要的作用。然而,随着全球其它远洋鱿钓渔场的开发,北太平洋鱿钓渔业存在的鱿鱼资源量年间变化剧烈、传统生产和渔获加工模式没有改变、非专业鱿鱼钓船效益不高等问题愈发凸显,制约着北太平洋鱿钓渔业的高质量发展。文章分析了我国远洋鱿钓渔业的发展现状,结合北太平洋鱿钓渔业的资源条件,从创新专业鱿钓船型、开发渔情预报服务系统、研制节能高效钓具及装备等5个方面,提出了北太平洋远洋鱿钓产业高质量发展的建议,可供远洋渔业企业和渔业部门参考。     

我国北太平洋鱿钓渔业的现状、面临的问题及发展对策

探讨了目前我国北太平洋远洋鱿钓渔业在全球金融危机的影响下,面临产业基础薄弱、资源波动较大、高素质职务船员与主要劳动资源缺乏等问题.同时提出相关发展对策,即建立产学研合作的业务化应用鱿鱼渔场渔情信息服务系统;改进鱿钓渔具渔法,提高渔获效率;积极探索后备渔场和新兴渔场,实现鱿钓作业全年性生产;加强政策引导和扶持,以提高企业生产能力为重点,建立海洋捕捞、后勤补给、加工利用、市场开拓一体化的产业体系;加强人才培养与引进、职业技能培训,建设一支高素质的捕捞专业队伍和一支高水平的远洋渔业管理队伍,适应国际远洋鱿钓渔业发展的需要,从而实现我国北太平洋鱿钓渔业健康可持续发展.     

强化远洋渔业安全管理的探究

随着近海渔业资源的逐渐枯竭,越来越多的捕捞渔船走出国门,走向国外。自上世纪80年代中期开始,我国远洋渔业生产规模逐年扩大,到2016年,全国从事远洋渔业生产的企业130余家,分布在太平洋、大西洋、印度洋的40多个国家和地区的海域作业,拥有各类远洋渔业作业船只2200多艘,从业人员4万余人,远洋渔业产量198．75万t。逐渐形成了西南大西洋和南北太平洋鱿鱼钓船队、太平洋金枪鱼钓船队、印尼拖网船队、南极磷虾船队为主体的远洋捕捞生产体。     

日本鱿钓渔业界有关团体召开探寻适应新时代将来鱿钓渔业新姿态的恳谈会

在日本周边近海作业的中型鱿钓船,是为日本近海鱿钓渔业的主力之一。然而,自进入本世纪后,其中以太平洋褶柔鱼（自鱿）为主要捕捞对象的中型鱿钓的作业船数和渔获量都逐年在减少,2000年时作业船数为256艘,渔获量为78206t,但2004年作业船数减至156艘,渔获量减至45378t,近年来两者继续在减少。其中以北太平洋柔鱼（赤鱿）为主要捕捞对象的主力中型鱿钓船的渔获量也在减少,从2000年17500t减至2007年的4633t。     

夏季西北太平洋公海秋刀鱼渔场时空分布

<正>广泛分布于北太平洋的秋刀鱼,具有一定的资源量,因此为了提高鱿钓作业的经济效益,日本、韩国和我国台湾地区采用一船多业的作业方式,即鱿钓船增加秋刀鱼舷提网设备,实现2种作业方式的兼营,利用远洋鱿钓船在西南大西洋生产的间隙(7～12月),赴西北太平洋从事秋刀鱼生产。2001年,我国台湾地区和     

秘鲁外海茎柔鱼资源及渔业开发

茎柔鱼广泛分布于中部太平洋的以东水域,是世界重要的经济头足类之一。随着我国对北太平洋柔鱼和西南大西洋滑柔鱼的成功开发,茎柔鱼又成为我国远洋鱿钓渔业一个新的开发对象,是北太平洋和西南大西洋鱿鱼渔业的有利补充,特别是秘鲁外海茎柔鱼资源,应作为发展我国远洋鱿钓渔业的重要目标。     

水下灯在鱿钓作业中的集鱼效果

在北太平洋鱿钓作业中,利用水下灯进行诱捕鱿鱼是一种新的捕捞技术。该技术自80年代中期起,相继在日本、韩国等鱿钓船中得到应用。我国鱿鱼钓船从1997年开始,也逐步采用水下灯进行生产,曾达到过白天日产量高达3吨多(陈新军,2000年6月)。本文根据2000年5月～7月在中东部太平洋海域的水下灯使用和试验,对水下灯的应用效果作一分析。1　材料与方法本次探捕船为宁波远洋渔业公司的“天丰”轮。调查范围为39°N～42°N,175°W～170°W海域,时间为2000年5月6日到7月15日,共历时70天。本船水上集鱼灯功率每只为2KW,共100只。钓机为SE-58型,共22…     

新时代背景下我国远洋鱿钓渔业可持续发展的有关建议

我国远洋渔业起步于1989年,经过30余年的发展,中国现已成为世界远洋鱿钓渔业的主要生产国、市场国和消费国,远洋鱿钓渔业整体技术水平进入世界先进行列,产业进入到转型升级、高质量可持续发展阶段。然而,目前我国远洋鱿钓渔业存在着产业模式单一、自然资源渔场年间变化显著、综合国际竞争力不强等问题。为积极落实联合国《2030年可持续发展议程》,努力践行"海洋命运共同体"理念,在新时代背景下促进公海鱿鱼资源的科学养护和长期可持续利用,实现我国远洋鱿钓渔业的可持续发展,作者结合我国和世界远洋渔业的发展现状、发展趋势,提出了4个方面的建议和对策:(1)积极开发有潜力的新资源和新渔场;开展国际合作,建立起全球公海鱿鱼资源渔场监测体系,提升对公海鱿鱼资源的认知能力。(2)围绕找鱼、捕鱼、保鲜、加工、销售等全产业链的薄弱环节,开发新技术和新装备,提升对公海鱿鱼资源的开发能力。(3)在公海实行自主休渔,实行精细化的VMS监控,派遣国际观察员,提高科学管理水平,增强我国参与公海鱿钓渔业的国际治理能力。(4)实行鱿鱼原产地管理制度,编制与发布全球鱿鱼产业白皮书和中国远洋鱿鱼指数,推动成立国际公海鱿鱼民间组织,增强我国远洋鱿钓渔业的可持续发展能力。     

远洋鱿钓生产经营管理新举措

为进一步加强远洋鱿钓生产、经营管理工作，使远洋鳅钓项目步入健康有序发展之轨，中国远洋渔业协会（筹）于7月9－10日在北京召开了中国远洋渔业协会（筹）鱿钓工作组成立大会。来自沿海各省、市的渔业主管部门，各海区渔政渔港监督管理局和各远洋公司的代表60余人参加了会议，会议由农业部渔业局远洋处处长信德利主持，部渔业局副局长李健华到会并做了重要讲话。他首先对鱿钓工作组前期的筹备工作给予了充分的肯定，强调了就钓工作小组成立的重要作用，同时指出了鱿钓工作小组今后工作的思路。会上各远洋渔业公司结合鱿钓生产的规模，海上…     

舟山市远洋渔业发展势头良好

2007年远洋生产的鱿鱼明显好于往年，渔获比较稳定，渔汛持续时间长。全市远洋渔业获得总产量为16．26万t，同比增长8％，其中地方远洋渔业13．47万t，同比增长19．92％；远洋渔业产出10．32亿元，同比增长3．62％。投入远洋渔船180艘，其中北太平洋鱿钓船148艘、西南大西洋7艘，东南太平洋15艘，大洋金枪鱼10艘。东南太平洋秘鲁、北太平洋和西南太平洋生产基本保持稳定。     

西北太平洋秋刀鱼舷提网捕捞技术

自2003年我国大陆成功开发了西北太平洋秋刀鱼渔场之后，秋刀鱼已逐步进入中国大陆市场。对于秋刀鱼捕捞技术，在历经刺网、围网等渔具后，现基本以舷提网捕捞作业为主。根据2004年6—10月大连“国际903”号生产调查船在西北太平洋海域进行探捕调查的生产情况，对秋刀鱼舷提网的捕捞技术，从渔捞设备至捕捞具体操作技术进行介绍。     

西北太平洋秋刀鱼耳石透明带的初步研究

根据2014年我国秋刀鱼捕捞船在西北太平洋采集的秋刀鱼(Cololabis saira)样本,提取1 062个耳石进行拍照处理,并根据耳石透明带特征对其进行划分,运用统计学方法研究耳石类型及与肉体长组的关系,分析各月份耳石类型变化。研究发现,83%小型鱼(Kn L≤240 mm)和71%中型鱼(240 mmKn L≤280 mm)耳石属于类型Ⅰ,大型鱼(280 mmKn L≤314 mm)和特大型鱼(Kn L314 mm)耳石类型Ⅱ、类型Ⅲ占优。肉体长在280 mm以下的类型Ⅰ耳石比例较大,耳石没有形成透明带,随着Kn L的增加,类型Ⅱ和类型Ⅲ在肉体长组的比例增加。耳石透明带最早在202 mm时开始形成,秋刀鱼耳石第1条透明带主要在260~280 mm之间形成,以中型鱼为主;秋刀鱼耳石第2条透明带主要在290~310 mm之间形成,以大型鱼为主。雌性和雄性秋刀鱼耳石在各耳石类型下无显著差别(P=0.0640.05)。耳石类型Ⅰ比例在月份间变化大,在10月和11月份耳石类型Ⅰ比例占优,分别为44.1%和36.4%,多为小型和中型鱼,6月和7月份耳石类型Ⅱ和类型Ⅲ比例大约为40%,多数为大型和特大型鱼,表明大型鱼比小型和中型鱼早到达索饵场进行索饵。     

The parasite Ichthyophonus sp. in Pacific herring from the coastal NE Pacific

The protistan parasite Ichthyophonus occurred in populations of Pacific herring Clupea pallasii Valenciennes throughout coastal areas of the NE Pacific, ranging from Puget Sound, WA north to the Gulf of Alaska, AK. Infection prevalence in local Pacific herring stocks varied seasonally and annually, and a general pattern of increasing prevalence with host size and/or age persisted throughout the NE Pacific. An exception to this zoographic pattern occurred among a group of juvenile, age 1+ year Pacific herring from Cordova Harbor, AK in June 2010, which demonstrated an unusually high infection prevalence of 35%. Reasons for this anomaly were hypothesized to involve anthropogenic influences that resulted in locally elevated infection pressures. Interannual declines in infection prevalence from some populations (e.g. Lower Cook Inlet, AK; from 20–32% in 2007 to 0–3% during 2009–13) or from the largest size cohorts of other populations (e.g. Sitka Sound, AK; from 62.5% in 2007 to 19.6% in 2013) were likely a reflection of selective mortality among the infected cohorts. All available information for Ichthyophonus in the NE Pacific, including broad geographic range, low host specificity and presence in archived Pacific herring tissue samples dating to the 1980s, indicate a long‐standing host–pathogen relationship.     

Reproductive biology of female Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis from south-western North Pacific Ocean

Pacific bluefin is a highly valuable pelagic species that inhabits a broad range in the North Pacific Ocean. The reproductive biology, especially for the spawning aggregation in the south-western North Pacific Ocean, is not well understood. Thus, a total of 119 paired ovary specimens were collected from the Taiwanese longline fleet during the 1999 fishing season (late April through June) to gain a better understanding of important reproductivity-related stock parameters associated with this species. The following conclusions were made: (i) condition factor decreased from late May to early June; (ii) the sex ratio might be 1∶1 for spawners; (iii) the gonadosomatic index stayed at a relatively high level and markedly increased from late May to early June; (iv) histological examination of oocytes indicated that all specimens were sexually mature; (v) spawning activity appeared to start in May and peak in late May to early June; (vi) batch fecundity incre ased with fork length; and (vii) preliminary estimates of spawning frequency between batches ranged 2–4.5 days based on analysis of postovulatory follicles.     

Patchiness structure and mortality of Pacific saury Cololabis saira larvae in the northwestern Pacific

Patchiness structure and mortality rates of Pacific saury Cololabis saira larvae were estimated in the frontal area of the Kuroshio Extension in spring 2000 and 2001. Drogued GPS buoys, which were used as Lagrangian reference points, were deployed to mark dense patches of saury larvae and a series of samplings was conducted using a neuston net around the buoys during the night over a period of several days. A total of 225 tows were conducted and 11 690 specimens were sampled during four buoy tracking. Despite the occurrence of water diffusion, patchiness density, distance between adjacent patches and patch size estimated by geostatistical analysis did not drastically change during the buoy tracking and these parameters were robust for the difference of variogram models and the threshold larval density defining patchiness. Such a stability of the patchiness allowed the estimation of larval mortality from the decrease of larval density for different size classes with respect to individual growth based on the samples taken repeatedly during the buoy tracking. Although low or negative values were obtained for the larvae right after hatching, probably due to continuous hatching, the estimates of mortality then increased and became stable in the range of 23–37% day⁻¹ with a small standard deviation until their knob length reached to 36 mm. In situ information on the patchiness structure and larval mortality provides crucial parameters for simulating the recruitment process of small pelagic fishes in high-resolution hydrodynamic models.     

Effects of the North Pacific Current on the productivity of 163 Pacific salmon stocks

Horizontal ocean transport can influence the dynamics of higher‐trophic‐level species in coastal ecosystems by altering either physical oceanographic conditions or the advection of food resources into coastal areas. In this study, we investigated whether variability in two North Pacific Current (NPC) indices was associated with changes in productivity of North American Pacific salmon stocks. Specifically, we used Bayesian hierarchical models to estimate the effects of the north‐south location of the NPC bifurcation (BI) and the NPC strength, indexed by the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO), on the productivity of 163 pink, chum, and sockeye salmon stocks. We found that for salmon stocks located in Washington (WA) and British Columbia (BC), both the BI and NPGO had significant positive effects on productivity, indicating that a northward‐shifted bifurcation and a stronger NPC are associated with increased salmon productivity. For the WA and BC regions, the estimated NPGO effect was over two times larger than the BI effect for pink and chum salmon, whereas for sockeye salmon the BI effect was 2.4 times higher than the NPGO. In contrast to WA and BC stocks, we found weak effects of both horizontal ocean transport processes on the productivity of salmon stocks in Alaska. Our results indicated that horizontal transport pathways might strongly influence population dynamics of Pacific salmon in the southern part of their North American ranges, but not the northern part, suggesting that different environmental pathways may underlie changes in salmon productivity in northern and southern areas for the species under consideration.     

Feeding habits of Pacific pomfret Brama japonica inthe transition zone of the central North Pacific

ABSTRACT:   We examined the diets of three size groups of the Pacific pomfret Bramajaponica collected in April and May 2000 in the transition zoneof the central North Pacific. Amphipods, cephalopods and fish werethree of the most common prey groups of pomfret. Of the three size groups,small pomfret (11.0–19.9 cm standard length (SL))preyed mainly on amphipods and occasionally on cephalopods (mainlytransitional species Onychoteuthis borealijaponica ) and fish.(These prey amphipods and fish could not be identified to lowertaxonomic levels because they were too digested.) Medium and largepomfret (20.0–30.9 and 31.0–40.9 cm SL,respectively) preyed mainly on cephalopods (mainly O. borealijaponica ,but also on two subarctic species, namely Berryteuthis anonychus and Gonatopsisborealis ), suggesting that these cephalopod species ensure energyfor the northward migration of these two size groups in the transitionzone in the spring. The next most common prey for medium pomfretwas amphipods (mainly subtropical species Phronima sedentaria and Platyscelusovoides ), followed by fish (mainly Bathylagus sp.). However,in the case of large pomfret, fish (mainly Paralepididae sp. 'A')were the next most common prey, followed by amphipods (mainly P.sedentaria and P. ovoides ), indicating that the importanceof fish as prey increases with growth for medium and large pomfret.     

太平洋金枪鱼延绳钓渔业

本文主要介绍了最近几年太平洋金枪鱼延绳钓渔业的发展情况和太平洋沿岸国家金枪鱼延绳钓生产现状,重点叙说了太平洋金枪鱼延绳钓捕捞的几个主要种类的渔场分布、产量变化动态和发展趋势,为我国远洋渔业单位进行金枪鱼延绳钓开发提供参考。     

西北太平洋秋刀鱼主要体征及繁殖特性研究

根据2014年6—7月和10—11月于西北太平洋公海两航次采集的秋刀鱼样本,分析其性别比例、体长和体质量组成、摄食等级,以探究其生长、性腺及繁殖特性。研究结果表明,随着月份的增大,秋刀鱼雌性比例逐渐降低,雄性占比升高;6、7月雌、雄样本优势体长组与体质量组范围均较10、11月小;体长和体质量关系中,秋刀鱼雌性生长系数为3.24,雄性为2.82;各月样本胃饱满度以1级为主,F检验表明,除0级外,4个月内各摄食等级间呈显著差异(P<0.01);秋刀鱼雌、雄样本性腺发育以Ⅱ期为主,各性腺等级间差异不显著(P>0.05),雌性性腺指数在Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期内大于雄性,Ⅴ、Ⅵ期内相反,逻辑斯蒂方程表明,秋刀鱼50%性成熟体长雌性为284.7 mm,雄性为267.4 mm;雌性秋刀鱼绝对繁殖力为1032～17 708粒/尾,平均值为(5522±3196)粒/尾,绝对繁殖力高的个体体长和体质量分别为280～320 mm、110～150 g。